Molecules of Life: Carbon, Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes

Chapter 5: The Molecules of Life Section 5.1 Carbon ➔ Most molecules of a cell are carbon-based ◆ Called ____________ ◆ Made up of carbon atoms ___________ to one another ◆ Atoms of other elements may branch off of the _______________ ➔ Can form up to ________ bonds with other atoms ◆ Can form bonds with one or more other carbon atoms producing an endless variety of carbon skeletons ➔ Most carbon-based molecules are classified as __________________ ◆ Non-carbon based molecules are classified as ________________ ● Ex: _____________________ ◆ ________________- organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen ● Many are important fuels ● Ex: ________________ ◆ ___________ and __________ are frequently found in organic molecules ➔ __________________- a group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules ◆ Ex: Hydroxyl groups are ____________ (attract water molecules) ➔ Some biomolecules may be composed of _____________________ of atoms ◆ Built from many similar, smaller molecular units called ______________ ◆ Cells link monomers together into long chains called _____________ ● May be ________________________________ ● Every living cell has thousands of different kinds of polymers ● Built from fewer than _____________kinds of monomers ➔ Life’s large molecules are classified into 4 main categories: ◆ ____________________________________________ ➔ Building a polymer chain ◆ Each time a monomer is added to the chain, a ________ molecule is released ◆ _______________________ ➔ Breaking a polymer chain ◆ Many molecules in _________ are polymers and must be broken down to make their monomers available to cells ● Cells can either further break down the monomers to obtain ________ or can use them to build new ____________ ◆ Cells break bonds between monomers by _______________ to them ◆ _________________ Section 5.2 Carbohydrates ➔ An organic compound made up of ____________ molecules ◆ Sugars contain the elements _________________________ ◆ The molecular formula of any carbohydrate is a multiple of the basic formula __________ ◆ Most sugar molecules have a _________________ carbon backbone ➔ ______________________- simple sugars containing just one sugar unit ◆ Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose ◆ Found in ____________________ ◆ Sugar molecules are the main fuel supply for _______________ ● Cells break down glucose molecules and extract their _________________________ ● Cells use the ________________ as raw material for making other kinds of organic molecules (ex: ____________________________) ➔ ____________________- sugar made of 2 monosaccharides linked together ◆ The most common is ________________ ● Composed of a ___________ molecule linked to a _____________ molecule ● Major carbohydrate in ____________ that nourishes all parts of the plant ➔ __________________- long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers ◆ “Complex carbohydrates” ◆ Starch- a polysaccharide found in __________ cells made entirely of ____________ monomers ● Branch and coil up inside of plant cells to serve as _____________ ● Humans and most other animals are able to use plant starch as food by ______________________________________ ○ Ex: ________________________ are rich in starch ◆ Glycogen- a polysaccharide found in _____________ cells made entirely of glucose monomers ● More highly ______________ than a starch polymer ● In humans, mostly stored as granules in the __________________ ◆ Cellulose- a polysaccharide in plant cells made entirely of glucose monomers that serves as _______________________ ● _________________ and _______________ to prevent falling over ● Most animals (including people) cannot ___________ cellulose ○ Commonly called ___________ ○ Keeps digestive system healthy but __________________ ➔ Almost all carbohydrates are ________________ ◆ Due to the many ______________ groups in their sugar units ◆ Monosaccharides and disaccharides _______________________ ◆ Cellulose and some forms of starch do not dissolve because _________________________ ● Cotton clothing is made up of mostly ______________ (which is why they don’t dissolve but are very absorbent) Section 5.3 Lipids ➔ Characterized by its inability to easily __________________________________ ◆ _________________ or “water-fearing” ➔ Composed mainly of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen but not in a _____________ _____________ Different Types of Lipids ➔ _______________________ ➔ _______________________ ➔ _______________________ What is Fat? ➔ Triglycerides ◆ Consists of ______________ attached to _______________________ ◆ Most common type of lipid present in our ________ and in our _________ ➔ Glycerol ◆ ______________________ ➔ Fatty acids ◆ ______________________________ Triglycerides are found naturally in food ➔ Some triglycerides are _____________ at room temperature ◆ ____________ ➔ Some triglycerides are _____________ at room temperature ◆ ____________ Saturated Fat ➔ Fat in which ___________ fatty acid chains contain _______________________ _____________ of hydrogen atoms ◆ Therefore, only has ______________ bonds ◆ _____________ at room temperature ◆ “Fat” Unsaturated Fat ➔ Fat which contains _______________________________ of hydrogen atoms in ____________________ of its fatty acid chains ◆ Results from carbon atoms ____________________ to each other ◆ ______________ at room temperature ◆ “Oil” Phospholipids ➔ Composed of __________________ head and _________________ tail ◆ Glycerol backbone with a _____________________ and _____________ ___________________ ◆ Like to line up and arrange into 2 parallel layers called _______________ _________________ Steroids ➔ Composed of ______________________ formed into _____________________ ◆ Functional groups attached to the rings differ based on type and location ➔ ___________________ like triglycerides but very different structure and function ➔ Some circulate through body as chemical signals ◆ Ex: _____________________________- human sex hormones Cholesterol ➔ ________________ molecule found in the __________________ that surround the body’s cells ➔ Starting point from which body produces other _______________ ➔ _______________________ because certain cholesterol-containing substances in blood can cause increased risk for ____________________ Functions of Lipids ➔ ______________ Storage ➔ Circulate in the body as ________________________ to cells ➔ Structural component of ________________________ ➔ ______________ for organs ➔ ________________ Energy Storage ➔ Most of our energy is provided by ___________________________________ ➔ Fats are packed ____________________________________ and can store _______________________________ in less space than Glycogen ➔ Some fat is __________________________ and good health but too much can also be unhealthy Chemical Signaling ➔ Help the body to produce and regulate __________________ ◆ _____________________ help regulate blood clotting and control inflammation ◆ Lipids play important roles in ________________ and ________________ Section 5.4 Proteins ➔ Polymer constructed from a set of just __________________________________ __________________________ ➔ Made up of __________________________________________ ➔ Responsible for the ____________________________________________ ◆ Form hair and fur ◆ ________________________ ◆ Provide long-term nutrient storage ◆ Circulate in body and defend body against harmful microorganisms ◆ Act as signals- convey messages from one cell to another ◆ Control the _________________________ in a cell Amino Acids ➔ Each amino acid monomer consists of a central carbon atom bonded to 4 partners ◆ 3 of the partners are the same in every amino acid ● _______________________ ● _______________________ ● _______________________ ◆ Different “side group” that attaches to the 4th bond of the central carbon ● Sometimes referred to as _________________ ● Responsible for the __________________________________ of each amino acid Building a Protein ➔ Cells create proteins by linking amino acids together into a chain called a ___________________ ◆ Each link is created by a ___________________________ between the amino group of 1 amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next amino acid in the chain ➔ Proteins are composed of ________________________________________ The body can make an enormous variety of proteins by arranging amino acids in different orders ➔ Just like how we use 26 letters to spell all of the words in the English language! ➔ Though there’s only 20 “letters”, the “words” are much longer ◆ Most polypeptide chains are at least ________________________ in length ➔ Very large number of possible amino acid sequences as well as polypeptides ➔ Each protein has a _______________________ of amino acids Protein Shape ➔ A protein in the simplest form of amino acids linked together cannot _________________ properly ➔ A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides __________________________________________ ◆ Ex: Knitting yarn into a sweater ➔ Some ______________________________________ to each other, which create the folds and twists The shape is also influenced by the __________________________ ➔ Usually aqueous (containing water) ➔ Water attracts hydrophilic side groups and rejects hydrophobic side groups ◆ Hydrophilic amino acids _______________________________________ __________________ ◆ Hydrophobic amino acids ______________________________________ ➔ Change in __________________________ can cause the protein to unravel and lose its normal shape ◆ Called __________________ of the protein ◆ _________________________ ◆ Changes the function of the protein What happens when you fry an egg? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Section 5.5 Enzymes Starting a chemical reaction ➔ ______________________- “start-up” energy that activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction ◆ Ex: Rolling a snowball up a hill Adding heat to molecules ➔ Provides activation energy ➔ Hotter molecules may collide with enough energy to weaken bonds ➔ Many unnecessary reactions occur at the same time ◆ Including reactions that __________________________________ Cellular reactions depend on catalysts ➔ Catalysts- compounds that _______________________________ ◆ Ex: Enzymes in organisms ➔ Enzymes- ____________________ that provide a way for reactions to occur at the cell’s normal temperature ◆ ________________________________ of the reaction ◆ Each enzyme catalyzes a specific kind of chemical reaction ◆ Affected by _________________________ just like other proteins How do enzymes work? ➔ __________________________- only particular reactant molecules called substrates fit the shape of the enzyme ➔ Substrates fit into a particular region called the ____________________ on the enzyme ◆ As the substrate enters, the active site ______________________ which catalyzes the reaction ➔ The enzyme modifies the substrate by _________________________________, which forms products ➔ Products are released

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