What’s the story?
Women are on the rise?
• https://www.ted.com/talks/hanna_rosin_new
_data_on_the_rise_of_women
As population has changed what has
happened to women?
• Key question – what gender imbalances exist
globally?
Labour force participation of women
http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/489
06.Html
USA 0.82
UK 0.81
Philippines 0.62
This compares how many women work for
every man working
Population with secondary education –
male-female ratio
•
http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/24806.htm
USA 1.004
UK 1.015
Philippines 1.035
This means that USA has more females finishing
secondary school than men.
Female members of government
http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/83506.html
USA 0.2
UK 0.28
Philippines 0.285
So Philippines parliament is 28% women
Literacy (can people read and write)
http://www.prb.org/DataFinder/Topic/Rankings.aspx?ind=20
USA Men 99% Female 99%
UK Men 99% Female 99%
Philippines Men 96% Female 94%
USA – women’s wages as % of men
UK Salaries favour men?
Gender and change
Objective – to understand gender
inequalities in culture, status, education,
birth ratios, employment, empowerment,
life expectancy, family size, migration,
legal rights and land tenure
Surely in The Philippines women earn as much
as men?
Women earn an average wage that is 7.3
percent lower than men’s average wages.
Female factory workers earn on an average
P296.36 daily, lower than men’s daily rate of
P319.75
http://www.eiler.ph/2-3-million-filipino-women-render-unpaid-work-prone-to-abuse-%E2%80%93-think-tank/
Is there anywhere on the planet where
women are equal?
• In some or all of these areas?
Its not just the poor or Muslim
countries…
• In 2011, women ran only 12 of the Fortune 500 companies.
• In 2010, women made up 31.5% of all lawyers but were only 19.5%
of partners in U.S. law firms according to Catalyst. Additionally, 11%
of the largest law firms in the U.S. had no women on their
governing committees.
• No state has ever achieved federal or state judgeships gender
equality. Women held only 23% of all federal judgeships and only
27% of state judgeships in 2010. In its 220-year history, only four
women justices have served on the Supreme Court although we
currently have the all time high of three justices out of nine.
• Today in the 112th Congress women hold 17 Senate seats out of 100
and hold 92 out of 435 House seats.
• USA has never had a woman President.
• Men outnumber women at a rate of 73% vs. 27% in all sectors of
employment for science and engineering as of 2009.
http://www.wrc.org.uk/resources/facts_and_statistics_on_womens_inequality_in_the
_uk.aspx
UK
•
•
•
•
•
In 2007/08, only 19% of MPs, and 20% of the House of Lords were female. From
2006 to 2007/8, the number of female members of the cabinet fell from 35% in
2006 to 26%.
In 2007/08, women made up 0.4 in senior ranks in the armed forces, 27% in civil
service top management, 21% of trade union General Secretaries or equivalent,
20% of local authority Chief Executives and only 14% of local authority Council
Leaders.
In 2007, there were 34.4% of women in public appointments and 6.5% women
from ethnic minority women in Public Appointments.
In 2006 it was reported that the gender pay gap in the UK is one of the highest
in Europe: women who work full-time earned 17% less per hour than men.
Women working part-time earned 39% less per hour than men working fulltime.
In 2007, median weekly earnings of full-time employees for women of £394
were 21% less than those for men (£498). In 2007, median weekly earnings of fulltime employees for women of £394 were 21% less than those for men (£498).
Model in Malaysia to Be Caned
for Drinking Beer
• KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia (AP) -A Muslim part-time model will be
caned next week, becoming the
first woman in Malaysia to be
given the punishment under
Islamic law, after she pleaded
guilty to drinking beer, a
prosecutor said Wednesday.
• An Islamic court in July ordered
that Kartika Sari Dewi Shukarno,
32, be lashed six times with a
rattan cane after she was caught
drinking alcohol in a raid on a
hotel night club in eastern Pahang
state last year.
Gender and population growth
• In many countries high rates of population
growth are associated with a low status of
women
• The UN Decade For Women, from 1975 to
1985, recommended 3 important points for
action:
• There should be legal equality for women
• Further development needs to improve on the
substandard role that women play
• Women should receive an equal share of power
Estimated adult literacy by region and gender, 1995… has it improved?
Number of girls per 100 boys in
primary school
Proportion of seats held in national parliament
by women (%)
Labour force participation rate, female
(% of female population ages 15-64)
Gender pay gap in the EU, 2005
• gender pay uk.docx
• saudi olympics.docx
1 of 5
Case Study: Afghanistan
• 1920s - King Amanullah and
Queen Soraya began
reforming strict social
customs that disenfranchised
women
• These included the wearing of
head-to-toe veils in public,
seclusion of women, arranged
marriages, FGM, restricted
access to education and work,
and other harsh traditions
• However, from the end of the
20s through the beginning of
the 60s, the old codes were
once again enforced
2 of 5
Gender Inequality: Afghanistan
• mid 1960s - change began to be felt in
Afghanistan, resulting in the election of the
first woman cabinet member, a relaxing of
dress codes and even the adoption of the far
less restrictive clothing of Western women
• Many freedoms were granted while the
communists were in power from 1978 to
1996, including the right of women to work
3 of 5
Afghanistan case study
Taliban Rule
• But when the Taliban took over in
1996, they brought with them the
harshest restrictions on women's
rights of the century.
• These included severe
restrictions on participation in
public life and extremely limited
access to education, work, travel,
health care, legal resources and
recreation
4 of 5
Afghanistan case study
• the literacy rate, which was only 27% for men,
dropped to a 5.6% for women.
• The Taliban issued edicts forbidding women
from working outside the home except under
limited circumstances in the medical field;
hardest hit were the 30,000 widows who were
sole providers for their families
• women and girls in certain regions were
required to wear a head to toe covering called
the burqa when out in public. Women were also
forbidden to appear in public with a male who
was not their relative
5 of 5
Case Study: Afghanistan
• the Taliban has been removed from rule in
Afghanistan. But, as many Afghan women and
political observers are quick to point out, their
successors, the Northern Alliance, are also
implicated in many human rights violations
and must be pressured by the international
community if women are to have a greater
role in the future of Afghanistan.
Index of gender equality
Why does the Philippines score so
well?
GDI
(gender-related development index)
• Gender-related
development index (GDI)
measures the inequality
between the sexes in life
expectancy, education and
the standard of living
Gender-related development index (GDI)
rank
HDI Rank Country
1
Iceland
2
Norway
3
Australia
4
Canada
5
Ireland
6
Sweden
7
Switzerland
8
Japan
9
Netherlands
10
France
2005
1
3
2
4
15
5
9
13
6
7
GDI
(gender-related development index)
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank
HDI Rank Country
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
2005
Congo (Democratic Republic of the)
Ethiopia
Chad
Central African Republic
152
Mozambique
Mali
Niger
Guinea-Bissau
155
Burkina Faso
Sierra Leone
147
148
151
149
150
154
153
156
Gender inequalities
Task:
• Complete the table to show the
various factors and their influence on
gender inequalities. As we work
through…..
• Make reference to place specific
examples.
• Resources:
• Powerpoint slides which you can share
amongst yourselves
• IB Geography text p 23-27
• Planet geography p.48-58
Explain the relationship between _______
and the status of women [5 marks]
 Examine gender inequalities in culture,
status, education, birth ratios,
employment, empowerment, life
expectancy, family size, migration, legal
rights and land tenure
How to answer the exam question
• State the relationship [1]
e.g. higher the status the lower the fertility level
• Explain the relationship for higher status [1]
give an example [1]
e.g. higher status more educated therefore have sex
ed and may be career driven e.g UK fertility rate is
1.6
• Explain the relationship for lower status [1]
give an example [1]
Updating case studies
•
•
•
•
•
Saudi – driving protests
Philippines – recent elections and pay divide
China – do they own their own bodies now?
Norway – the best place to be a woman?
Afghanistan - better now Taliban has gone?
Objective – to understand gender inequalities in
culture, status, education, birth ratios,
employment, empowerment, life expectancy,
family size, migration, legal rights and land
tenure