Chapter 22 - Organic Chemistry Notes
Section 1 – Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds - covalently bonded compounds containing carbon
(excluding carbonates and oxides).
Carbon-Carbon bonding – carbons are unique b/c they can form long chains
and/or rings of bonded atoms. Catenation is the process of an element bonding to
itself to make a chain or ring.
Hydrocarbons – contain hydrogen and carbon chains.
Isomers – compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Structural Formulas: (as shown above) indicate the number and types of atoms
AND show the bonding arrangement.
Condensed Formulas: (as shown below) used for easier reading.
CH3 - O - CH3
CH3 - CH2 – OH
Types of Isomers:
1. Structural Isomers
(“Constitutional Isomers”)
– atoms bonded together in
a different order.
2. Geometric Isomers – bonded atoms are in the same order, but appear in
different arrangements in 3D space.
“cis” – odd atoms are on the SAME SIDE
“trans” – odd atoms are on opposite sides
Section 2: Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons – each carbon atom forms FOUR single bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons – not all carbon atoms have four single bonds.
Hydrocarbon
Description
Alkane
Contains
only single
bonds
Example:
(Saturated)
General
Formula
CnH2n+2
Nomenclature
Ends in –ane
C3H8
C4H10
Propane
Butane
Examples
Propane (above)
Alkene
Double
bonds
CnH2n
Example:
(Unsaturated) C3H6
C4H8
Ends in –ene
Propene
Butene
Propene (above)
Alkyne
Triple bonds
CnH2n-2
Example:
(Unsaturated) C3H4
C4H6
Ends in –yne
Propyne
Butyne
Propyne (above)
Cycloalkanes or cycloalkenes: hydrocarbon in which the chain is connected in a
ring…like Benzene (also known as cyclohexene).
Carbon-Atom Chain Prefixes:
1
2
3
4
5
methethpropbutpent-
6
7
8
9
10
hexheptoctnondec-
Nomenclature for Hydrocarbons: (p.721 – Honors; p._____)
1. Name parent hydrocarbon chain.
a. Alkane – longest chain of single bonds.
b. Alkene – If you have more than double bond, use suffixes to show how
many and where the double bonds are located, 2=adiene, 3=atriene,
4=tetrene.
c. Alkyne – If you have more than double bond, use suffixes to show how
many and where the double bonds are located, 2=adiyne, 3=atriyne,
4=tetryne.
2. Add names of the branches
a. If you have one branch, name it.
b. If you have more than one branch of the same kind, use di=2, tri=3,
tetra=4.
3. Number the carbons in parent chain.
4. Insert branch position numbers into the name.
5. Punctuate the name.
Examples:
CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3
|
|
|
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
|
CH3-CH-C=CH2
|
CH2-CH3
CH3≡≡C-CH-CH3
|
CH3
Name: 2,3,5-trimethylhexane
Name: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
Name: 3-methyl-1-butyne
Properties & Uses
Alkanes – nonpolar, weak London dispersion forces, as mass increases
boiling point also increases, small molecules are gases, medium molecules are
liquids, and large molecules are solids (waxes). Examples: Gasoline (octane).
Alkenes – nonpolar, similar properties of boiling point and physical state as
alkanes, used in commercial productions like making plastics and plant hormones
like ethane (aka ethylene).
Alkynes – nonpolar, same properties as above, used as ethyne (aka acetylene
torches) for welding.
Section 3 – Functional Groups
Functional Group – group of atoms that give an organic compound its specific properties.
List of functional groups you are responsible for knowing:
Name
Group
Nomenclature
1. alcohol
2. alkyl halide
3. ether
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
aldehyde
ketone
amine
carboxylic acid
ester
thiol
(-OH)
ending in –ol
(-F , -Cl , -Br , -I) use prefix
(-O-)
use ether
use ___ oxy ___
(H-C=O)
ending in –al
(C=O)
ending in –one
(N)
ending in –amine
(-COOH)
ending in –oic acid
(O-C=O)
ending in –oate
(-SH)
ending in –thiol
See Attached Page… for more details!
THE END!
Example
pentanol
dichloropentane
pentyl ethyl ether
ethoxy pentane
pentanal
pentanone
pentanamine
pentanoic acid
pentanoate
pentane thiol