Big Idea 6: Earth Structures Grade 5 Mary Tweedy, Curriculum Support Specialist Dr. Millard Lightburn, Elementary Science Supervisor Department of Mathematics and Science Part One: Grade 5 Essential Lab # 8 Physical Properties of Minerals Part Two: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks: Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic Part Three: Grade 5 Essential Lab # 9 Weathering and Erosion :: Part Four: Earth’s Resources Department of Mathematics and Science Part 1: Physical Properties of Minerals Benchmark SC.4.E.6.2 - Identify the physical properties of common earth-forming minerals, including hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak color, and recognize the role of minerals in the formation of rocks. • Identify physical properties (hardness, streak color, cleavage, and luster) of common minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, calcite, mica, pyrite, talc, and graphite. • Describe and/or explain the role of minerals in the formation of rocks. Department of Mathematics and Science Minerals and You Every solid material made from nature that’s neither plant or animal--not a living thing is a mineral or made from minerals. Minerals touch our lives in hundreds of ways each day. Life as we know it would not exist without them. What are some minerals that touch your lives? What are minerals? (Discovery) Department of Mathematics and Science What are the Five Characteristics That Minerals Share? To help you remember try this mnemonic device: N I C - Naturally Occurring – Not made by humans - Inorganic – Was never alive - Crystalline (crystals) – The atoms form a pattern and repeat themselves in all directions. S - Solid Diner -Definite Chemical Composition – Example: Salt aka halite has a chemical composition of NaCl throughout Department of Mathematics and Science Is it a Mineral or a Non-Mineral? Salt Aluminum foil Copper penny Twig String Quartz Feldspar coal ice water vapor ceramic tile soil granite shell List of Minerals Department of Mathematics and Science What is a Mineral? http://library.thinkquest.org/J002289/index.html A mineral is a Natural, Inorganic (nonliving), Crystalline (crystal pattern), Solid with a Definite chemical structure. A Mineral is a material that has its own set of properties: (Discovery) How are minerals identified? (free BrainPop) http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078778026/164213/00044674.html • • color luster streak color breakage: cleavage Minerals by Name Department of Mathematics and Science or hardness fracture Mineral Stations Station # 1: Streak Station # 2: Luster (metallic or non-metallic) Station # 3: Breakage – Fracture vs. Cleavage Station # 4: Color Station # 5: Hardness Station # 6: Who am I? Write station responses in your notebook. Department of Mathematics and Science Mineral Identification Chart Department of Mathematics and Science Essential Lab # 8 Benchmarks SC.4.E.6.2 Identify the physical properties of common earth-forming minerals, including hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak color, and recognize the role of minerals in the formation of rocks SC.4.N.1.1 Raise questions about the natural world, use appropriate reference materials that support understanding to obtain information (identifying the source), conduct both individual and team investigations through systematic investigations, and generate appropriate explanations based on those explorations. SC.4.N.1.2 Compare the observations made by different groups using multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups. SC.4.N.1.6 Keep records that describe observations made, carefully distinguishing actual observations from ideas and inferences about the observations. LACC.5.SL.1.1. Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 5 topics and texts, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly. Department of Mathematics and Science Essential Lab # 8 Physical Properties of Minerals Mineral Detective • Essential Question: How are minerals identified? • Materials: Mineral specimens penny (1982 or older) paperclip (steel blade) Department of Mathematics and Science hand lens streak plate magnet Procedures 1. Read the Mystery Mineral Worksheet. Look carefully at each property and its descriptions at the top of worksheet. 2. Choose a mineral to observe and record its identification # on the worksheet. 3. Observe and perform the physical property tests and record the results. 4. Repeat for each different mystery mineral. 5. Share and discuss mineral property observations within your group. 6. Use the Mineral Identification to compare observation results with the Mineral Identification Key to determine the real identity of the minerals. 7. Record each mineral’s identity in column one. 8. Share mineral identification results with your group and the Department of Mathematics and Science whole class. Using Physical Properties to Identify the Mystery Minerals Sample # #____ ________ (identity) #____ ________ (identity) #____ _________ (identity) #____ _________ (identity) #____ ______ (identity) #____ ________ Color Streak Luster Hardness Other Color of mineral when it’s scratched across streak plate Glassy-shines like glass Dull-earthy/chalky Metallic-looks like metal Waxy/pearly-has a muted shine Mohs Scale Scratched by 1 Fingernail-easily 2 Fingernail 3 Penny-easily 4 Penny 5 Steel (paperclip) 6 glass 7-10 Will scratch Glass/steel Magnetic Texture Smell Shape Flakes into sheets Mineral Identification Keys: Some Common Minerals and Their Properties Key Name Graphite Mica Halite Galena Calcite Magnetite Pyrite Feldspar Quartz Color Black Colorless Colorless Gray Colorless Black Golden Various Various Dark green Hornblende to black Streak Black White White Gray White Black Black White White Luster Hardness Metallic 1 Pearly 2.5-3 Glassy 2.5 Metallic 2.5-3 Glassy 3 Dull 5.5-6.5 Metallic 6-6.5 Glassy 6-6.5 Glassy 7 Gray Glassy 5.5 Other Properties Crystals are rare. Flakes into sheets Salty taste Crystal Cubes Crystalline Magnetic Looks like gold Two cleavages Round fracture Splintery appearance Additional Mineral Identification Keys: •Grade 5 Scott Foresman p. 284 •http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals.html Department of Mathematics and Science Group Discussion Beginning with the shortest person in your group, take turns going around the table in a clockwise direction sharing the identity of one of the minerals identified. • Do you all agree on its identity? How do your observations (evidence) compare with the others in the group? • Continue until all minerals have been shared. Then answer the following: • Which was your easiest mineral to identify? Why? Your hardest? Why? Share within your group. Department of Mathematics and Science Evaluate 1. Name and explain three of the mineral properties you observed? 2. Why do you think color may not be the best way to identify minerals? 3. How did the hand lens help with observing properties of the minerals? 4. What was the most difficult mineral to identify? Why? Department of Mathematics and Science Minerals Review 1. Rocks are made of _____, which are natural, nonliving solid crystals. 2. The way a mineral’s surface reflects light is called its __________. 3. The way a mineral can tend to break along lines or smooth surfaces when hit sharply is its ___________. 4. _________ is the color of a mineral when it is powdered. It is often different from the color of the whole mineral. 5. The measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching is its _______. A. Cleavage B. Hardness C. Luster D. Minerals E. Streak Color Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2 1. Eddy is trying to identify a mineral by observing its luster. This means that he is doing which of the following? A. observing the way the mineral reflects light B. scratching the mineral with other objects or minerals C. examining the color the mineral makes when rubbed across porcelain D. feeling the mineral to determine if it is rough, smooth, greasy, or glassy Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2 2.Tanya is trying to identify an unknown mineral. To identify the mineral, Tanya breaks it and observes the planes and patterns formed along the break. Which property of minerals is Tanya testing? A. cleavage B. hardness C. luster D. texture Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2 3. Samantha is identifying different minerals she found on vacation. Which property of the minerals will Samantha be LEAST able to determine by using only her eyes? A. B. C. D. color hardness luster texture Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Extension Gizmo Activity: • Mineral Identification Department of Mathematics and Science Part Two: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks: Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic SC.4.E.6.1 Identify the three categories of rocks: igneous, (formed from molten rock); sedimentary (pieces of other rocks and fossilized organisms); and metamorphic (formed from heat and pressure. (assessed as SC.4.E.6.2. Content Limits and Clarifications •Students will identify the three categories of rocks and how they were formed. •Items will not assess the rock cycle. Department of Mathematics and Science Part 2: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks Essential Question: What are Rocks? Rocks … •Solid earth material •Make up the crust of the Earth •Mixture of one or more minerals •Range in size from giant mountains to grains of sand •Can be smooth or rough, shiny or dull, one color or many colors More about Rocks from Discovery Department of Mathematics and Science Essential Question: What are the Three main types of rocks? 1. Sedimentary Rock 1. Igneous Rock 3. Metamorphic Rock Rock Type Photographs and more: http://geology.com/rocks/ Department of Mathematics and Science Sedimentary Rocks • • • • • • • See Form when layers of rock particles get pressed together at or near Earth's surface https://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/login/login.jsp Nickname = “Layered” rocks May contain fossils Common near bodies of water or where water existed in the past Characteristics: Layers Loosely compacted Distinct particles Dull Light Colored Light weight http://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml for photographs and more. Igneous Rocks • • • • • Form when magma (hot liquid rock) cools and hardens Cools very fast = glassy with holes Cools fast = glassy Cools slow = small crystals Cools very slow = large crystals • Nickname= “Fire formed” rocks: http://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml 2 3 Pumice is a gas-charged igneous rock. Can you identify some others? 1 4 granite scoria obsidian 5 pumice Metamorphic Rocks • • • • Form when underground rocks are changed due to high pressure Nickname = “Changed” rocks Common in mountains Characteristics: Thick layers Blended colors Tightly compacted Blurred particles Shiny See http://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml for photographs and more. Observe and Classify Rocks Inquiry Three Main Types 1. Sedimentary Rock 2. Igneous Rock 3. Metamorphic Rock Scientist Profile: Volcano Scientist Department of Mathematics and Science How Rocks Formed Song (Sing to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”) Adapted from Utah Elem. CORE Academy 2006 Sedimentary rock Has been formed in layers Often found near water sources With fossils from decayers Then there’s igneous rock Here since Earth was born Molten lava, cooled and hardened That’s how it formed These two types of rocks, Can also be transformed With pressure, heat, and chemicals Metamorphic they’ll become http://geology.com/rocks/ How do rocks form? • Igneous rocks form when magma cools underground or lava from volcanic eruptions cools on Earth’s surface. • Sedimentary rocks form when bits of different rocks pile up. Over a long time, the rock bits are buried and squeezed together to form sedimentary rocks. • Metamorphic rocks form when igneous or sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Department of Mathematics and Science What’s the Rock: Reference Sheet 1. Igneous: Form when magma cools and hardens. • • • • Cools very fast = glassy with holes Cools fast = glassy Cools slow = small crystals Cools very slow = large crystals 2. Sedimentary:Form when layers of rock particles • get pressed together Loosely compacted layers Light Colored Distinct particles Dull 3. Metamorphic:Form when underground rocks are • • changed due to high pressure Thick layers Tightly compacted Blended colors Blurred particles Shiny (Adapted from Utah Elem. CORE Academy 2006) Sample FCAT 2.0 Question 1. Eddy is examining two igneous rocks. He observes that one rock is light-colored and one is dark-colored. Both rocks have very large crystals and are very coarse. How can two rocks made by the same process be so different in color? A. They contain different minerals. B. They were made at different times. C. They were worn down at different rates. D. They cooled at different rates. Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question 1. What type rock is formed when grains of sand and other sediments that have eroded from mountains and have been washed down to sea are pressed and cemented together? A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Oceanic D. Sedimentary Discovery Education Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question • Dr. Gonzalez is searching for recentlyformed igneous rocks for her collection. Where would this type of rock most likely be found? A. in a deep cavern B. on a sandy beach C. near a volcano D. at the mouth of a river Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question Metamorphic rocks are formed under great pressure or temperature. Which geologic process would make a metamorphic rock? A.the sliding of a valley glacier B.the deposition of sand by wind C.the movement of Earth's crust D.the removal of surface rock by water Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Sample FCAT 2.0 Question While hiking in the Everglades, Melissa finds the fossil of clam in a rock. In which type of rock would you most likely find a fossil? A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Oceanic D. Sedimentary Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Part Three: Weathering and Erosion SC.4.E.6.4 Describe the basic differences between physical weathering (breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice, temperature change, and plants) and erosion (movement of rock by gravity, wind, water, and ice). • Students will identify and/or describe the processes of physical weathering and erosion. • Students will compare and contrast the agents of and/or processes of physical weathering and erosion. Department of Mathematics and Science What role does flowing water have in all of the different sizes of rocks in streams? Hypothesis: __________________________ Department of Mathematics and Science What role does flowing water have in all of the different sizes of rocks in streams? Data Table Before Shaking the Jar (Control) Number of rocks _____ After Shaking the Jar (Test) Number of rocks ______ Rock measures ____ cm Rock measures ____ cm Water looks… Water looks… PhysicalWeathering http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/project/index.html 1. 3. 2. Department of Mathematics and Science 4. Erosion • Erosion is the movement of sediments from one place to another. Water is the primary agent of erosion, though wind and glacier ice also contribute . Department of Mathematics and Science Essential Lab # 9 Benchmarks • • • • • • SC.4.E.6.4 Describe the basic differences between physical weathering (breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice, temperature change, and plants) and erosion (movement of rock by gravity, wind, water, and ice). SC.4.N.1.1 Rise questions about the natural world, use appropriate reference materials that support understanding to obtain information (identifying the source), conduct both individual and team investigations through free exploration and systematic investigations, and generate appropriate explanations based on those explorations. SC.4.N.1.2 Compare the observations made by different groups using multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups. SC.4.N.1.5 Compare the methods and results of investigations done by other classmates. SC.4.N.1.6 Keep records that describe observations made, carefully distinguishing actual observations from ideas and inferences about the observations. SC.4.N.1.7 Recognize and explain that scientists base their explanations on evidence. Department of Mathematics and Science ESSENTIAL LAB # 9: WEATHERING AND EROSION 1. How do you think the Grand Canyon was formed? 2. Why do you think it has gotten deeper and wider over time? 3. How long do you think it took for the Grand Canyon to form? Department of Mathematics and Science Weathering and Erosion Stations Station # 1: What happens when it rains on a sandy soil plain? Station # 2: How does water erode a sandy mountain with no grass? Station #3: How does grass affect water erosion on a mountain? Station # 4: How does flowing water wear down and move rocks? Station # 5: How can wind cause changes in rocks? Department of Mathematics and Science Lab Station Follow Up Questions: 1. What is weathering? 2. In which part(s) of the stations did you observe weathering? 3. What is erosion? 4. In which part(s) of the stations did you observe erosion? 5. Comparing results from stations 2 and 3, what is a way to keep erosion from happening? 6. What is the most interesting discovery you made from these station activities? Department of Mathematics and Science FCAT 2.0 Question 1) The agents of erosion include all except _____________. A) rock and rock fragments under the influence of gravity B) currents such as wind, water, or ice flow C) the breaking down of rock through processes where no movement is involved D) poor land uses such as deforestation and unmanaged construction Department of Mathematics and Science FCAT 2.0 Question 2. What occurs when gravity pulls loose material down to the bottom of a slope in a sudden motion? A) tsunami B) flood C) landslide D) earthquake Department of Mathematics and Science FCAT 2.0 Question 3. Weathering can be caused by ___________________. A) canyons, caves, and landslides B) rain, wind, and plant roots C) rivers, mountains, and currents D) tides, mice, and glaciers Department of Mathematics and Science FCAT 2.0 Question 4. How did weathering and erosion form the Grand Canyon? A) Flooding caused landslides many years ago, and the canyon was formed very quickly. B) A great earthquake caused the a giant crack in the earth, and the canyon was formed. C) Many volcanoes in that area erupted, and the lava caused the rocks to melt away. D) Rain, wind, and the river cut into the rock and soil, removed it, and slowly formed the canyon. Department of Mathematics and Science Part Four: Earth’s Resources Benchmarks SC.4.E.6.3 Recognize that humans need resources found on Earth and that these are either renewable or nonrenewable. SC.4.E.6.6 Identify resources available in Florida (water, phosphate, oil, limestone, silicon, wind, and solar energy). Department of Mathematics and Science Earth’s Resources What are some of Earth’s natural resources? Water Plants Sun Air Wind Minerals rocks Land Soil Oil Coal Animals Department of Mathematics and Science What resources are found in Florida ? Florida has many natural resources: Beaches Oil Citrus Pine Forests Cattle Phosphate Water Limestone Solar Energy Reefs What are some Renewable Resources? The sun is a renewable resource. Energy from the sun is never used up. Water is a renewable natural resource. It evaporates from the oceans, precipitates in the form of rain and snow, and flows through rivers and streams back to the oceans. Plants are renewable because plants can grow more plants. Seeds grow into plants that bear flowers. These flowers, when fertilized, produce seeds that grow into new plants. Department of Mathematics and Science What are Florida’s Renewable Resources? Renewable Resources Why are renewable resources important to us? • Renewable resources can be recreated, although some, like trees, may take more time to renew than we can wait. • Nonrenewable resources can be used up. Department of Mathematics and Science What are Nonrenewable Resources? They are resources that formed over millions of years. They can not be made again in our children or our grandchildren’s lifetimes. There is a limited supply of these resources and people are using them faster than they can be replaced. What are some examples? fossil fuels: •natural gas •crude oil •coal Minerals: •aluminum •silver •iron Department of Mathematics and Science What are Florida’s Nonrenewable Resources? Nonrenewable 1. What are they used for? 2. Are any of them sources of energy? Limestone is a nonrenewable Florida Resource Things that are made from Limestone: • building and landscape materials • materials used in road construction • cement manufacturing *Bonus questions: What type of rock is limestone? Limestone is a sedimentary rock. How do sedimentary rocks form? What are examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources? • Some renewable resources include: sunlight, water, wind, soil, and trees • Some nonrenewable resources include: coal, oil, and natural gas Department of Mathematics and Science Virtual Lab: WOW, Windmills! Variables (Things that can change.): ____________ _____________ _____________ Variable I will change (Test/Independent/Manipulated): ___________________ Testable question (Problem Statement): ______________________________________________ This is a fair test because________________________ _____________________________________________ Hypothesis: ______________________________________________ Procedures: Virtual Lab: WOW, Windmills! Data : Test Number Number of Blades Shape of Blades Pitch (angle) of Blades Department of Mathematics and Science Average Number of Spins in 1 Min. What are the differences between renewable and nonrenewable resources? • Nonrenewable resources are resources that cannot be replaced in a short amount of time. • Unlike renewable resources, it is possible for humans to use up all of the nonrenewable resources in the world. • A renewable resource is a resource that humans are not likely to run out of. • Wind is a renewable resource because the wind will always continue to blow on Earth. • Trees are a renewable resource because they can be planted and grown in a short amount of time. Department of Mathematics and Science Saving Resources The world doesn’t have an endless supply of natural resources. We have to make our natural resources last longer. The wise use and protection of natural resources is called conservation. Reduce Recycle Reuse Energy Conservation What can we do? • We can use resources wisely. • We can reduce, reuse, an recycle. Department of Mathematics and Science FCAT Review 1. Earth will eventually run out of certain kinds of energy resources. These are called nonrenewable energy resources. Which answer lists ONLY nonrenewable energy resources? A. B. C. D. solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric natural gas, wind, and water gasoline, solar, and nuclear coal, oil, and natural gas Department of Mathematics and Science Florida Achieves FCAT Review 2. In Florida, limestone mining produces over 153 million tons of products a year, including concrete, asphalt, and cement. Which of the following best describes how limestone mining should be handled in Florida? A.It should be restricted, because some people have a toxic reaction to limestone products. B.It should be restricted, because there is only a limited amount of limestone available. C.It does not need to be restricted, because new deposits of limestone can be discovered and used. D.It does not need to be restricted, because limestone can be easily replaced as sediment is compacted. FCAT Review 3. It is important to develop renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. What is the advantage of using these resources, instead of using fossil fuels? A. B. C. D. They make more energy than fossil fuels. They are cheaper to maintain than fossil fuels. They cannot be depleted or used up, like fossil fuels. They do not depend on weather conditions, like fossil fuels. Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science Show What You Know 3- List 3 nonrenewable resources 2- List 2 renewable resources 1- Write 1 idea for conserving resources Big Idea 6: Vocabulary Review Game http://quizlet.com/21273436/gr-5-big-idea-6-earth-structures-review-flash-cards/ Department of Mathematics and Science