M1_pretest_3B.qxd:English Aeronautics WEB

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PRE-TEST Module 1
1
The World of Flight
Answer the following questions.
(20 p.)
1. Can you list the main characteristics of air?
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2. What are the main components of air?
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3. Why is the Earth’s atmosphere stable?
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4. What are the four layers of the atmosphere called?
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5. What is the tropopause?
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3
Units
1-2
..../50 points
Translate the following terms into English.
1. pressione
2. temperatura
3. altitudine
4. azoto
5. ossigeno
6. decollare
7. atterrare
8. planare
9. veleggiare
10. stazionare in aria
(10 p.)
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6. What is flight?
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7. What is true natural flight, gliding and soaring?
4
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8. What is the pressure above the wing like? And below?
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9. Which two functions are performed by the bird’s
wing?
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10. What bird is called the helicopter of the bird world?
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2
Label the pictures.
(10 p.)
Write the opposites of the following words.
1. below
2. decrease
3. top
4. lower
5. pull
6. weak
7. take off
8. lengthen
9. forward
10. downward
150
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a.
a.
200
b.
1.
100
d.
75
e.
f.
50
b.
c.
25
miles
altitude (km)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
c.
0
d.
2.
(10 p.)
PRE-TEST Module 1
1
The World of Flight
Fill in the blanks.
(15 p.)
1. In ancient times people told of magic ..................................
carpets and .................................. horses.
2. The most famous legend was that of Daedalus
and Icarus who .................................. on wings of waxed
feathers.
3. On June 5, 1783, the Montgolfier brothers made
the first .................................. rise.
4. In 1784, another Frenchman, Jacques Charles,
constructed the first .................................. balloon.
5. The first large rigid .................................. was built
by Ferdinand von Zeppelin and flew
on July 2, 1900.
6. Hydrogen was replaced by .................................. on
dirigibles because it is not inflammable.
7. The Wright brothers built a ..................................
onto which they mounted an engine.
On December 17, 1903, Orville Wright flew
the first .................................. .
8. During the Second World War, airplanes became
a fundamental weapon in military ..................................
control.
9. After the Second World War, civil aviation was
improved with the construction of big jet
.................................. .
4
Complete the following timeline.
Units
3-4
..../40 points
10. The ‘space age’ is a period in which at first artificial
and then .................................. with men
aboard were sent into .................................. .
11. In the last years of the 20th century new
.................................. and new aircraft were developed.
..................................
2
Compound Nouns. Translate the following phrases
(5 p.)
into your language.
1. Air speed difference
2. Sea level density
3. Man-powered flight
4. Wing-like membranes
5. Wing top surface
3
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What are these people famous for?
1. Daedalus and Icarus
2. Jacques Charles
3. Henri Giffard
4. Otto Lilienthal
5. Wiley Post
6. Igor Sikorsky
7. Charles Yeager
(7 p.)
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(13 p.)
Leonardo
da Vinci
German
engineers
Neil
Armstrong
NASA
Louis
Blériot
Ferdinand
von Zeppelin
1400
1783
1900
European
project
Yuri Gagarin
1903
First
airplane
1909
1927
1939
1947
1961
1969
1981
First plane
Sound
barrier
Balloon
First Atlantic
crossing
Space
Shuttle
1997
2007
PRE-TEST Module 1
1
The World of Flight
Answer the following questions.
(20 p.)
Unit
5
..../50 points
5. There are no differences between a glider and a
sailplane.
1. What is an aircraft?
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2. What are the two main classifications of aircraft?
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6. Unconventional planes can be classified into
landplanes, seaplanes and amphibians.
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3. Which force must be overcome to make an aircraft fly?
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4. What do aerostats and aerodynes derive their rising
capability from?
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7. S/VTOL need a runway to take off.
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8. An autogiro, like a helicopter, can hover.
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5. What’s the difference between a balloon and a
4
dirigible?
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a
Write the names of these aircraft.
b
6. How are aerodynes classified?
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7. What do unpowered craft include?
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8. What do powered craft include?
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9. What do unconventional craft include?
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c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
10. What’s the difference between an autogiro and a
helicopter?
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2
Write a definition for each of the following terms.
(12 p.)
1. aerostat
2. aerodyne
3. balloon
4. glider
5. amphibian
6. STOL
3
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Find the mistake in seven of these eight sentences.
(8 p.)
1. A synonym for aerodyne is lighter-than-air craft.
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2. Balloons contain a gas heavier than air.
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3. A dirigible balloon is driven through the air thanks
to the propeller.
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4. Unpowered craft are aircraft which utilize an engine.
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(10 p.)
Module
1
4
Something more about… THE WORLD OF FLIGHT
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS TEXTS
A
The atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth’s gravity. The
atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention
(greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains roughly (by volume)
78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also
contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1%.
The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere
and outer space. An altitude of 120 km (75 mi) is where atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric
reentry of spacecraft. The Kármán line, at 100 km (62 mi), also is often regarded as the boundary between atmosphere
and outer space.
B
Birds’ and airplanes’ flight
For the most part, birds and airplanes fly for the same reasons. If we look at the shape of a bird’s wings, we will
see they are curved the same way airfoils on airplanes are. When a bird glides during level flight, it stays in the
air just like airplanes do – its wings provide the lift. However, birds flap their wings up and down to go
higher in the sky while airplanes must use a combination of control surfaces and their powerful
engines. In the 19th century, before airplanes were around, some inventors tried strapping
homemade wings to their arms and jumping off buildings to copy the flapping motion of birds
– usually with deadly results. Unlike humans, birds have strong wing muscles that give them
the power needed for flight; what’s more their bones are hollow (i.e. empty, not solid). So,
after millions of years of evolution, birds and insects continue to fly on their own, but humans still have to depend on
machines like airplanes.
C
The helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine-driven rotors. In contrast
with fixed-wing aircraft, this allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards
and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would
not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time allows a helicopter to
accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform.
Though most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, it was the single main rotor with antitorque tail rotor
configuration of this design that would come to be recognized worldwide as the helicopter.
LINKS
http://www.espo.nasa.gov/solveII/outreach/middleschool-atmos.htm (Atmosphere)
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1.htm (Earth and atmosphere)
http://www.ornithopter.org/how.fly.shtml (Birds and ornithopters)
http://www.allstar.fiu.edu (History of Aeronautics Level 3 History of Flight)
http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/aircraft/categories-and-classification.html (Aircraft classification)
VIDEOS
YouTube Atmosphere layers
YouTube How birds fly How birds fly + How birds fly (animation)
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/nasa/2198-a-history-of-flight-pioneers-video.htm (How men learned to fly)
YouTube Wright Brothers’ First Flight
YouTube Aircraft
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