What are the characteristics of
Acids & Bases?
ACIDS
BASES

TASTE
SOUR

FEEL
STINGSON SKIN

REACTION
REACTS WITH METALS
NO REACTION
ELECTROLYTE
ELECTROLYTE
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY

BITTER
SLIPPERY,SMOOTH
(BOTH CONDUCT ELECTRICITY)

ARRHENIUS



ACID: A SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES A H+ ION
BASE: A SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES A OH- ION
BRONSTED-LOWRY



What is the definition of acid/base?
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES A PROTON (H+)
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS A PROTON (H+)
LEWIS


ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON PAIR
ANY SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES AN ELECTRON PAIR
HOW DO WE MEASURE ACIDS AND BASES?
INDICATORS
A SUBSTANCE THAT TURNS ONE COLOR IN AN
ACIDIC SOLUTION AND ANOTHER COLOR IN A
BASIC SOLUTION
SOME INDICATORS ARE:

LITMUS: DYE THAT COMES FROM A LICHEN

PHENOLPHTHALEIN: INDICATES ONLY BASES

UNIVERSAL INDICATOR:
ACID, NEUTRALS, BASES

CABBAGE JUICE:
ACIDS, NEUTRAL, BASE
WHAT IS THE pH scale?
p(otential) of H(ydrogen)=

-1 times the base 10 logarithm of
the H3O+
Concentration in moles per liter

Therefore, each one-unit change
in pH represents a 10-fold change
in concentration

In pure water @ 25◦ C, both H3O+
and OH- concentrations are
1.0 x 10-7 M


Acids have pH of less than 7
Bases have pH more than 7

Neutral has pH of 7
What is a common reaction of acids and
bases?
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
When an acid loses a H+ ion it becomes its conjugate base
For example, when HCl loses an H+ ion it becomes Cl- (conjugate base)
NH3
+
(BASE)
H2O ↔ NH4+
(ACID)
+
(CONJ ACID)
OH(CONJ BASE)
HOW DO WE NAME ACIDS AND BASES?

BASES: USE SAME RULES AS
NAMING COMPOUNDS

EXAMPLE: NaOH
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
NOW YOU TRY:
 Ca(OH)2
 KOH
 Mg(OH)2



CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
HOW DO WE NAME ACIDS?


ACIDS: AN ACID’S NAME COMES FROM THE ANION IT
PRODUCES WHEN IT DISSOCIATES. HERE ARE SOME RULES;
IF THE ANION ENDS IN “IDE” CHANGE IT TO “IC” AND ADD THE WORD
“HYDRO” IN FRONT;


HYDROCHLORIC ACID
IF THE ANION ENDS IN “ATE”, CHANGE IT TO “IC” AND DO NOT ADD A
PREFIX


HCl HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
H2SO4 HYDROGEN SULFATE
SULFURIC ACID
IF THE NAME ENDS IN “ITE”, CHANGE IT TO “OUS” AND DO NOT ADD A
PREFIx

H2SO3 HYDROGEN SULFITE
SULFUROUS ACID
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. If th pH dropped from 4 to 2, the concentration of H3O+ changes by a factor
a. of 10
b. of 100
c. of 2
d. of 1/100
2. What is the pH of a solution that has a H3O+ concentration of 5.13 x 10-2?
3. How would you name the following acids:
a. HBr
b. H2CO3
c. HF
d. HNO3
4. What is the concentratrion of H3O+ ion in pure water ?