NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
1
AIMS Review Packet Answers
Scientific Method
1) What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?
Hypothesis - is an “idea”, yes, an educated guess, BUT, that can be tested
Prediction – your guess as to the exact results of the experiment
2) Why do scientists use a control group in experimental design?
Something to compare their data to / a benchmark
3) Susie wondered if the height of a hole punched in the side of a quart-size milk carton would affect how far from the container a
liquid would spurt when the carton was full of the liquid. She used 4 identical cartons and punched the same size hole into
each. Susie recorded her results in the chart below.
Height of hole
punched in container (cm)
5
10
15
20
Distance liquid spurts
from the container (cm)
10
20
30
40
a) What is the independent variable?___height of the hole______
b) What is the dependent variable?___distance the liquid spurt out________
c) Write a hypothesis for this experiment, use proper format.
Answers may vary – but will be along the lines of:
“If the height of the hole increases, the distance the liquid spurts will increase”
d) What would be an appropriate prediction if the height of the hole punched in the container was 25 cm (use numbers!)? 50
cm
e) Graph Susie’s results.
Distance spurt (DV)
(cm)
Height of the hole (IV)
(cm)
f)
Describe the relationship between the height of the hole and the distance of the liquid. The higher the hole, the longer
the spurt
15) A group of college students were given a short course in speed-reading. The instructor was curious if a monetary incentive
would influence performance on a reading test taken at the end of the course. Half the students were offered $5 for obtaining a
certain level of performance on the test, the other half were not offered money.
Independent variable: Money (What was changed)
Dependent variable: Performance on the test (measurable)
Experimental group: Those offered the money
Control group: Those not offered money
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
2
Cells
4) Define each term and give an example.
Word
Definition
Biotic
A factor that is associated with or results
from living organisms. LIVING or once
was living.
Abiotic
A factor that is not associated with the
activities of living things.
NON-LIVING! Never was living.
Example
Bear, tree, bacteria cell, mushroom, a dead kangaroo
Rock, sun, water, air, minerals, dirt
5) Cell organelles – Complete the table.
Organelle Name
Where is it found? Label (P)
plant, (A) animal, (B)
bacteria, (E) All
Function: Write what the organelle does inside the cell and make
a connection with how this helps a cell do its job. Remember, each
type of cell has a different function. After you write your answer,
ask yourself, “does this describe WHAT THE ORGANELLE DOES?” If
not, fix it.
Contains genetic information – controls the cell
Nucleus
BOTH PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
Nucleolus
BOTH PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
Found in the nucleus and it produces ribosomes
ALL Living organisms
Regulates what comes in / out
PLANTS
BACTERIA
Provides structure to plant cells
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
ENERGY!!!
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Contains enzymes to break down cellular material – even other BAD
cells (bacteria)
BOTH PLANTS, ANIMALS
AND
BACTERIA
PLANTS
Makes proteins / Protein synthesis
PLANTS
Site of photosynthesis
PLANTS, ANIMALS AND
BACTERIA
PLANTS, ANIMALS,
BACTERIA
PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND
BACTERIA
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Movement of cells
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF THE CELL, MOVE PROTEINS,
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Ribosome
Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cilia and Flagella
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Stores water / Enzymes
Suspends the organelles/ means of communication
Provides structure to cells
PACKAGES proteins and other cellular material
6) Identify TWO major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
No nucleus
Nucleus
No complex membrane bound organelles
HAS Complex membrane organelles
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
3
7) What types of organisms are classified as the following:
a) Prokaryote: BACTERIA: Archeabacteria and Eubacteria
b) Eukaryote: ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTISTS, FUNGUS
8) Levels of Organization: Put the following in order from smallest to largest.
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
9) What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
3. All cells arise from existing cells
10) What scientists helped with the development of the cell theory? What did they each contribute (research) to the cell theory?
Robert Hooke: coined the term “Cells” from cork tree
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: used hands lens, saw first living cells
Mattias Schleiden: plants made of cells
Theodor schwann: animals made of cells
Rudolph Virchow: observed cell reproduction
11) Identify the following cell types:
a. Eukaryote: animal
b. __Eukaryote: Plant cell
c. Prokaryote: BACTIERA
12) The cell membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?
Sime-permeable means that some things can go through, but others not. The membrane determine which substances enter
and leave the cell through the chemistry of the membrane. The polarity of the phospholipids that form the membrane is the
primary mechanism that determine what can go through. Small, non-polar molecules (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) are
free to move through the membrane, whereas polar (like water) or large molecules (like proteins) need to be “ushered”
through transport or channel proteins, sometimes requiring energy, but sometimes not.
13) Explain the difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria?
EUBACTERIA
ARCHEABACTERIA
“Eu” mean true, so these are true bacteria
GERMS!!!!!!(Your typical bacteria)
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS, like salty lakes, acid vents, extremely cold
Three shapes: Bacilli, Cocci, Spirilla
14) Aside from nucleus, what other double membrane-bound organelle contains DNA?
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS
*think endosymbiosis theory
Cellular Transport
15) What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of “balance” within a cell despite the changing external environment.
16) Define: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic.
HYPERTONIC: A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis: Lots of Solute, not a lot of solvent (water)
HYPOTONIC: A solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis: Lots of Solvent (water), not a lot of Solute
ISOTONIC: A solution that produces no change in cell because of osmosis: WATER movies IN and OUT freely.
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
4
17) Complete the following table.
Hypertonic
Where is solute
concentration the highest
(inside cell or outside
cell)
OUTSIDE
OUT OF CELL
SHRINK
Hypotonic
INSIDE
INTO CELL
SWELL
Isotonic
EVEN
IN AND OUT OF
CELL
STAY THE SAME
Type of solution
Will water move in
or out of cell?
Will the cell swell, shrink, or stay the
same size?
18) How are active transport and passive transport different?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (from areas of low concentration to areas of
high concentration = packing too many molecules in a space  this creates pressure that is basically stored energy to be used
later when the pressure is released. CELL USES ENERGY (ATP) in this type of transport.
PASSIVE TRASNPORT: Movement of molecule down the concentration gradient. Cell does NOT use energy.
19) List and describe the types of passive transport.
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
20) List and describe the types of active transport.
ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPS
21) What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMEMNT OF WATER IN AND OUT OF THE CELL. DIFFUSION IS THE MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE CELL OF
MOLECULES
22) Food coloring will diffuse through water until it reaches? EQUILIBRIUM
Water
23) What is cohesion?
ATTRACTION BETWEEN SUBSTANCES OF THE SAME KIND (caused usually through polarity… opposite charges attract)
24) What is adhesion?
ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT STUBSTANCES.
25) What is specific heat?
AMOUNT OF ENERGY IT TAKES TO RAISE OR LOWER A SUBSTANCES BY 1 DEGREE
26) Water has a HIGH specific heat. Why is this property of water important to life?
IT TAKES A LOT OF ENERGY TO RAISE OR LOWER THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE. THIS ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO
MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERAL TEMPERATURE: HOMEOSTASIS.
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
5
27) What is capillary action?
MOVEMENT OF WATER THRU SMALL TUBES IN PLANT TISSUE (BASICALLY THEIR “VEINS”). COMBINES ADHESION (ATTRACTION OF
WATER TO THE TISSUE) AND COHESION (WATER ATTRACTED TO ITSELF)
28) How do plants use capillary action?
PLANTS: XYLEM TISSUE ‘CAPILLARIES” OF PLANTS MOVES WATER FROM THE ROOTS TO THE TOP OF TREE
DNA / Mitosis
29) What is the ultimate function of a DNA molecule?
Genetic information that carries the instructions to make proteins in the body.
30) DNA molecules are made up of the following unit. What molecule is this? NUCLEOTIDE
31) a. Label the three parts of this DNA subunit. Be specific on that sugar!!
b. Which two parts make up the backbone of the DNA strand?
PHOSPHATE GROUP AND DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
phosphate
Nitrogen
base
Deoxyribose
sugar
32) What are the complementary base pairing rules?
ADENINE Nucleotide ---- THYMINE Nucleotide
GUANINE Nucleotide ---- CYTOSINE Nucleotide
33) What type of bond holds the bases of complementary DNA
molecules together?
HYDROGEN BONDS
34) What is the physical structure of DNA called and who discovered it?
DOUBLE HELIX----WATSON AND CRICK
35) Using the base pairing rules, complete the other side of DNA.
AATTCGGATCCGGTA
TTAAGCCTAGGCCAT
36) Consider the base-pairing rules. If a scientist determined that the genome of an organism contained 34% adenine,
what is the percentage of the other bases?
34% (A) = 34% (T) (together = 68%, which leaves 32% left to be equally shared between (C) & (G)  16% (C) 16% (G)
PROKARYOTIC BACTERIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
37) Label each part of the cell cycle and describe a major event in each part:
A. G1: Cell growth, transcription + tranlsation
B. S (DNA synthesis = Replication)
C. G2: Cell growth
D. Prophase of mitosis
E. Metaphase
F. Anaphase
G. Telophase
INTERPHASE (Write the letters): A + B + C
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
6
38) At what stage of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?
INTERPHASE, SPECIFICALLY G1
39) What is the difference between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids? How are they all similar?
DNA: DOUBLE HELIX
CHROMATIN: LOOSELY COILED DNA AROUND HISTONES (interphase)
CHROMOSOMES: TIGHTLY COILED DNA (replication)
SISTER CHROMATIDS: TWO EXACT COPIES OF DNA THAT MAKE UP A CHROMOSOME
********SIMILAR: ALL DNA!!!!! Just coiled in different forms.
40) What is a chromatid?
ONE OF TWO EXACT COPIES OF DNA THAT MAKE UP A CHROMOSOME
41) What part of the DNA molecule splits during replication?
NITROGEN BASES: At their hydrogen-bonding site
42) What enzyme splits apart the two DNA strand during DNA replication?
HELICASE
43) Diagram the process of DNA replication. Include the replication fork, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase, and 3’and 5’ on both old
and new strands.
44) Why is DNA replication important?
ENSURES THAT THE ALL OF THE EXACT SAME GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) IS GIVEN TO EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS
THAT ARE PRODUCED!
45) What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA
RNA
Double stranded
single stranded
Dexoyribose sugar
Ribose sugar
A-T, G-C
A-U, G-C
46) Label the following structure at the arrows with the correct term.
CENTROMERE
SISTER CHROMATIDS
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
7
47) What are the four stages of Mitosis and what happens at each stage?
a. PROPHASE – Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle fibers form
b. METAPHASE – chromosomes line up at the equator, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
c. ANAPHASE - centromeres divide, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move toward opposite poles
d. TELOPHASE- nuclear envelope forms at each pole, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers dissolve, cytokinesis
begins
48) What is the purpose of Mitosis?
1. GROWTH
2. REPAIR
3. REPLACEMENT OF DEAD CELLS
49) Why is it more accurate to call Mitosis nuclear division rather then cell division?
MITOSIS DIVIDES THE CELL NUCLEUS ONLY! Cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell.
50) Label each picture with the correct stage.
__PROPHASE__
TELOPHASE__
__METAPHASE_
ANAPHASE
51) What types of cells in your body undergo Mitosis?
SOMATIC CELLS: FOR EXAMPLE MUSCLE CELL, SKIN CELL, LIVER CELL, BRAIN CELL, NERVE CELL
52) What is Cytokinesis?
DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL INTO TWO CELLS
53) Explain the process of binary fission. What types of cells undergo this process?
BINARY FISSION: FORM OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS BY WHICH ONE CELL DIVIDES TWO CELLS OF
THE SAME SIZE.
Mitosis/ Meiosis
54) How many cells are produced during mitosis? __2_ cells
55) DIPLOID = have 2 sets of chromosomes. Distinctive of animals and other sexually reproductive organisms as they inherit one
copy from mom and one copy from dad.
56) HAPLIOD = have 1 set of chromosomes. Traditionally describes the genetic make-up of gametes (sperm and egg).
57) Are diploid or haploid cells produced in the process of mitosis? DIPLOID cells
58) Are the resulting daughter cells genetically identical or different from the parent (original) cell? IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT
59) Why is process of meiosis important for an organism?
CREATES REPRODUCTIVE CELLS “GAMATES”
60) How many times does the genetic information get split in meiosis? 2 TIMES
61) In which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur? PROPHASE I
62) What is crossing over and why is it important?
WHEN PORTIONS OF A CHROMATID ON ONE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMSOME ARE BROKEN AND EXCHANGED WITH THE
CORRESPONDING CHROMATID PORTIONS OF THE OTHER HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME.
Important: crossing over creates genetic variation
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
8
63) How many cells are produced during meiosis? 4 cells
64) Are the resulting daughter cells genetically identical or different to the parent (original) cell after meiosis? DIFFERENT TO
PARENT
65) Are diploid or haploid cells produced in the process of meiosis? HAPLOID cells
66) If an organism has a haploid number of 8, how many chromosomes would it have in its body (somatic) cells? 16 chromsomes in
somatic cells
67) In humans, how many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells have after meiosis? 23 chromosomes
68) What is the difference between Somatic Cells and Gamete Cells? Use correct biology terms.
SOMATIC CELL: all cells in the body (except for sperm/egg) that are diploid
GAMETE CELL: a sex cell (sperm or egg) that is haploid
69) Explain the law of independent assortment.
Alleles of different genes separate independently of each other during meiosis.
70) Identify the stage of meiosis for an organism (with a diploid number 2n = 4) in the pictures below:
Prophase I
Metaphase II
Metaphase I
Anaphase II
Molecular Genetics (DNA, RNA, proteins)
71) What is a gene?
A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT IS LOCATED IN A CHROMOSOME AND CODES FOR A SPECIFIC PROTEIN (HEREDITY TRAIT)
72) What do genes code for?
PROTEIN (which lead to traits). To “code for” refers to the fact that DNA is the recipe, written in the genetic code, that describes
how ribosomes will build a functional protein.
73) Compare and contrast DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
DNA: a molecule that holds the code for all functions
Genes: SEGMENT of DNA that contains a single trait
Chromosomes: condensed forms of DNA in which you see visibly in mitosis
74) What is the Central Dogma of biology? (Fill in the blanks)
___DNA___  ___RNA_____  ___PROTEIN______
75) Describe the process of
transcription.
This is the product of transcription  mRNA
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
9
76) Why is transcription important? Why is it beneficial for the DNA? Be detailed.
IT ALLOWS THE DNA MESSAGE TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS IN THE FORM OF mRNA.
**DNA can not leave the nucleus! Good, because it protects your genes.
77) RNA uses the nitrogen base __URACIL_____ instead of _THYMINE.
78) Transcribe the mRNA from the following DNA:
3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G 5’
5’ A-U-G-G-C-U-U-A-A-U-G-A-U-C-A-U-G-C 3’
79) What are the 3 types of RNA found in the cell? What are their functions?
mRNA – carries the message from the DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome (cytoplasm)
tRNA – Tranfers in amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA - makes up the ribosome / make the protein
80) Describe the process of translation. The message in RNA, with the help of ribosomes, is converted into an amino acid chain,
which will form a protein
81) What types of RNA are involved with translation?
All types; mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
82) What types of RNA are involved with transcription?
mRNA
83) What are the building blocks of protein? Amino acids
84) If an mRNA had 12 codons, how many amino acids would it code for?
12 amino acids
85) Where does transcription occur in the cell?_NUCLEUS __
86) Where does translation occur in the cell? _CYTOPLASM: AT THE RIBOSOME
87) The mRNA codon AUG codes for the amino acid _MET OR START_
88) The mRNA codon CCA codes for the amino acid __PROLINE__
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
10
89) Translate the mRNA that was produced in #78 into an amino acid chain.
3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G 5’
5’ A-U-G-G-C-U-U-A-A-U-G-A-U-C-A-U-G-C 3’
Met – Ser – [STOP] This was an accident [STOP] – Ser – Cys
90) What determines the function of the finished protein?
The amino acid sequence will determine its function. This can be the types of amino acids (as amino acids have properties
like pH and polarity) or size (as some AA sequences are huge (10s of thousands) and some are short (less than 100 AA)
91) What is a mutation?
A mutation is the permanent rearrangement or change in the genetic code found in genes in DNA.
92) What effects can mutations have?
a) + affects; can give us new traits that improve our survivability = very rare
b) – affects; can cause problems if the original sequence is altered, ruining the protein
c) Silent; most (95% or more) mutations happen where we can’t see them because they don’t happen in genes or because of
the redundancy in the genetic code, the mutation will result in the exact same amino acid.
Evolution
93) Define the term evolution.
A change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next over time.
94) What are 4 differences between Darwin and Lamarck?
Darwin
Lamarck
Natural selection
“Acquired” Characteristics
Inherit traits
Use or disuse
1859 published book
1809 published hypothesis
English naturalist
French scientist/theologist
95) Describe/Define Darwin’s theory of natural selection (Include the four tenants)?
1. genetic variation
2. overproduction of offspring
3. Struggle for existence: “Survival of the fittest”
4. Differential survival and reproduction
96) What is the difference between adaptation and acclimation?
ADAPTATION: An Inherited Characteristics of an
organism that enhance their survival and reproduction
in a specific environment.
ACCLIMATION: A physical change that allows an
organism to cope with changed condition.
97) What is the difference between macroevolution and microevolution?
MICROEVOLUTION: Advantageous traits accumulate within a population
MACROEVOLUTION: These small changes can build up and lead to more complex and larger changes.
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
11
98) Explain how the following pieces of evidence are used to support the Theory of Evolution: Fossils, Comparative Embryology,
Comparative Anatomy, DNA, and Molecular Evidence.
Fossils: show a pattern of development from early ancestors to modern decendents. Provide an actual record of Earth’s past lifeforms. Change over time can be seen.
Comparative Embryology: embryos from different species look the same at beginning stages of development showing a
connection/common ancestry.
Comparative Anatomy: (homologous structures, vestigial structures, analogous structures)
Molecular Evidence: compare dna or proteins to locate differences between organisms. The smallest numbers of differences
mean the two organisms have a more recent common ancestor in their history.
99) What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures?
Homologous structures: Same underlying structures, different functions, different environments = common ancestor
Analagous structures: Different underlying structures, Same Function, Similar Environments = Different ancestors
100)
What is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution? Provide examples of each.
Convergent Evolution: Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble each other even though they are not
closely related
Divergent Evolution: 2 or more species or related population become more and more dissimilar
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
12
Rhesus Monkey
Cladogram
Kangaroo
Snapping
Turtle
Human
Foramen magnum forward +
short canine teeth
Bullfrog
Placenta
Tuna
Mammary glands
Lamprey
Amnion
Paired legs
Paired appendage + spinal column
Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord
101)
Which organisms have paired legs?
Bullfrog, turtle, Kangaroo, monkey, human
102)
How does the Kangaroos Humans relationship compared to the lamprey Monkey relationship?
Kangaroos and Humans are more recent common ancestor then Lamprey and Monkey relationship.
103) Based upon the electrophoresis data; which organisms are the most closely related to each other? Remember,
the bands in the gel represent proteins of similar size.
Organism 1 and 2 have the most proteins in common so this
indicate that they are most closely related to each other.
Genetics
104)
What is genetics?
The science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.
105)
Who is considered to be the “father” of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
106)
What is an allele?
Variation of a gene
107)
Define homozygous and heterozygous.
Homozygous: an individual that has identical alleles for a trait. (AA or aa)
Hetereozygous: an individual that has two different alleles for a trait (Aa)
108)
Identify the following genotypes as homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, or heterozygous:
HH: homozygous dominant
Tt: heterozygous
Jj: heterozygous
would
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
13
rr: homozygous recessive
Ss: heterozygous
MM: homozygous dominant
109)
Define genotype and phenotype. Give an example of each.
Genotype: the entire genetic make-up of an organism
Phenotype: the physical appearance of an organism (because of genotype)
110)
What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait?
If the dominant trait is present it will be expressed in the organism’s phenotype.
111)
Can a heterozygous individual show the phenotype of the recessive trait? Explain.
No, Only if the organism is homozygous recessive. Otherwise the dominant trait will mask the recessive.
112)
Explain the uses of a karyotype.
Used to diagnose CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMAILTIES (EXAMPLE: Down syndrome)
Also can find out the sex of the person.
113)
If Sally has dimples and is heterozygous, what can you conclude about dimples?
Dimples is the dominant trait.
114)
Everyone in Squidward’s family has blue skin, which is the dominant trait. Squidward is heterozygous for his blue skin. His
wife has green skin.
a. Create a punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children.
B
b
b
b
115)
Bb
bb
Bb
bb
b. What are the possible genotypes? ________Bb, bb_______
c. What are the possible phenotypes? _______blue skin, green skin_______
d. What are the chances of a child with blue skin? _____50%_
e. What are the chances of a child with green skin? _____50%__
f. Phenotypic ratio: ____2:2_____________
g. Genotypic ratio: _____2:2______________
What is Incomplete dominance? Give an example
When both alleles are present there is a blending of the phenotype.
Example: White flower or Red flowers: Rr=pink flowers
116)
What is Co dominance? Give an example.
When both traits are expressed at the same time. Dog with black and white spots
117)
Sex linked genes tend to be carried on what sex chromosome?
X chromosome
118)
What sex chromosomes does a male carry? Female?
Males: XY
Females: XX
119)
If S= striped and s= solid, what are the phenotypes for each of the following: Ss: Striped
SS: Strped
Ss: solid
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
14
120)
If brown hair is dominant (B) to blonde hair (b), and two parents have a brown hair child, what are the possible genotypes
of each parent?
BB or Bb
121)
If the gene for tall plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short plants, what are the possible genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring when a
tall plant is crossed with a short plant? Complete the
Tt
Tt
cross.
T
T
T = tall t= short
Tt
Tt
T
possible
geno’s = Tt
possible pheno’s
= medium height
t
122)
In horses the coat color is controlled by co-dominant alleles. The alleles for a red coat or white coat are both expressed in a
heterozygote. Horses that have a both a red and white coat are said to have a roan coat (both red and white hairs). Horses that
have neither of the dominant alleles have a blonde coat. Cross two individuals with roan coats. Calculate the phenotypic and
genotypic ratios.
R = red coat
W = white coat
R
W
R
Geno
Pheno
W
RR
RW
RW
WW
ratio: 1:2:1 (1 RR : 2 RW : 1 WW)
ratio: 1:2:1 (1 red : 2 roan : 1 blonde)
123)
The gene for baldness is carried on the x-chromosome. What are the chances that a bald man and a carrier (heterozygous)
woman would have a bald boy? A bald girl? Show the cross.
25% chance (1/4)
X
Xc
Xc
Y
X Xc
Xc Xc
124)
Draw a pedigree and find the genotypes for
the following situation tracking the instance of
XY
XcY
the recessive trait blonde hair: A blonde man
marries a brown haired woman. They have two
daughters who both have brown hair and a son with blonde hair. Their son has a son of his own with brown hair
bb
Bb
White = brown hair =
pedigree:
= blonde hair =
Bb
Bb
bb
B?
Bb
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
125)
What is an autotroph? Give examples
Organism that creates its own energy “auto”matically ; ex) plants
126)
What is a heterotroph? Give examples
Organism that needs to eat to gain energy ; ex) animals
127)
How are autotrophs and heterotroph linked?
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
15
Both important part of the food chains/webs; both rely on each other for reactants and products of photo/CR
Why is chlorophyll green?
Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light EXCEPT green
129)
What is photosynthesis?
A process in which plants capture the suns energy to convert to “food”
130)
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2
Products =C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)
Reactants = CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, energy from the sun)
131)
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Within Chloroplasts
132)
Where does the light reaction occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out?
Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts; water and carbon dioxide; oxygen and ATP / NADPH
133)
Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out? Stroma of the
chloroplasts ; Carbon dioxide, glucose
134)
Which pigment is directly involved with photosynthesis? (The primary pigment)
Chlorophyll
135)
Why are carotenoids and chlorophyll b important to photosynthesis?
They absorb different wavelengths of light than chlorophyll “a” to maximize sunlight energy intake. Like, for example, when
the sun rises lower in the sky in the fall and winter.
136)
What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Temperature, carbon dioxide levels, energy from sun
137)
Does photosynthesis occur in the roots, leaves or stems?
Leaves!
138)
Why does photosynthesis not occur in the other two places?
Lack of chlorophyll
139)
What is an aerobic pathway? Give an example.
Pathway taken by cells to create energy if oxygen is present
140)
When does aerobic respiration occur?
All the time ; when oxygen is available
141)
What is an anaerobic pathway? Give 2 examples.
Pathway taken by cells when oxygen is absent ; lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
142)
What type of cellular respiration does yeast undergo? Fermentation
143)
What is cellular respiration?
A process in which mitochondria use oxygen and glucose to
make ATP (energy) for the cells.
144)
Which is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy
Products: CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, ATP)
Reactants: C6H12O6 + O2 (Glucose and oxygen)
145)
Where does aerobic respiration occur in an eukaryotic
cell? In a prokaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cell = mitochondria
Prokaryotic cell = cytoplasm (since prokaryotes don’t
have mitochondria)
146)
Why do cells need energy?
To perform most cellular functions (protein synthesis;
transport, etc)
147)
How much ATP can be produced from a complete
breakdown on one glucose molecule? 38 ATP
148)
How does the amount of energy produced in cellular respiration compare with energy produced during fermentation?
Fermentation simply keeps glycolysis going, so therefore making 2 ATP every cycle.
149)
Glucose is broken down during glycoylsis to form what? What else is formed?
Pyruvic acid ; NADH  will most likely NOT be on AIMS
150)
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration reciprocal parts of a cycle? (How are they linked to each other?)
The products of PHOTO become the reactants in CR and visa versa
128)
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
16
151)
Describe what is happening in graph 1. Explain why?
As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increase ; the more photon exposed to, the more ATP and NADPH can
be made  therefore leading to more glucose in the dark reactions
152)
Describe what is happening in graph 2. Explain why?
As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis…. To a point! After about 25o Celsius, temperature has a
negative effect on the rate of photosynthesis.
Ecology
153)
List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Understand the differences. Organism (one individual) 
population (more than one of the same species)  Community (one species and all the living things it interacts with) 
Ecosystem (All the living and non-living things that interact)  Biosphere (whole earth basically)
154)
What is a biome?
Geographical areas that share the same climate, vegetation, and wildlife
155)
What defines different biomes?
Temperature, rainfall, amount of sunlight, similar plants, similar animals, etc
156)
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Primary  initial build of soil, followed by life
Secondary  already a soil base so just a return of life (usually after a fire)
157)
In primary succession what is the first species to start to grow? Why?
Lichens ; they can build a soil base by growing on rock, hard lava, etc
158)
What is a symbiotic relationship?
A relationship between TWO living organisms
159)
Compare and Contrast Mutualism, Commensalisms, and parasitism.
Mutualism – Both benefit (+. +)
Commensalism – One benefit and the other is neither harmed nor helped (+, O)
Parasitism – One is harmed while the other benefits (+. -)
160)
What factors influence the growth of human population?
Available resources, economic status, health & nutrition, medical development, etc
161)
What is the difference between density dependent factors and density independent factors?
density dependent – changes due to the density of the population, i.e. available resources (water, food, shelter)
density independent – Changes that occur independently of population density ( i.e. weather patterns, other natural
disasters)
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
17
162)
Compare and contrast exponential growth to logistical growth. Draw a graph to represent each.
Exponential growth – rapid, consistent growth
Logistic – includes a period of exponential growth, but then levels out about carrying capacity
Exponential growth
Logistic growth (more “logical”/“realistic”)
163)
What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity?
Typically will crash due to overpopulation leading to major competition – resources deplete very quickly and many die off or
move away
164)
What is the relationship between population and resources?
The lower the population = more resources
The larger the population = more competition / lack of resources
Above is a population pyramid. Spend some time and read the graph then answer the following question.
165)
Describe what is happening in each of the population pyramids.
Kenya – rapid growth due to highest % age groups being ages 0 -20ish
US – fairly steady growth rate as most ag groups are about the same % of the population
Italy – Growth has slowed, due to lower % of ages 0-20
166)
As a population gets older, what type of jobs will be in high demand?
Nurses; home care takers, nursing home attendants
167)
168)
a)
What is the relationship between predators and prey?
Predators eat prey
What are the parts of the water
Carbon Cycle -
cycle?
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
b) Nitrogen Cycle-
169)
How is a food web different from a food chain?
Food chain – one linear flow of energy
Food web – ALL possible flows of energy through a community
170)
What happens to the energy level as you go from one trophic level to the next?
90% is lost, therefore 10% is passed on
What is binomial nomenclature?
A way to classify living organisms
What are the levels of naming?
Kindom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What are the six kingdoms?
1 - Eubacteria / Archae bacteria = MONERA (also classified as ONE kingdom)
2 – Protista (protists – microscopic single or multicellular eukaryotes)
3 – Fungi (fungus – i.e. mushrooms)
4 – Plantae (plants)
5 – Animalia (Animals)
How are the kingdoms different?
1 - Eubacteria / Archae bacteria = prokaryotes; asexual; single-celled
2 – Protista = eukaryotes; single or multicellular ; asexual , gains energy in many ways
171)
172)
173)
174)
18
NAME: ___________________
Period:__________
19
3 – Fungi = eukaryotes, multicellular, use spores to reproduce either asexual or sexual, gain energy through absorbing it
from soil or other organisms
4 – Plantae = eukaryotes, multicellular, gain energy through photosynthesis
5 – Animalia = eukaryotes, multicellular, gain energy by EATING, sexual
175)
What are the characteristics that all animals have?
(see above – number 24)
176)
What are the 9 phylum of animals and what does each phylum mean what is an example organism?
Name of Phylum
Meaning of the Name
Example organism
Porifera
Pores
Sponges
Cnidaria
Stinging-cells
Jellyfish
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Tapeworm
Nematoda
Thread-like
Roundworms (many parasites)
Annelida
Little rings
Earth worm
Mollusca
Soft-bodied
Octopus
Echinodermata
Spiny-skinned
Starfish
Arthropoda
Jointed foot
Lobster
Chordata
With a cord
Human