Unit 3 Study Guide
GOVERNMENT–(SS7CG4 & SS7CG5)
POWER OF DISTRIBUTION
Unitary
Power rests in a single
central government
Confederation
Alliance among
Independent states/regions
to create a limited
central government
Central government has
No control over the
States/regions.
Federal
Power is shared
Between the central
Government and the
States/regions
Central government has
Some control over the
States/regions.
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
Autocracy
One person has all
the power
The people have
no right to say what
the government does
Oligarchy
A small group of people
have all the authority,
usually based on wealth
or power.
Only a few people
have a right to say
what the government
does
Democracy
The people elect
representatives who
have authority to make
decisions for them.
All people have a right
to say what the
government does
Democracy
Representative
Direct
Ancient Athens
Presidential
System
Parliamentary
System
Power vested in
The legislature
Power vested in
Separate institutions
Prime Minister chosen
By the legislature
New England
Town Halls
Native American
Societies
President chosen
By the people
** Ranking in order greatest citizen participation to least citizen participation in government decisions are
as follows: 1) Presidential Democracy, 2) Parliamentary Democracy, 2) Oligarchy, and 4)
Autocracy**
COMPARISON OF GOVERNMENTS OF ISRAEL, SAUDI ARABIA, AND IRAN
Government
Prime Minister, Parliament
Israel
(Parliament is the Legislative
Branch of government, so Prime
Minister is head of the Legislative
Branch of the government)
Monarch,
Saudi Arabia
no written constitution, no elected
legislature
(Ruler must be a direct descendant
of the prior leader of the country)
Theocracy,
Iran
Elected president and legislature.
An expert on Islamic law is the
supreme leader. (Religious leaders
have the most influence.)
ECONOMICS - (SS7E5, SS7E6, & SS7E7)
**Each economic system must answer the following 3 basic questions:
1) What to produce?
2) How to produce?
3) For whom to produce?
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
COMMAND
MARKET
Government controls
production, wages,
and prices.
People can own and
operate a business
with little government
interference.
People have no say
as to what the
government does.
Laws of supply and
demand determine
production, wages,
and prices.
TRADITIONAL
Society or culture
determines what is
produced or sold.
Children usually
follow in the
occupation of their
family members.
Both consumers and
the market decide what
will be sold and at what
price.
** Most countries have a mixed economy in order to be successful and protect consumers. **
Israel
Type of
Economy
Mixed
Saudi Arabia
Mixed
Turkey
Mixed
What to produce?
High tech
manufacturing,
financial services, &
agriculture (Israel does
not invest in oil – no oil
reserves in Israel)
World’s leading
producer of oil.
Government invests in
industrial production.
Large service,
manufacturing, and
agricultural economy.
How to
produce?
Substantial
government
ownership but is
privatizing
companies
-
Over 95%
of the oil
industry is
operated
by the
governme
nt.
- 1/3 of the
labor force
Since the 1980’s
has gradually
moved from a
government
directed economy
to more private
enterprise.
For whom to produce?
Produce goods and
services for domestic and
international markets
1/3 of GDP is based on
exports to other
countries. (oil)
1/5 of Turkey’s
production is exported.
Remainder is consumed
by domestic consumers
and government.
** Israel is the most economically free country at 68% market economy.
Saudi Arabia is next most economically free at 64% market economy.
Turkey is least economically free out of these three countries – 62% market
economy.
Iran is mostly a command economy.**
SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE
Specialization
Currency Exchange
Tariff
Quota
Embargo
Production of what country does best at
lowest opportunity cost. (** Iran and
Saudi Arabia specialize in oil and
petroleum products.)
Exchanging from one country’s currency to
another – countries must be able to
exchange currency in order to trade.
Trade Barriers
Tax placed on imported goods
Set a limit on the amount of certain goods
that can be imported into a country. Quotas
impact the supply and price of the product
that is produced and traded.
An order that stops the importing or
exporting of goods. Sometimes embargos
are placed on another country’s government
to pressure that government to change its
actions. (OPEC stopped all sales of oil
and gas in 1973.)
**OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – controls supplies and pricing of oil in the world market.**
Land
Labor
Capital
-
Human
-
Physical
Entrepreneurship
Factors of Production
Land provides raw materials and natural
resources needed for production.
Does the “hands on” and transforms raw
materials into a product. (GDP may go
down if workers are not properly
trained.)
Human made goods which are used in
production of other goods.
Education and on-the-job training of
workers.
Machinery, tools, factories, and
technology used in production
Risk takers who combine all factors to create
their own business
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - (SS7G6)
Water Distribution
o
o
Water is unevenly distributed
 Turkey and Iraq share Tigris and Euphrates River systems.
 Israel, Syria, and Jordan share the Jordan River.
 Saudi Arabia has NO water!
As a result. . .
 SWA must use irrigation to farm and raise animals.
 Underground aquifers – trap water runoff underground from rain
 Fossil Water – dig wells that tap into water down very deep
 Drip Irrigation
o Used by Israel and Saudi Arabia
o Uses computers to determine the amount of water each plant requires
o Very expensive to use
 Desalination – removing salt and chemicals from seawater to provide useable
water
o Requires high technology
o Very expensive
 Conflict between countries over water rights!!!!!
o Dams
 To create lakes
 Hydroelectric Power
 Irrigation
 Problems arise
 Countries further downstream get less water due to stop of
water flow in the rivers.
Water Pollution
o
o
Farmers use of chemical fertilizers have contaminated water supplies
Overuse of rivers and streams has led to water pollution