Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Thur, April 3rd: Highway of Life video clip/
17.2 notes*/17.1-17.2 SG*
Sec. 17.2 KEY CONCEPT
Modern classification is based on evolutionary
relationships.
 Cladistics is classification based on __________
___________.
•
____________ is the evolutionary history for a group
of species.
–
–
•
classification based on __________ __________
species placed in order that they _____________
from common ancestor
A ____________ is an evolutionary tree made using
cladistics.
–
–
–
•
shown with _____________ ______
__________
___________ is a common method to make
evolutionary trees.
–
–
•
evidence from _________ species, _______
record, and ____________ data
A _______ is a group of species that __________
a common ancestor.
Each species in a clade shares some _______
with the ____________.
Each species in a clade has ______ that have
__________.
________ ___________ are traits shared in different
degrees by clade members.
–
basis of arranging species in _____________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
0
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
–
–
•
•
more _________ related species share more
________ characters
represented on cladogram as ________
________
_______ represent the most __________ common
ancestor of a clade.
_________ can be identified by ___________ a
branch under a node.
 Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
•
•
•
Molecular data may _________ classification based
on ___________ similarities.
Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a
______ ________________.
_____ is usually given the ______ word by scientists.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
1
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 17.1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
VOCABULARY
taxonomy
binomial nomenclature
taxon
genus
MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Fill in the Concept Map with details about Linnaean taxonomy.
Linnaean taxonomy
names
classifies
1. groups of __________________
4. __________________ parts
using a system called
based on
2. physical __________________
5. binomial __________________
into groups called
which gives each species a
3. __________________
6. scientific __________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
2
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
Choose the best answer to the question or statement.
7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized?
a. based on their physical similarities
b. based on their physical differences
c. based on their ability to be domesticated
d. based on their ability to evolve
8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom
to species.
a. The levels move from more specific to more general.
b. The levels move from more general to more specific.
c. The levels are in order based on how long a species has lived on Earth.
d. The levels are organized according to where a species gets food, drink,
and air.
Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate
boxes below. The first and last items are done for you.
a. kingdom
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g. species
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
3
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Choose whether the statement is true or false.
9. true / false When Linnaeus set up his classification system, it was not yet
possible for scientists to do molecular or genetic research.
10. true / false Linnaeus’ classification system contains no mistakes.
11. true / false Today, scientists use genetic similarities between species to help
classify them as related species, rather than focusing on physical or structural
similarities.
Vocabulary Check
Match each word or phrase with its definition.
12. taxonomy
a. the science of naming and
classifying organisms
13. binomial nomenclature
b. one or more physically similar
species thought to be closely related
14. taxon
c. a system that gives each species a
two-part Latin name
15. genus
d. a group of organisms in a
classification system
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
4
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 17.2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
VOCABULARY
phylogeny
cladogram
cladistics
derived character
MAIN IDEA: Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
Choose the best answer for the question.
1. What is a phylogeny?
a. similar traits that evolve in dissimilar species
b. environmental conditions that cause traits to develop
c. a classification based on common ancestry
d. the evolutionary history for a group of species
2. How can a phylogeny be shown?
a. as a branching tree diagram
b. as a Venn diagram
c. as a mind map
d. as a bar graph or chart
3. What is the main goal of cladistics?
a. to show how members of different families are related
b. to show how members of different species are related
c. to show how members of different genera are related
d. to show how members of different kingdoms are related
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
5
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
Use the word box below, and refer to Figure 2.2, to label the main features of a
cladogram. The first one is done for you.
clade
node
taxon being classified
derived character
5.
4. taxon being classified
7.
6.
Choose the best answer for the question.
8. What letter does a clade look like on a cladogram?
a. the letter W
b. the letter N
c. the letter V
d. the letter K
9. What do the hash marks for the derived characters in a cladogram indicate?
a. that organisms below that hash mark all share that characteristic
b. that none of the organisms below the hash mark share that characteristic
c. that all of the organisms above and below the hash mark share that
characteristic
d. that none of the organisms anywhere on the cladogram have that
characteristic
10. On a cladogram, what is a node?
a. a part of the cladogram that is shaped like a letter of the alphabet
b. a place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram
c. the topmost section of the cladogram
d. the lowermost section of the cladogram
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
6
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
Choose whether the statement is true or false.
11. true / false Molecular data always agree with the classification of species
based on physical similarities.
12. true / false Once an evolutionary tree is established, it can never be changed.
13. true / false DNA evidence can help scientists to learn how two species are
related to each other.
14. true / false The more similar the genes of two species are, the more closely
related the species are likely to be.
Vocabulary Check
Choose the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
15. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny
means “origin.” From this, it is possible to see that phylogeny refers to a
species’ evolutionary history / molecular makeup.
16. The words cladistics and cladogram are both related to the word clade / climb.
17. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other
species in that group do not have, are called identifying / derived characters.
18. Sketch a blank cladogram in the space below and label its parts.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
7
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
8
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
9
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships