ART HISTORY
2
The Human
Figure
throughout
The Ages
ROME
(753 – 509 BC)
Etruscan
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 - 337)
Late
Roman Periods
•Monarchy/Etruscan Kings
(753 – 509 BC)
•High Empire (96 – 192)
Latin and Etruscan kings (Romulus to Tarquinius
Superbus): Early Etruscan / Archaic Period
•Trajan
•Republic (509 – 27 BC)
•Antoninus Pius
•Marcellus
•Marius
•Sulla
•Pompey
•Julius Caesar
•Mark Antony
•Marcus Aurelius
•Commodus
•Late Empire (192 – 337)
•Augustus Caesar
•Tiberius
•Caligula
•Claudius
•Nero
•Vespian
•Titus
•Domitian
Etruscan
•Hadrian
•Lucius Verus
•Early Empire (27 BC – 96 AD)
(753 – 509 BC)
•Nerva
•Septimius Severus
•Caracalla
•Severus Alexander
•Trajan Decius
•Trebonianus Gallus
•Diocletian
•Constatine - Split of the Empire
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 337)
Late
•Monarchy/Etruscan Kings
(753 – 509 BC)
Latin and Etruscan kings (Romulus to Tarquinius
Superbus): Early Etruscan / Archaic Period
Etruscan
753 BC: Romulus founds Rome
(753 – 509 BC)
Etruscan
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 - 337)
Late
Etruscan/Archaic:
Apollo,
From the Portonaccio Temple,
Veii, Italy,
(c. 500 BC)
(~5’ 11” high) (painted terracotta)
Sarcophagus with reclining couple, From Cerveteri, Italy
(c. 520 BC) (~3’ 9 ½ ” high) (painted terracotta)
Later Etruscan:
Capitoline Wolf, From Rome, Italy
(c. 500 BC) (~2’ 7 ½ ” high) (bronze) (alloy: copper & tin)
Process: Lost Wax Casting
Lost Wax
Original design, model made of clay or plastic
Spraying on rubber mold coating/Remove
Shimming and rubber coating original
Pouring wax in small crevices
Pouring wax in mold casing
Resulting wax model
Wax flow
Dipping wax model in “slurry,”
Investment, later coating with sand
Investment: Lost Wax “Burn out,”
in extremely hot kiln, (note sprues)
Melting bronze bars to liquid hot
Resulting bronze form
Pouring molten bronze into mold,
(Mold buried in sand)
Sections are welded together
•Republic (509 – 27 BC)
•Marcellus
•Marius
•Sulla
•Pompey
•Julius Caesar
•Mark Antony
Republic
44 BC: Ides of March
146 BC: Rome conquers Greece
(753 – 509 BC)
Etruscan
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 - 337)
Late
Roman Republic:
Head of a Roman Patrician,
From Otricoli, Italy
(c. 75 BC) (~1’ 2 ” high)
(marble)
[Republic]
[Veristic Tradition]
Hard stone tools:
(i.e. granite)
Soft stone tools:
(i.e. marble)
http://
www.stoneshaper.com/
Roman Republic:
Funerary Relief (Freed Slaves), From Rome, Italy
(c. 50 BC) (~2’ 1 ½ ” high) (limestone)
The Social Context of Portraits:
The Patrons of the Roman Republic’s great temples and sanctuaries were in almost all cases
men from old and distinguished families, often victorious generals who used the spoils of war to
finance public works. These aristocratic patricians were fiercely proud of their lineage. They
kept likenesses (imagines) of their ancestors in wooden cupboards in their homes and paraded
them at funerals of prominent relatives.
The surviving sculptural portraits of prominent Roman Republican figures, which are uniformly
literal reproductions of individual faces, must be seen in this social context…Slaves and former
slaves could not possess such portraits, because, under Roman law, their parents and
grandparents were not people, but property. Yet when freed slaves died, they often ordered
portraits for their tombs – in a style that contrasts sharply with that favored by freeborn patricians.
The subjects of Republican patrician portraits are almost exclusively men…of advanced age, for
generally these elders held power in the state. These patricians did not ask sculptors to make
them appear nobler than they were…instead they requested accurate records of their distinctive
features…the sculptor painstakingly recorded each rise and fall, each bulge and fold, of the facial
surface, like a mapmaker who did not want to miss the slightest detail of surface change. The
result was a blunt record of the man’s features and a statement about his personality: serious,
experienced, determined – virtues that were much admired during the Republic.
Pompeii
An ancient city, preserved for later generations
Ixion Room, House of the
Vettii, Pompeii, Italy
(c. 70 - 79 BC) (fresco)
Dionysiac mystery frieze, From Rm 5: Villa of the Mysteries,
Pompeii, Italy (c. 60 - 50 BC) (frieze ~5’ 4 ” high) (fresco)
Portrait of a Husband
and Wife, wall painting,
Pompeii, Italy (c. 60 50 BC) (~2’ X 2’)
(fresco)
The Age of Propaganda
Roman Coins: “Denarius”
The Age of Propaganda
•Early Empire (27 BC – 96 AD)
•Augustus
•Tiberius
•Caligula
•Claudius
•Nero
•Vespian
•Titus
•Domitian
Early Empire
0 – 33 AD: Jesus Christ (Jesus of Nazareth)
27 BC: Augustus named Imperator
79 AD: Eruption of Vesuvius
(753 – 509 BC)
Etruscan
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 - 337)
Late
The Age of Propaganda
Julius Caesar Breaks the Rules:
Beginning early in the first century BC, the Roman desire to advertise distinguished ancestry led
to the placement of portraits of illustrious forebears on Republican coins. These ancestral
portraits supplanted (replaced) the earlier Roman tradition (based on Greek convention) of using
images of divinities on coins. No Roman, however, dared to place his own likeness on a coin
until 44 BC, when Julius Caesar, shortly before his assassination on the Ides of March, issued
coins featuring his portrait and his newly acquired title, dictator perpetuus (dictator for life). The
denarius (the standard Roman silver coin)…records Caesar’s aging face and receding hairline in
conformity with the Republican Veristic Tradition. But placing the likeness of a living person on a
coin violated all the norms of Republican propriety. Henceforth, Roman coins, which circulated
throughout the vast territories under Roman control, would be used to mold public opinion in
favor of the ruler by announcing his achievements both real and fictional.
The Ides of March
The murder of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March (“Et tu Brutus?”), 44 BC plunged the Roman
world into a bloody civil war. The fighting lasted 13 years and ended only when Octavian (better
known as Augustus), Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son, crushed the naval forces of Mark
Antony and Queen Cleopatra of Egypt at Actium in northwestern Greece…in 30 BC, Egypt, once
the ancient world’s wealthiest and most powerful kingdom, became another province in the everexpanding Roman Empire.
Historians reckon the passage from the old Roman Republic to the new Roman Empire from the
day in 27 BC when the Senate conferred the majestic title of Augustus (r. 27 BC – 14 AD) on
Octavian. The Empire was…(for the most part)…a continuation of the Republic, with the same
constitutional offices, but…Augustus: princeps (first citizen), occupied all the key positions:
imperator - commander in chief (from which the word emperor comes), pontifex maximus – chief
priest of the state religion. These offices gave Augustus control of all aspects of Roman public
life.
Julius Caesar
Augustus Caesar
Pax Romana or Pax Augusta
The powerful armies of Rome kept order over the Empire’s frontiers and homeland for two
centuries without war. During this time the emperors commissioned a huge number of public
works throughout the Empire: roads, bridges, forums, temples, basilicas, theaters,
amphitheatres, market halls, and bathing complexes, all on unprecedented scale.
Early Empire:
Portrait of Augustus as General,
From Prima Porta, Italy
(c. 20 BC original) (~6’ 8 ” high)
(marble copy of bronze original)
Augustus Caesar
When Octavian inherited Caesar’s fortune in 44 BC, he was not yet 19 years old. When he vanquished
Egypt at Actium in 31 BC and became undisputed master of the Mediterranean world, he had not reached his
32nd birthday. The rule by elders that had characterized the Roman Republic for nearly half a millennium
came to an abrupt end.
Suddenly Roman portraitists were called on to produce images of a youthful head of state. But Augustus was
more than merely young. Julius Caesar had been made a god after his death, and Augustus, while never
claiming to a be a god himself, widely advertised himself as the son of a god. His portraits – produced in
great numbers by anonymous artists the state paid – were designed to present the image of a godlike leader,
a superior being who, miraculously, never aged. Although Augustus lived until 14 AD, even official portraits
made near the end of his life continued to show him as a handsome youth.
Such a notion may seem ridiculous today, when television, the internet, magazines, and newspapers portray
world leaders as they truly appear, but in antiquity few people had actually seen the emperor. His official
image was all most people knew. It therefore could be manipulated at will.
Classical Greek Art inspired the emperor’s sculptors. The portrait of Augustus as General, is based closely
on Polykleitos’s Doryphoros. Here, however, the emperor addresses his troops with his right arm extended in
the manner of The Orator (Later Etruscan) sculpture from the early First Century BC.
Current events are referred to on Augustus’s cuirass, which depicts the return of the captured Roman military
standards by the Parthians. The Cupid at his feet serves a very different purpose. Caesar’s family, the
Julians, traced their ancestry back to Venus, and the inclusion of Venus’s son was an unsubtle reminder of
Augustus’s divine descent. Every facet of the statue was designed to carry a political message.
Classical Greek:
Polykleitos, Doryphoros
Later Etruscan:
The Orator
•High Empire (96 – 192)
•Nerva
•Trajan
•Hadrian
•Antoninus Pius
•Marcus Aurelius
•Lucius Verus
•Commodus
High Empire
118 – 125 AD: Construction of the Pantheon,
Temple to all religions of the Roman Empire
(753 – 509 BC)
Etruscan
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 - 337)
Late
High Empire:
Equestrian Portrait of Marcus
Aurelius, from Rome, Italy
(c. 175 AD) (bronze)
[~11’ 6” high]
[Equestrian Portrait]
(thought to be a portrait of Constantine)
•Late Empire (192 – 337)
•Septimius Severus
•Caracalla
•Severus Alexander
•Trajan Decius
•Trebonianus Gallus
•Diocletian
•Constatine - Split of the Empire
Late Empire
330 : Dedication of
Constantinople
312: Battle of Milvian Bridge / 313: Edict of Milan
293: Diocletian’s Tetrarchy
235 – 284: Soldier Emperors
(753 – 509 BC)
Etruscan
(509 - 27 BC)
Republic
Empire
(27 BC – 96 AD)
:
Early
(96 - 192)
High
(192 - 337)
Late
Late Empire:
The Four Tetrarchs,
St. Mark’s, Venice, Italy
(c. 305 AD) [4’ 3”]
(purple marble)
Loss of Power / Order Restored
The Tetrarchy:
In 293, Diocletian (r. 284 – 305 AD) established the Tetrarchy (rule by four) and adopted the title
of Augustus of the East. The other three tetrarchs were a corresponding Augustus of the West.
Together, the four emperors ruled without strife until Diocletian retired in 305. Without his
leadership, the new tetrarchs began fighting among themselves, and the tetrarchic form of
government collapsed. The division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western spheres
survived, however. It persisted throughout the Middle Ages, setting the Latin West apart from the
Byzantine East.
The four tetrarchs often were portrayed together, both on coins and in the round. Artists did not
try to capture their individual appearances and personalities but sought instead to represent the
nature of the tetrarchy itself – that is, to portray four equal partners in power. It is impossible to
name the rulers. Each of the four emperors has lost his identity as an individual and was
subsumed into the larger entity of the tetrarchy. All are identically clothed…each grabs a
sheathed sword in the left hand…with their right arms they embrace one another in an overt
display of concord…large cubical heads…squat bodies…drapery is schematic…bodies are
shapeless…faces are emotionless masks.
In this group portrait, carved eight centuries after Greek sculptors freed the human form from the
formal rigidity of the Egyptian-inspired kouros stance, the human figure was once again
conceived in iconic terms. Idealism, naturalism, individuality, and personality now belonged to the
past.
Late Empire:
Arch of
Constantine,
Rome, Italy
(312 – 315 AD)
The arch of Constantine was dedicated by the senate in AD 315 in honor of
Constantine's victory over Maxentius. However, it is is generally understood that the
arch is actually much older and was originally dedicated to emperor Hadrian.
Constantine simply replaced certain panels and parts of it in order to make it his
own.
Perhaps the most controversial panel on the arch of Constantine:
It appears to depict the Sun God, the very deity which Constantine's
father (Constantius Chlorus) worshipped and which is ascribed to
Constantine prior to his conversion to Christianity.
However, this arch celebrates the triumph over Maxentius, a victory
Constantine later credited to the 'God of the Christians.'.
Do you think that for many of the emperors propaganda and commemoration
went hand-in-hand?
The Arch of Constantine was erected between 312 and 315CE by the Senate in honor
of Constantine’s military triumph over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. A
substantial portion of the decoration on the Arch of Constantine was taken from other
earlier monuments in an attempt to liken Constantine to his great predecessors, Trajan,
Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. In the detail shown, the frieze-like panel (dated from
Constantine's reign) depicts him giving his first speech to the people after triumphing
over Maxentius. He visually places himself within the lineage of great emperors through
the figures of Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius that flank his figure in the relief. The two
roundels above are from a Hadrianic monument. The first shows the emperor sacrificing
to Apollo before a hunt and the second shows him hunting boar. This may have been an
attempt by Hadrian to show both his piety and his prowess and by replacing Hadrian's
head on the relief with his own portrait, Constantine does the same.
The stylistic differences between the reliefs of Constantine and those of the
preceding emperors are quite pronounced. What do you think was the cause of
such artistic changes?
Constantine credited Christianity with helping him defeat Maxentius and the Edict
of Milan was issued during this time (313 CE). Do you think, then, that this Arch
could be considered a Christian monument?
c.
a.
d.
b.
g.
e.
f.
Classify
these known
&
h. unknown
portraits
Late Empire:
Colossal Portrait of
Constantine,
From the Basilica Nova,
Rome, Italy
(c. 315 – 330 AD) (marble)
Constantine and Christianity
Constantine (306 – 337 AD)
The short-lived concord among the tetrarchs that ended with Diocletian’s abdication was
followed by an all-too-familiar period of conflict that ended two decades later with the restoration
of one-man rule. The eventual victor was Constantine I (“Constantine the Great”), son of
Constantius Chlorus, Diocletian’s Caesar of the West. After the death of his father, Constantine
invaded Italy in 312. At a battle at the Milvian Bridge at the gateway to Rome, he defeated and
killed his chief rival, Maxentius. Constantine attributed his victory to the aid of the Christian god.
In 313, he and Licinius, Constantine’s co-emperor in the East, issued the Edict of Milan, ending
the persecution of the Christians.
In time, Constantine and Licinius became foes, and in 324 Constantine defeated and executed
Licinius near Byzantium (modern Istanbul, Turkey). Constantine was now unchallenged ruler of
the whole Roman Empire. Shortly after the death of Licinius, he founded a “New Rome” on the
site of Byzantium and named it Constantinople (City of Constantine). A year later in 325, at the
Council of Nicea, Christianity became de facto the official religion of the Roman Empire. From
this point on, “paganism” declined rapidly. For many scholars, the transfer of the seat of power
from Rome to Constantinople and the recognition of Christianity mark the…
…beginning of the Middle Ages…
They Might Be Giants:
Istanbul (Not Constantinople)
Istanbul was Constantinople
Now it’s Istanbul, not Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Now it’s Turkish delight on a moonlit night
Every gal in Constantinople
Lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople
So if you’ve a date in Constantinople
She’ll be waiting in Istanbul
Even old New York was once New Amsterdam
Why they changed it I can’t say
People just liked it better that way
So take me back to Constantinople
No, you can’t go back to Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That’s nobody’s business but the Turks
Istanbul (Istanbul)
Istanbul (Istanbul)
Even old New York was once new Amsterdam
Why they changed it I can’t say
People just liked it better that way
Istanbul was Constantinople
Now it’s Istanbul, not Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That’s nobody’s business but the Turks
So take me back to Constantinople
No, you can’t go back to Constantinople
Been a long time gone, Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That’s nobody’s business but the Turks
Istanbul
•Mycenaean
•Minoan
•Cycladic
•Funerary statue
•Caryatid
•Etruscan
•Julius Caesar
•Proto-Geometric
•Augustus Caesar
•Geometric
•Constantine
•Archaic
•Terra cotta
•Classical
•Bronze
•Hellenistic
•Roman (Greek)
•Humanism
•Krater
•Sprues
•Republic
•Denarius
•Meander
•Propaganda
•Red figure technique
•Ides of March
•Black figure technique
•Veristic Tradition
•Kouros
•Cuirass
•Naturalistic
•Encaustic
•Kore
•Tetrarchy
•Middle Ages
•Athena
•Edict of Milan
•Contrapposto
•Constantinople
•General search:
www.google.com
•http://
dictionary.reference.com
c. 400 - 1400 AD
MIDDLE AGES
For several hundred years, from about the first to around the fifth century AD, Rome was the greatest power
on Earth, ruling Britain and the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. However, in northern Europe, there
were fierce tribes that were only held at bay by the Romans. Around 400 AD, the Roman Empire began to
weaken and the northern tribes swept across the continent of Europe and plundered the city of Rome. The
Roman Empire collapsed and was gradually replaced by many small kingdoms ruled by a strong warrior.
For many years, Europe was without the luxuries and riches that had marked the height of Rome. Many
centuries later, a new interest in learning would mark the beginning of the Renaissance. The thousand years
between is called the Middle Ages or the Medieval period. This period began and ended for different
countries at different times across Europe. It also affected different areas of the continent in different ways.
The northern tribes did not stamp out learning completely, only momentarily set it back. The Catholic
Church was already a powerful institution at the end of the Roman Empire and it continued to be the
unifying force between the many small kingdoms that would become Europe. The Church salvaged much
from the ruins of the ancient world and became one of the centers of learning during the Middle Ages. The
people of the Middle Ages had a rich culture and produced many advances in art, literature, science, and
medicine and paved the way for the ideas that would become the beginning of the Renaissance (c. 1400
AD).
To begin your journey into the Middle Ages, try to picture a world with far fewer people, where no one
moved away from their hometown, and life moved at a slower pace. There was no electricity, no water from
faucets, no television, and no cars. How did they survive?!!!
MIDDLE AGES
EAST: BYZANTINE & ISLAMIC
Late Antiquity(c. 400 - 500)
(c.300 – 400)
Post-Constantine
(527 - 843)
Early Byzantine
(843 – 1204)
Middle Byzantine
(1204 - (192
1453)
337)
Late Byzantine
WEST: MEDIEVAL
Early Medieval
(476 - 768)
Merovingian
(768 - 936)
Carolingian
Late Medieval
(936 - 1024)
Ottonian
(1024 – 1200)
Romanesque
West: GOTHIC
(1140-1194)
Early Gothic
(1194 - 1300)
High Gothic
(1300 - 1500)
Late Gothic
EAST: BYZANTINE & ISLAMIC
(“Pagan worship”
Christianity
prohibited, 391)
proclaimed
state religion of
the Roman
Empire,
380
Constantine,
r.306-337
Iconoclasm (726-843)
Mohammed,
570-633
Beginnings of
Islam
(Turks convert
to Islam:
9th-10th
Century)
“The Golden Age”
Justinian the Great,
r.527-565
Late Antiquity(c. 400 - 500)
(c.300 – 400)
Post-Constantine
End of the Western
Roman Empire,
410 (Rome),
476 (Ravenna)
Foundation of
Constantinople,
324
(Last Western
Roman
Emperor:
Romulus
Augustus
r.475-476)
(527 - 843)
Early Byzantine
Arabs besiege
Constantinople,
717-718
(843 – 1204)
Middle Byzantine
Split of
Byzantine &
Roman Catholic
Churches,
1054
Revival of Byzantine
power,
980
First Crusade,
1095-1099
Fourth
Crusade,
1202-1204
(1204 - (192
1453)
337)
Late Byzantine
Ottoman Turks
capture
Constantinople:
End of the Byzantin
Empire
1453
Constantinople
Rome
Early Byzantine:
Barberini Diptych,
(Justinian as World
Conqueror)
(Mid-6th Century) [ivory]
(1 of 5 parts)
[diptych]
(1’ 1 ½” X 10 ½”)
Detail:
Barberini Diptych,
(Thearle as World
Conqueror)
[Louvre, Paris]
Review: Roman Art: Imagery Styles
Etruscan
Imperial
Republican
Julius
Caesar
Etruscan
Late Empire
Constantinian /
Early Christian
Augustus Caesar
Why the changes?
Byzantine
Early Byzantine:
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
(526 – 547) [Byzantine, dome]
Interior View:
Church of San Vitale,
Choir
Apse Mosaic:
Christ in Paradise (apse, mosaic)
Apse Mosaic Details:
Christ in Paradise
(St. Vitalis, Bishop Ecclesius)
Justinian w/ Church
Details:
Justinian
Apse Wall Mosaic:
Theodora and attendants
Details:
Theodora
Middle Byzantine:
Vladimir Virgin,
Moscow, Russia (Vladimir)
(late 11th century)
Tempera on wood panel,
~2’ 6 ½” X 1’ 9”
[icon, iconoclasm]
(return to icons)
Late Byzantine:
icons
St. John
Chrysostom
Constantinople
(1350-1400)
miniature mosaic
7” x 5”
Archangel Gabriel
Chilandari Monastery,
Mt. Athos, Greece
(late 1300's)
tempera on wood
Islamic:
Page of a Persian Qur'an, c.1550 [koran/qur’an]
WEST: MEDIEVAL
Charlemagne
(r. 768 – 814)
crowned
Emperor in
Rome, 800
Anglo-Saxons
take over
Roman Britain
(480)
Pope Gregory
VII (1073 –
King Richard
1085) asserts
the Lionheart,
spiritual
of England,
supremacy over
(r. 1189-1199)
kings and
emperors, 1077
Foundation of
Knight’s Templar,
1118
Otto I
(r. 936 973)
crowned
Emperor in
Rome, 962
Early Medieval
(476 - 768)
Merovingian
End of the Western
Roman Empire,
410 (Rome),
476 (Ravenna)
•
(768 - 936)
Carolingian
Vocab:
crusades
Late Medieval
(936 - 1024)
Ottonian
Split of
Byzantine
(Greek
Orthodox) &
Latin (Roman)
Catholic
Churches,
1054
(1024 – 1200)
Romanesque
Norman
Conquest
of
England/
Battle of
Hastings,
1066
3rd Crusade,
2nd Crusade,
1147
First Crusade,
1095-1099
(Pope Urban II)
Merovingian:
Lindisfarne Gospels:
Page Preceding St. John’s
Gospel,
(c. 698 - 721)
[gospel]
Merovingian:
Lindisfarne Gospels:
Chi Ro Christmas Page,
(c. 698 - 721)
Carolingian:
High Cross of Muiredach,
Monasterboice monastery,
Ireland
(c. 923) (~16’ high)
[cross]
Carolingian:
Equestrian Portrait of
Charlemagne (?),
From Metz, Germany
(early 9th century) [bronze]
(9 ½” high)
Ottonian:
Book of Genesis: Eden, Bronze Doors: St. Michael’s Church,
Hildesheim, Germany (c.1015) (~2’ high)
Compare & Contrast:
Bronze Relief Panels
Hildesheim Doors
Florence Baptistery Doors
Romanesque:
Bayeux Tapestry,
Cathedral: Bayeux, France
(1070 - 1080)
(1’ 8” high X 229’ long) [tapestry]
Bayeux Tapestry
Opening Credits:
Robin Hood (Kevin Costner)
West: Gothic
(Turks convert
to Islam:
9th-10th
Century)
Magna Carta:
Signed by King
John of
England, 1215
(1140-1194)
Early Gothic
Philosopher:
St. Thomas
Aquinas (1225
– 1274)
(1194 - 1300)
High Gothic
Geoffrey Chaucer
(c. 1343 - 1400)
(1300 - 1500)
Late Gothic
4th
Crusade,
1202-1204
3rd Crusade,
1190
2nd Crusade,
1147 - 1149
Hundred Years
War:
Between
England and
France
(1337-1453)
Black Death
first sweeps
over Europe
(1347 - 1350)
Ottoman Turks
capture
Constantinople:
End of the Byzantin
Empire
1453
Early Gothic:
Chartres Cathedral,
Chartres, France
(begun 1134)
[zoom]
Early Gothic:
West Façade,
From Chartres Cathedral
(c. 1145 - 1155)
Early Gothic:
Jamb Statues,
From Chartres portal
(c. 1145 - 1155)
[jamb]
Early Gothic:
Jamb Statues,
From Chartres portal
(c. 1145 - 1155)
•Chartres
Cathedral
(Notre
Dame
de
Chartres),
•1134
-
1220,
40
miles
SW
of
Paris
•large
church
which
took
approximately
100
years
to
build
•built
on
a
high
spot
for
great
visibility
•number
of
sculptural
reliefs
on
surface,
becoming
more
naturalistic
•extreme
height
of
interior,
3
stories
•uses
a
rose
window
over
each
entry
Last Judgement, Main Portal
Notre Dame, Paris
Looking Up: Entryway, Notre Dame
Communion of Saints,
Notre Dame, Paris
Late Gothic:
Virgin of Paris,
Notre Dame, Paris
(early 14th century)
Facade:
Archivolt Figures,
Cologne Cathedral
[archivolt]
Vocab:
• Byzantine
•Diptych
•Apse
•Mosaic
•Icon
•Iconoclasm
•Koran / Qu’ran
•Crusades
•Gospel
•Cross
•Tapestry
•Jamb
•Archivolt