Chapter 9, 2014
Content Vocabulary
Key People, Events, Acts, Plans, and Organizations
WORLD WAR 1
Content Vocabulary
nationalism
 intense loyalty to one’s country or group
 caused tension in Europe
alliance system
 agreements to defend other alliance
countries if they were attacked
 posed a great danger because an attack on
one nation could trigger a war involving many
countries
entente
 French for “an understanding among nations”
U-boat
 German submarine
balance of power
 The alliance system was supposed to keep
peace by creating this.
 prevents any one country from dominating
the others
militarism
 the strengthening of armies and navies to
protect a nation’s interests
 in turn threatens rivals to build up their
military
ethnic group
 people who share a common language and
traditions
propaganda
 information used to influence public opinion
autocracy
 one person with unlimited powers rules
 This is the type of government that existed in
Russia prior to their revolution in 1917.
 The temporary government promised free
elections and to continue the fight against
Germany.
convoy
 teams of navy destroyers escorting groups of
merchant ships across the Atlantic
armistice
 an agreement to end fighting
 began on November 11:
 11th hour on the
 11th day of the
 11th month
 Germany had to withdraw land forces and its
fleet along with surrendering huge amounts
of equipment.
kaiser
 emperor
 German kaiser stepped down as revolution
against him spread in Germany
 This led to Germany being declared a
republic.
 New leaders agreed to Wilson’s terms for
armistice.
mobilization
 gathering of resources
 preparation for war
ration
 limited use of food
 led to Americans using less food, expanding
food production, and increasing food export
socialists
 people who believe industries should be
publicly owned
 They thought war would only help rich
business owners and hurt working people.
pacifist
 people opposed to the use of violence
 They were obviously against war in general.
dissent
 disagreement
 opposition
national self-determination
 the right of people to decide how they should
be governed
reparations
 payments for damage caused in war
Key People
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 next in line to the throne in Austria-Hungary
 He and his wife were assassinated by Serbian
nationalists/terrorists.
 This was the spark that led to the chain
reaction of European countries declaring war
with one another.
Bolsheviks
 group of Communists
 overthrew the democratic government of
Russia
Vladimir Lenin
 leader of the Bolsheviks
John J. Pershing
 Supreme commander of the American
Expeditionary Force
doughboys
 American soldiers fighting for the Allies
Henry Cabot Lodge
 powerful opponent of the Treaty of Versailles
 longtime foe of President Wilson
 delayed a vote on the treaty
 Played a major role in the rejection of the
treaty by the U.S. Senate
Key Events, Acts, Plans
Battle of Verdun
 German offensive (attack)
 One of the longest and bloodiest battles of
the war
Battle of the Somme
 Allies begin their offensive
Great Migration
 thousands of African-Americans moved from
the rural south to Northern cities
 huge population movement
 thousands of Mexicans migrated to the U.S.
in search of jobs
Food Administration
 headed by Herbert Hoover
 encouraged American farmers to produce
more
 persuaded the public to eat less
 Price controls on agricultural products to
encourage voluntary rationing
War Industries Board
 supervised industrial production
 oversaw the changeover of factories to
produce war-related goods
 set prices for key consumer products
Fuel Administration
 managed the nation’s coal and oil
 introduced Daylight Savings Time
 called for “Heatless Mondays”
Committee on Public
Information
 promote the war as a battle for democracy




and freedom
launched a massive propaganda campaign
Distributed millions of pro-war pamphlets,
posters, articles, and books
Provided newspapers with government
accounts of the war and advertisements
Hired speakers, writers, artists, and actors to
build support for the war
Effects of the War at Home
 helped the American economy
 Hurt American society
 government silenced opposition
 Some Americans became intolerant of those
who were different.
Battle of Argonne Forest
 Allied offensive
 defeated the Germans
 most massive attack in American history
 7 weeks long
 turns the war in favor of the Allies
Lusitania
 British passenger liner torpedoed by German
U-boats
 killed more than 1000 people, including 128
Americans
Selective Service Act
 set up a military draft to raise an army quickly
 Men aged 21-30 must register to serve, then
a portion of those registered are called to
serve
Zimmerman Telegram
 sent by a German foreign minister to Mexico
 offered an alliance with Mexico against the
U.S.
 Germany offered financial support and lost
territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 between Russia and Germany
 allowed Russia to focus on their new
communist government
 gave Germans substantial territory
 Allowed Germans to move troops from the
Eastern Front to the Western Front and
almost win the war by taking Paris
Great Migration
Espionage Act
 People against the war were seen as
unpatriotic.
 stiff penalties for spying
 People who aided the enemy or interfered
with army recruiting could be penalized, too.
Sabotage Act & Sedition Act
 It became a crime to say, print, or write any
criticism perceived, or recognized, as
negative about the government.
 It was considered sabotage – secret action to
damage the war effort.
 Thousands were convicted.
 Most believed we needed to take action
against traitors and disloyal Americans.
Fourteen Points




Wilson’s peace plan
adjusted boundaries in Europe
created new nations
included principles for conducting
international relations with free trade and
freedom of the seas
 end to secret treaties or agreements
 Limits on arms
 peaceful settlement of disputes over colonies
League of Nations
 the 14th point of Wilson’s 14 points
 to improve peace and prevent future wars
 respect and protection of one another’s
independence
Treaty of Versailles
 signed by the Allies and Germany
 dealt harshly with the Germans
 Germany had to take full responsibility for the
conflict
 Germany had to disarm completely and give up
its overseas colonies along with territory in
Europe
 Carved up Austria-Hungarian and Russian
Empires
 New nations created, old nations restored
Europe After World War I




Changed boundaries of Europe
Dividing land weakened Central Powers
Germany’s land area greatly reduced
New nations emerged in Eastern Europe:
Poland Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
 Economic depression aided the rise of
dictatorships in Europe and Japan
 France, Britain, and U.S. sent troops to Russia
to fight the Bolsheviks.