Psychoanalysis
Fechner (1801-1887)
German experimental
psychologist
Spiced ham guy
Believed the mind is
like an iceberg
Freud stole this idea
from Fechner and
took credit for it
Pre-modern treatments for Mental
Illness
Past culture beliefs in the
cause for mental illness
– Demon possession
– Punishment for sin
(Hebrew)
Christians tortured the
mentally ill
1492- more sensitive
treatments
1745ish- Pinel freed many
mentally ill patients because
he thought it was a biological
phenomenon
Mental Illness (cont’d)
Dorothea Dix (18021887)
o Was an advocate for the
mentally ill in the U.S.
o Was very religious and
depressed
Benjamin Rush (1745ish)
o first practicing psychiatrist
in U.S. and signed the
o Declaration of
Independence
Schools of Thought for Psychiatry
• Somatic
– Causes are physical
– Ex.) Brain lesion or
tight nerves
• Psychic
– Causes are emotional
• Somatic was
dominant until
psychoanalysis
matured
Emmanuel Movement
Psychic approach
by Elwood
Worcester
He advocated Talk
Therapy
Movement began
in 1906
Hypnosis
• Mesmer (1734-1815)
– A scientist, physician, and dramatic promoter
– Coined the term mesmerize
– Animal Magnetism
• Resulted in him being called a “quack”
Charles Darwin
• Ideas of Darwin that
Freud stole and took
credit for
– Unconscious (mental
conflicts)
– Significance of dreams
– Importance of sexual
arousal
– Symbolism in our
behavior
– Continuity of emotional
behavior (childhoodadulthood)
Mob Boss of Psychoanalysis
• Freud (1856-1939)
– Born in Moravia
(Czech Republic)
– His dad was 20 years
older than his mother
– Had lots of younger
siblings but his mother
thought he was special
– REALLY loved his
mother
Freud
• In his early years he tried cocaine and
found it to be marvelous
• He thought he was The Miracle Drug and
his claim to fame
• It was actually Karl Koller who took credit
for cocaine use
– He used it to anesthetize the eye during
surgery
Freud (cont’d)
Married to Martha Berne
He had many sexual
dysfunctions
“He couldn’t rise
to the occasion”
(Rowena Tan)
He blamed his wife
for why he gave up
sex at 41
Id
Ego
Pleasure
principle
Compromise
of Id and
Superego
Superego
Rules and
morals
Psychosexual Stages
• Oral (birth-2 yrs. Old)
• Put things in mouth
• Anal (2-4 yrs. Old)
• Sexual gratification from
controlling the sphincter
• Phallic (around 4 yrs.
Old)
• Oedipus complex and
Electra Complex
• Latency (5-12 yrs. Old)
• Boys have cooties
• Genital (puberty)
• Heterosexual behavior
becomes important
Dream Analysis
• A way to get into
someone’s
unconsciousness
• Ex.) Elongated objects
(knives or cigars)
represents male
genitalia
• Ex.) Receptacle objects
(bowls or caves)
represent female
genitalia
Scientific Evidence
Not much evidence
Ex.) Little girls didn’t know
where the penis went on the
body
Freud saved data that was
consistent with his theory
Based on abnormal people
Good Stuff
Very relevant in popular
culture
–
Brings people to
psychology
People more willing to
talk about sex
Evaluation of the Psychodynamic
approach
Started the idea that
personality and
behavior can be
systematically
investigated
Childhood is important
Importance of primitive
impulses
Cognitive distortion is
possible
The first therapy
Overemphasis on sex
Resistance to disproof
Inconsistent with
knowledge of childhood
development
Biases in data
collection
sexism
Neo-Freudians
• Anna Freud (1895-1982)
– Youngest of Freud’s kids
– Became a psychoanalyst
– Leader of the NeoFreudian Ego Psychology
– Child Analysis
• Melanie Klein (18821960)
– Focused on intense
emotional bond between
mother and child
• Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)
• Carl Jung (1857-1961)
– Developed Analytical
Psychology
– Collective Unconscious
– Archetypes
• Introversion and
Extroversion
• Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
– Individual Psychology
– Birth order
– Inferiority Feelings
Humanistic Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (19081970)
– E.B. Titchener’s class
turned him away from
psychology
– Hierarchy of Needs
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
– Person-Centered therapy
• Placing the
responsibility for
treatment on client
– Self-Actualization
• Positive regard
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