Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
Biology Study Guide
Accumulative Portion of the Final
Chapter 1 Introduction to Life on Earth
 Definitions: Biology adaptation living fossils extinct species biodiversity
 Discovery vs. hypothesis based science
 Qualitative vs quantitative data
 Scientific method (steps, difference between the steps)
 Fig 1-1 pg 3 (definitions)
 Theory vs hypothesis
 Scientific Principles one must follow to do science (3 things)
 Theory of Evolution (Darwin, Wallace); natural selection
 DNA and mutations and their role on evolution
 Three domains of life
 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
 How to write a scientific name correctly
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life
 Definitions: atom, element, compound, molecule, isotopes, free radical, antioxidants
 Subatomic particles (electrons neutrons protons)
o which is in the nucleus?
o # of electrons for each energy level
o which is + - neutral
 atomic # vs. atomic weight
 How to read the atomic # and mass on periodic table
 ionic covalent hydrogen bonds
 polarity (covalent bonds only)
 Properties of water (all 5)
 Cohesion vs. adhesion
 Solution solvent solute surface tension buffer pH acidic basic hydrophobic hydrophilic
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
 Define: organic inorganic monomer polymer
 dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
 carbohydrates (1C:2H:1O)
o monosaccharide (glucose fructose galactose)
o disaccharides (glucose + glucose = maltose; glucose + fructose = sucrose; glucose + galactose =
lactose)
o polysaccharides (examples: starch chitin cellulose glycogen)
o OH is polar = carbs are hydrophilic
 lipids:
o oils fats waxes; oil is unsaturated; fats are saturated. Why? Fats and oils have 3 fatty acid chains
and glycerol
o phospholipid structure: 2 fatty acid chains 1 glycerol 1 phosphate group.
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
o Steroid structures = 4 rings of carbon fused together
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
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proteins:
o subunits are amino acids: 20 diff types
o One amino acid structure (chemical make up)
o Peptide bond
o Protein vs. polypeptide vs. peptide
o 4 levels of structure
o Enzymes are proteins
nucleic acid
o Structure: 5C sugar attached to N containing base & phosphate grp
o DNA vs. RNA (know structures & differences)
o ATP NADH NADPH FADH2 are nucleic acids
Chapter 4 The Cell
 Cell theory states…
 Light microscope, Electron microscope (SEM and TEM)
 Common features of cells (small in size plasma membrane cytoplasm Cytosol DNA obtain
energy/nutrients from environment)
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes differences?
 Fig of prokaryotic cell eukaryotic animal cell eukaryotic plant cell in book.
Be able to label parts (see pg 60, 61, & prokaryotic cell)
 Know functions of: cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm DNA endoplasmic reticulum (ER;
rough and smooth) Golgi complex lysosomes mitochondria Nucleus ribosomes vacuole vesicles.
 What is the path a molecule travels through the cell as it is synthesized?
(Nucleus   all the way to plasma membrane and out the cell)
 Table 4-1 pg 62 is a good review table; (ReviewBIOFLIX)
Chapter 5 Cell Membrane
 Plasma membrane’s 3 functions; which part of the membrane does which?
 Fluid Mosaic Model
 phospholipids-which side is hydrophilic? hydrophobic? How do they arrange in a bilayer? What
determines how fluid? (Double bonds in FA chains)
 Hemotoxin - phospholipase
 Cholesterol’s functions in the plasma membrane
 Glycoproteins-what are they?
 5 groups of proteins:
o receptor, recognition, enzymatic, transport (channel & carrier), attachment
 diffusion vs osmosis
 passive diffusion
o simple diffusion
o facilitated diffusion
o osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) * know how to distinguish between these if given an
example
 active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
 water always goes from hypotonic to hypertonic
 what type of transport is energy required for?
 What is the diffusion of water called?
 endocytosis & exocytosis (define; do they require energy?)
 Water balance and vacuoles
 Table 5-1 pg 83
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
Chapter 6 Energy Flow
 kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each)
 2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy)
 Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism
 reactant vs. product (which is which?)
 exergonic vs. endergonic reactions *if I give you an example, can you tell which is which?
 what’s ATP? ADP? Which ones got more energy? Which one goes through an exergonic reaction?
Endergonic?
 Coupled reaction
 NADH, FADH2 function as ‘electron carriers’
 Define: enzymes catalyst active site coenzyme
 Lactose tolerance? Explain in terms of enzyme activity, disaccharides, hydrolysis, and osmosis
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis
 Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs Producer
 Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain
 General formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
 leaf adaptations for photosynthesis (main organ of photosynthesis)
o capturing light, preventing water loss, gas exchange, thin, veins
 Stomata (singular stoma), guard cells, xylem, phloem
 Leaf cross section and all its parts (upper & lower epidermis, mesophyll, etc.)
 chloroplast and its parts: outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid, granum, stroma
o Where in the chloroplast does the light/dark reaction take place?
 Photons, Pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids)
 General reaction of photosynthesis
 Light-dependent reaction (thylakoid)
o Sunlight & Water go in
o ATP, NADPH, and ½ O2 comes out
o 2 photosystems containing pigments
o 2 electron transport chains that carry electrons
o Water splits and O2 is released
 Light-independent reaction (stroma)
o NAPDH, ATP, CO2, and H2O go in
o Glucose comes out (synthesized)
 Fig that summarizes all of photosynthesis at one glance (check book)
 Role of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis (where do they come from? Where do they go?)
 Watch the Bioflix
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
 General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
 Where does each reaction take place? (see your worksheet)
o Glycolysis
o Formation of acetyl CoA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain
o Fermentation
 Glycolysis splits sugar to make ATP & NADH
 Pyruvate from Glycolysis either enter the mitochondria (cellular respiration) or stays in cytosol (one of
the two types of fermentation)
 Fermentation: Alcohol vs. lactic acid
 Why would a cell do fermentation instead of cellular respiration?
 Aerobic vs anaerobic (oxygen)
 Parts of mitochondria : outer, inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane compartment, cristae
 Role of NADH FADH2 and ATP in cellular respiration (what does each do?)
 Oxygen we breathe in goes into what reaction?
 CO2 we breathe out comes from what two reactions?
 Comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
o Where is glucose used or broken down (reactant)?
o Where is glucose made (product)?
o Where is CO2 used (reactant)?
o Where is CO2 made (product)?
o Where is O2 used (reactant)?
o Where is O2 made (product)?
 Watch the Bioflix on Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 Cell Reproduction
 Define: Cell cycle, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, gamete gamete
 Cells divide for: growth, development, asexual reproduction, gamete formation (which is Mitosis?
Meiosis?)
 homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids (make sure this makes sense-this makes the entire
chapter!)
 What is a nucleotide? A chromosome?
 How many chromosomes do humans cells have? How many homologous pairs? Diploid vs. haploid #s.
 define: chromosome, chromatin, centromere
 parts of the cell cycle
o G1 G2 S M
o Which parts make up interphase?
 mitosis: (I)PMAT (interphase is not part of division)
o sister chromatids separate
o start diploid (2n), end diploid (2n)
o all eukaryotic cells except for cells which make gametes
 meiosis: two sets of division M1, M2
o MI: homologous chromosomes separate
o MII: chromatids separate
o How many cells form? Are they diploid or haploid? n or 2n?
o Cross-overs, independent assortment, formation of tetrads
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
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Why does the gamete cell have to become haploid for the offspring to be diploid? pre-requisite to
sexual reproduction
A fertilized egg is called a zygote
o Is a zygote diploid or haploid?
o Will a zygote go through mitosis to grow? Meiosis to grow?
3 sources of genetic variability
What is a cancerous cell?
Watch Bioflix on Mitosis, Meiosis
Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance
 Who was Mendel? Who was Morgan?
 Define: gene, locus, allele, character, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, gamete,
dominant, recessive
 Be able to make a punnett square using monohybrid, dihybrid, blood typing, and sex-linked traits.
 Law of segregation; law of independent assortment define them & give ex.
 Types of genetics problems you should be able to do/define
o Simple dominance
o Multiple alleles
o Monohybrid Cross
o Co-dominance
o Dihybrid Cross
o Polygenetic inheritance
o Linked genes
o Pleiotropy
o Incomplete dominance
o Sex-linked
 Know how to get ‘gametes’ for your punnett square
 Non-disjunction (XXY, XYY, XO, XXX, Trisomy 21)
 Review the genetics packet I put on my website for practice. Answers are still up by my office
Chapter 11 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
 Griffith’s Experiment: bacterial transformation (pg 202)
 DNA vs. Genes vs. Chromosomes
 Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine; purine vs. pyrimidine
 Chargaff’s Rule
 Wilkins and Franklin: X-ray diffraction
 Structure of chromosomes
o double helix (anti-parallel – run opposite)
o complementary bases held w/ H- bonds; covalent between nucleotides
o 5’ to 3’ what does this mean?
 Watson and Crick
 DNA replication
o Strands unwind (DNA helicase)
o Free bases are placed in front of templates (DNA polymerase
o Pieces are tied together (DNA ligase)
 Types of mutations: nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion, translocation
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
Chapter 12 Gene Expression & Regulation
 Genes have info to make proteins; enzymes are proteins
 DNA  mRNA  Protein
 Where in the cell does each take place? (Fig on pg 222)
o Which is referring to transcription? Translation?
 3 types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA (pg 219)
 Table 12-1 on pg 219
 What is transcription? What is translation? Where does each take place?
 3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand
 If I give you a DNA strand and the genetic code, be able to make proteins
 What is a codon? What is an anti-codon?
 Transcription- RNA polymerase does everything
 Translation- Need mRNA, rRNA (the enzyme), tRNA (with an amino acid on each) to make
proteins
 How many types of nucleotides exist in DNA? In RNA?
 What is an anticodon? What molecule is this found on?
 What does it mean by ‘transcription is selective’?
 Watch the Bioflix on Protein Synthesis
Chapter 13 Biotechnology (some will be accumulative and some is new material)
 Definitions: biotechnology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, Transgenic, GMO
 Function of plasmids in biotechnology
 Transformation and biotechnology
 Forensic science and Short tendom repeats
 PCR, Gel electrophoresis; DNA fingerprint
 Be able to read a DNA fingerprint
 Some human uses of biotechnology (know examples in food, medicine, etc)
 Cloned animals. How is it done? (pg 156-7)
 Embryonic vs. Adult stem cells. Explain the difference
 Ethical implications
Chapter 26 Population Growth & Regulation
 Define: ecology, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
 Biotic vs. abiotic
 Biotic potential vs. environmental resistance
 Be able to identify or define the following growth curves
o J-curve (exponential growth)
o boom and bust cycle
o Logistic growth (s-curve)
 Carrying capacity
 interspecific vs. intraspecific competition
 How do predators play a role in population size?
 Density dependent vs. density independent factors
 Island fox story
 Human population curve
o What type is it?
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
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o Why? (due to decrease in some environmental resistance)
Developing vs. developed countries & their contributions to population size
Have we reached the earth’s carrying capacity?
Chapter 27 Community Interaction
 Define: diversity, species richness, relative abundance
 What is Coevolution?
 What is a niche?
 What is resource (or niche) partitioning?
 Symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism/predator, commensalisms, competition
 Types of predator/prey adaptation
o cryptic coloration, warning coloration, mimicry (Batesian, mullerian, and startle
coloration), chemical warfare
 Keystone species
 Invasive Exotic species
o How do they affect the ecosystem?
o Why do some exotic species take over a community?
o Cane Toad Exotic to Australia
Chapter 28 How does the ecosystem work?
 Define: Autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, primary and secondary consumers, herbivores,
carnivores, omnivores, detritus feeder & decomposers
 trophic pyramid
o energy transfer is only 10% Why?
o Be able to tell me what trophic level an organism on a food chain is
 Food chain vs. food web
 Biological Magnification
 Nutrition Cycles
o carbon cycle, water cycle
 Eutrophication
 Acid deposition: what natural element’s cycle is over used? (S, N)
 Global warming
o greenhouse gasses (mostly carbon)
o name some things that emit greenhouse gasses
o evidence: warmer temperatures, melting of ice, extreme weathers, ocean water
expanding, sea level rising, growing season increasing, wildlife is effected
 Main causes of biodiversity crisis
o Habitat destruction, Introduced species, overexploitation
 What can we do to help? Why should we care?
 What is Biophilia?
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Algiers, K BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2011
Chapter 29 Earth’s Diverse Ecosystem
 What is the difference between climate and weather?
 What is latitude? What things influence earth’s climate? Curvature, tilt, oceans, mountains,
continents
 What is a rainshadow? A biome? What is a biome defined by?
 What is desertification? What is a biological hotspot? What is permafrost?
 Know the following biome characteristics and a few human impacts
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Deciduous Forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Grassland (Prairie)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Temperate Rain Forest
Taiga (N. Coniferous Forest)
Tundra
This is ~70% of the final.
The other ~30% is8 the new material
that we will cover until the end of the semester.