Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 • North- California free State • South- Stronger Fugitive Slave Act Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 • Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas – Rapid settlement of Missouri Region – building of a railroad between St. Louis and Chicago • Particulars – Led to the founding of the Republican Party – Two new territories established – Issue of slavery determined by Popular Sovereignty – Negates the Missouri Compromise Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 “Bleeding Kansas” • Violence in Kansas due to Popular Sovereignty • Race to settle region – “Border Ruffians” from South crossed illegally and voted • Pro slavery forces won the election • Antislavery set up a city in Lawrence • Violence erupted between pro and anti slavery – Proslavery attacked city of Lawrence – John Brown (antislavery) and others waged war – over 200 killed • Hacked off hands of 5 men and stabbed others with broadswords • Pottawatomie Massacre “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians) Sumner-Brooks Incident Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) Sumner-Brooks Incident • North saw the attack as an example of Southern brutality and an attack on free speech – Sen. Sumner (Mass) denounced Kansas, Douglas and Brooks – Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) was angered and beat Sumner with a heavy cane until it broke – Sumner did not return to the Senate for 3 years “I have read your speech twice over, carefully. It is libel on South Carolina and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine.” - Preston Brooks Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford • Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri • Supreme Court Decision, 1857 – Enslaved African Americans were not citizens but property – Could not sue Scott, “Negros are so inferior that they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect.” • Struck down Missouri Compromise Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 ß Northern Whigs. ß Northern Democrats. ß Free-Soilers. ß Know-Nothings. ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Republican Party • Goals – Keep slavery out of Western territories – High Protective Tariff to encourage Northern industries – Transcontinental Railroad The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. Abraham Lincoln • Opponent of Slavery • Ask Douglas to explain how his view of popular sovereignty could stand with the Dred Scott ruling Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Slavery could not be implemented without laws to govern it Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Fictional account on the horrors of slavery Motivated Northerners Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! Black Codes Purpose: * * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman • Escaped slave who was a leader in the abolitionist movement • Made over 19 trips to the South to lead other slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad • Freed over 300 herself • $40,000 bounty on her John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859 John Brown’s Raid • Goal: Attack the armory at Harper’s Ferry with 21 people, seize the weapons and give them to the slaves for a rebellion • Robert E. Lee surrounded the arsenal and captured Brown • Brown was hanged on Dec. 2 1859 • Southern resentment towards abolitionists intensified “Brown had made the gallows glorious like the cross” - Ralph Waldo Emerson √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union 1860 Presidential Election Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat Republican Party Platform in 1860 ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. Abraham Lincoln • Slavery is a moral evil • Oppose the spread of slavery • Preserve the Union 1860 Election Results Southern Response • Feared that Lincoln would dismantle slavery in the South • South Carolina Seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860 • Six others joined by Feb. 1861 • Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of America Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) Attempt to restore Missouri Compromise - failed Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860 Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Fort Sumter • Union Fort low on supplies • Lincoln informs South that he will resupply fort • April 12, 1865 – Confederate Soldiers open fire on Fort • Lincoln issue call for 75,000 volunteers • Confederate capital moved to Richmond • Start of the Civil War