Bellerby, R - Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center

advertisement
Abdalati, W., and K. Steffen, 1997: Snowmelt on the Greenland Ice Sheet as derived from passive microwave
satellite data. J. Climate, 10, 165-175. (Klima)
Ahlnäs, K., and G. R. Garrison, 1984: Satellite and oceanographic observations of the warm Coastal Current in
the Chukchi Sea. Arctic, 37, 244-254. (Marginal seas)
Ahrens, M. J., G. Graf, and A. V. Altenbach, 1997: Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of benthic
foraminifera in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland, J. Mar. Syst., 10, 445-465. (NEWP)
Alassar, R. S., and H. M. Badr, 1999: Steady flow past an oblate spheroid at small Reynolds numbers. J. Eng.
Math., 36, 277-287. (turbulens)
Alekseev, G. V., O. M. Johannessen, A. A. Korablev, V. V. Ivanov, and D. V. Kovalevsky, 199?: Interannual
variability of water mass in the Greenland Sea and the adjacent areas. Manuskript.
Alekseyev, V. V., S. I. Zaytsev, and A. O. Kokorin, 1990: Increase in the rate of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and ocean as a result of wave breaking. Izvesiya, Atmosphere and Oceanic Physics, 26, 238-241.
(Flukser, bobler)
Alexander, L. T., 1959: Strontium 90 distribution as determined by the analysis of soils. Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy. (Radioaktivitet)
Alexander, L. T., 1959: Strontium 90 on the earth’s surface. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. 25 pp.
(Radioaktivitet)
Alexander, M., J. D. Scott, and C. Deser, 2000: Processes that influence sea surface temperature and ocean
mixed layer depth variability in a coupled model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, C7, 16823-16842. (Mixed layer)
Alexander, M. A., M. S. Timlin, and J. D. Scott, 2001: Winter-to-winter recurrence of sea surface temperature,
salinity and mixed layer anomalies. Prog. Oceanogr., 49, 41-61. (Mixed layer)
Alexander, V., 1974: Primary productivity regimes of the nearshore Beaufort Sea, with reference to potential
roles of ice biota. In: The coast and shelf of the Beaufort Sea, J. C. Reed and J. E. Slater (Eds.), The Arctic
Institute of North America, Arlington, pp. 609-632. (produksjon)
Alexander, V., 1980: Interrelationships between the seasonal sea ice and biological regimes. Cold. Reg. Sci.
Tech., 2, 157-178. (Sjøis)
Alexander, V., and H. J. Niebauer, 1981: Oceanography of the eastern Bering Sea ice-edge zone in spring.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 1111-1125. (Beringhavet)
Alford, M. H., and R. Pinkel, 2000: Observations of overturning in the thermocline: The context of ocean
mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 805-832. (Turbulens)
Alford, M. H., and R. Pinkel, 2000: Patterns of turbulent and double-diffusive phenomena: Observations from
rapid-profiling microconductivity probe. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 833-854. (Turbulens)
Allen, J. T., D. A. Smeed, and A. L. Chadwick, 1994: Eddies and mixing at the Iceland Færoes Front. Deep-Sea
Res., 41, 51-79. (Islandshavet)
Allen, S. E., and R. E. Thomson, 1993: Bottom-trapped subinertial Motions over midocean ridges in a stratified
rotating fluid. J. Phys. Oceanog., 23, 566-581. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Álvarez, M., A. F. Ríos, and G. Rosón, 2002: Spatio-temporal variability of air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the Bransfield and Gerlache Straits during austral summer 1995-1996. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 643662.
Amon, R. M. W., G. Budéus, and B. Meon, 2003: Dissolved organic carbon distribution and origin in the Nordic
Seas: Exchanges with the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 108, C7, 3221,
doi:10.1029/2002JC001594. (DOC)
Anati, D. A., 19??: Mesoscale double diffusivity and deep water formation. Colloques Internationaux du
C.N.R.S. (Konveksjon)
Andersen, K. H., M. Mork, and J.E. Ø. Nilsen, 1996: Measurement of the velocity-profile in and above a forest
of Laminaria Hyperborea. Sarsia, 81, 193-196. (Diverse)
Andersen, O. G. N., 1977: Primary production associated with sea ice at Godhavn, Disko, West Greenland.
Ophelia, 16, 205-220. (Prim. Prod i Arktis)
Andersen, O. G. N., 1981: The annual cycle of phytoplankton primary production and hydrography in the Disko
Bugt area, West Greenland. Meddellelser om Grønland, Bioscience, 6, 3-65. (Canadian Arch.)
Anderson, L. A., 1995: On the hydrogen and oxygen content of marine phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 16751680. (Redfield)
Anderson, L. A., and J. L. Sarmiento, 1994: Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data
analysis. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 65-80. (Redfield)
Anderson, L. G., and D. Dyrssen, 1981: Chemical constituents of the Arctic Ocean in the Svalbard area.
Oceanol. Acta., 4, 305-311. (Redfield)
Anderson, L., and D. Dyrssen, 1989: Chemical oceanography of the Arctic Ocean. In: The Arctic Seas:
Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Y. Herman (Ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,
New York, 1-3. (Arctic Ocean - kjemi, blå perm)
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones, 1985: Measurements of total alkalinity, calcium and sulfate in natural sea ice. J.
Geophys. Res., 90, 9194-9198. (Alkalinitet)
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones, 1985: Sea ice melt water, a source of alkalinity, calcium and sulfate? Results
from the CESAR Ice Station. Rit Fiskideildar, 9, 90-95. (Alkalinitet)
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones, 1986: Water masses and their chemical constituents in the western Nansen
Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Oceanol. Acta, 9, 277-283. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones, 1991: The transport of CO2 into the Arctic and Antarctic Seas: Similarities and
differences in the driving processes. J. Mar. Syst., 2, 81-95. (CO2)
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones, 1992: Tracing upper waters of the Nansen Basin in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea
Res., 39, Suppl. 2, S425-S433. (Haloklin)
Anderson, L. G., D. W. Dyrssen, and E. P. Jones, 1990: An assessment of the transport of atmospheric CO2 into
the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1703-1711. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Anderson, L. G., E. P. Jones, and J. H. Swift, 2003: Export production in the central Arctic Ocean evaluated
from phosphate deficits. J. Geophys. Res., 108, NO. C6, 3199, doi:10.1029/2001JC001057. (Prim. Prod. i
Arktis)
Anderson, L. G., K. Olsson, and A. Skoog, 19??: Distribution of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in the
Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Manuscript. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Anderson, L. G., D. W. Dyrssen, E. P. Jones, and M. G. Lowings, 1983: Inputs and outputs of salt, fresh water,
alkalinity, and silica in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 87-94. (Silikat)
Anderson, L. G., M. Chierici, E. Fogelqvist, and T. Johannessen, 1996: Excess dissolved inorganic carbon in the
deep Greenland Sea. Manuscript. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Anderson, L. G., M. Chierici, E. Fogelqvist, and T. Johannessen, 2000: Flux of anthropogenic carbon into the
deep Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14339-14345. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Anderson, L. G., E. P. Jones, R. Lindegren, B. Rudels, and P.-I., Sehlstedt, 1988: Nutrient regeneration in cold,
high salinity bottom water of the Arctic shelves. Cont. Shelf Res., 8, 1345-1355. (Marginal Seas)
Anderson, L. G., S. Jutterström, S. Kaltin, E. P. Jones, and G. Björk, 2004: Variability in river runoff distribution
in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01016, doi:10.1029/2003JC001773.
(Haloklin)
Anderson, L. G., E. P. Jones, K. P. Koltermann, P. Schlosser, J. H. Swift, and D. W. R. Wallace, 1989: The first
oceanographic section across the Nansen Basin in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 475-482. (Arktis Generelt)
Anderson, L. G., G. Björk, O. Holby, E. P. Jones, G. Kattner, K. P. Koltermann, B. Liljeblad, R. Lindegren, B.
Rudels, and J. Swift, 1994: Water masses and circulation in the Eurasian Basin: Result from the Oden 91
expedition. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3273-3283. (Arktis - Generelt)
Anderson, L. G., H. Drange, M. Chierici, A. Fransson, T. Johannessen, I. Skjelvan, and F. Rey, 2000: Annual
carbon fluxes in the upper Greenland Sea, based on measurements and a box model approach. Tellus, 52B,
1013-1024. (karbon 13 og 14)
Andreas, E. L., 1980: Estimation of heat and mass fluxes over Arctic leads. Am. Met. Soc., 108, 2057-2063.
(Sjøis)
Andreev, A., M. Kusakabe, M. Honda, A. Murata, and C. Saito, 2002: Vertical fluxes of nutrients and carbon
through the halocline in the western subarctic Gyre calculated by mass balance. Deep-Sea Res.II, 49, 55775593. (Nitrogen)
Antia, A. N., W. Koeve, G. Fisher, T. Blanz, D. Schulz-Bull, J. Scholten, S. Neuer, K. Kremling, J. Kuss, R.
Peinert, D. Hebbeln, U. Bathmann, M. Conte, U. Fehner, and B. Zeitzschel., 2001: Basin-wide particulate
carbon flux in the Atlantic Ocean: Regional export patterns and potential for atmospheric CO 2 sequestration.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 845-862. (CO2)
Antia, N. J., C. D. McAllister, T. R. Parsons, K. Stephens, and J. D. H. Strickland, 19??: Further measurements
of primary production using a large-volume plastic sphere. ??, 166-183. (produksjon)
Apollonio, S., 1973: Glaciers and nutrients in Arctic Seas. Science, 180, 491-493. (Canadian Archipelago)
Apollonio, S., 1980: Primary production in Dumbell Bay in the Arctic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 61, 41-51. (Primær
produksjon i Arktis)
Appenzeller, C., T. F. Stocker, M. Anklin, 1998: North Atlantic Oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland Ice
Cores. Science, 282, 446-449. (Klima)
Armi, L., 1978: Some evidence for boundary mixing in the deep ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1971-1979.
(cosmos)
Armi, L., 1986: The hydraulics of two flowing layers with different densities. J. Fluid Mech., 163, 27-58.
(Turbulens)
Asher, W. E., L. M. Karle, B. J. Higgins, P. J. Farley, B. C. Monahan, and I. S. Leifer, 1996: The influence of
bubble plumes on air-seawater gas transfer velocities. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12027-12041. (Flukser, bobler)
Asher, W., and R. Wanninkhof, 1998: Transient tracers and air-sea gas transfer. J. Geophys. Res., 103, C8,
15939-15958. (Flukser, bobler)
Ashjian, C. J., S. L. Smith, and P. V. Z. Lane, 1995: The Northeast Water Polynya during summer 1992:
Distribution and aspects of secondary production of copepods. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4371-4388. (Hvitt hefte
Northeast Water Polynya)
Ashjian, C., S. Smith, F. Bignami, T. Hopkins, and P. Lane, 1997: Distribution of zooplankton in the Northeast
Water Polynya during summer 1992. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 279-298. (NEWP)
Ashton, G. D., 1980: Freshwater ice growth, motion, and decay. In: Dynamics of snow and ice masses, S. C.
Colbeck (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 261-304. (Hvitt innbunnet hefte)
Atkinson, L. P., 1973: Effect of air bubble solution on Air-sea gas exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 78, 962-968.
(Flukser, bobler)
Aure, J., and A. Stigebrandt, 1990: Quantitative estimates of the eutrophication effects of fish farming on fjords.
Aquaculture, 90, 135-156. (Nordsjøen)
Aure, J., and Ø. Østensen, 1993: Hydrografiske normaler og langtidsvariasjoner i norske kystfarvann. Fisken og
Havet, nr. 6, 75 pp. (Nordsjøen)
Ayers, Jr., R. C., and J. L. Glaeser, 1974: Oil spills in the Arctic Ocean: Extent of spreading and possibility of
large-scale thermal effects. Science, 186, 843-846. (The Arctic Ocean: Ice, oil and sovereignty -blåperm)
Back, D. D., and M. J. McCready, 1988: Effect of small-wavelength waves on gas transfer across the ocean
surface. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 5143-5152. (Flukser)
Backhaus, J. O., H. Fohrmann, J. Kämpf, and A. Rubino, 1997: Formation and export of water masses produced
in Arctic shelf polynyas - process studies of oceanic convection. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54, 366-382 (Konveksjon)
Bacon, S., 1998: Decadal variability in the outflow from the Nordic seas to the deep Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 394,
871-874. (Overflow)
Baey, J.-M., D. Renouard, and G. C. D’Hieres, 1995: Preliminary results about the stability of an intermediate
water current. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42, 2063-2073. (Diverse A)
Bailey, W. B., 1956: Oceanographic features of the Canadian Archipelago. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 14, 731769. (Can. Arch. - etc. -grønn perm)
Bailey, W. B., 1956: On the origin of Deep Baffin Bay Water. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 13, 303-308. (Canadian
Archipelago)
Baker, D. J. Jr., U. Radok, and G. Weller, (the Polar Group), 1980: Polar Atmosphere-ice-ocean processes: A
review of polar problems in climate research. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 18, 525-543.
(Klima)
Bakker, D. C. E., H. J. W. de Baar, and E. de Jong, 1999: The dependence on temperature and salinity of
dissolved inorganic carbon in East Atlantic surface waters. Mar. Chem., 65, 263-280. (Karbon)
Banks, H. T., R. A. Wood, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, and G. S. Jones, 2000: Are observed decadal changes in
intermediate water masses a signature of anthropogenic climate change? Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2961-2964.
(Klima)
Banse, K., 1974: On the interpretation of data for the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of phytoplankton. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 19, 695-699. (Redfield)
Banse, K., 1974: The nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in the photic zone of the sea and the elemental composition of
the plankton. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 767-771. (Redfield)
Banse, K., 1994: Uptake of inorganic carbon and nitrate by marine plankton and the Redfield ratio. Global
Biogeochem. Cycl., 8, 81-84. (Redfield)
Barenblatt, G. I., 1999: Scaling laws for turbulent wall-bounded shear flows at very large Reynolds numbers. J.
Engine. Mat., 36, 361-384. (turbulens)
Baringer, M. O’N., and R. A. Fine, 19??: Deep circulation in the Western Subtropical North Atlantic from
Trident. ??, 135-137. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Barlow, L. K., J. W. C. White, R. G. Barry, J. C. Rogers, and P. M. Grootes, 1993: The North Atlantic
Oscillation signature in deuterium and deuterium excess signals in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice
Core, 1840-1970. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2901-2904. (Klima)
Barrie, L. A., D. Gregor, B. Hargrave, R. Lake, D. Muir, R. Shearer, B. Tracey, and T. Bidleman, 1992: Arctic
contaminants: sources, occurrence and pathways. The Science of Total Environment, 122, 1-74. (The Arctic
Ocean - svart perm)
Barry, R. G., 1989: The present climate of the Arctic Ocean and possible past and future states. In: The Arctic
Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Y. Herman (Ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company, New York, 1-3. (The Arctic Ocean - svart perm)
Bathmann, U. V., R. Peinert, T. T. Noji, and B. V. Bodungen, 1990: Pelagic origin and fate of sedimenting
particles in the Norwegian Sea. Prog. Oceanog., 24, 117-125. (POM/DOM)
Bauch, D., P. Schlosser, and R. G. Fairbanks, 1995: Freshwater balance and the sources of deep and bottom
waters in the Arctic Ocean inferred from the distribution of H 218O. Prog. Oceanogr., 35, 53-80. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Bauerfeind, E., C. Garrity, M. Krumbholz, R. O. Ramseier, and M. Voß, 1997: Seasonal variability of sediment
trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya. Part 2. Biochemical and microscopic composition of
sedimenting matter. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 371-389. (NEWP)
Becker, P., and G. Björk, 199?: Residence times in the upper Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., Manuscript.
(Arktis -Res.tid etc.)
Belkin, I. M., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1998: «Great Salinity Anomalies» in the North
Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 41, 1-68. (Hvitt hefte)
Bellerby, R. G. J., D. R. Turner, and J. E. Robertson, 1995: Surface pH and pCO2 distributions in the
Bellinghausen Sea, Southern Ocean, during the early Austral summer. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1093-1107. (CO2)
Belyayeva, A. N., and YE. A. Romankevich, 1982: Organic matter in a water column of the Barents Sea.
Oceanology, 23, 188-194. (Barentshavet)
Bender, M. L, and K. D. Grande, 1987: Production, respiration, and the isotope geochemistry of O2 in the upper
water column. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1, 49-59. (oksygen)
Bender, M., H. Ducklow, J. Kiddon, J. Marra, and J. Martin, 1992: The carbon balance during the 1989 spring
bloom in the North Atlantic Ocean, 47ºN, 20ºW. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 1707-1725. (Karbon)
Bender, M., T, Ellis, P. Tans, R. Francey, and D. Lowe, 1996: Variability in the O2/N2 ratio of the southern
hemisphere air, 1991-1994: Implications for the carbon cycle. Global Biogeochem, Cycl., 10, 9-21. (oksygen)
Bender, M., K. Grande, K. Johnson, J. Marra, P. J. LeB. Williams, J. Sieburth, M. Pilson, C. Langdon, G.
Hitchcock, J. Orchardo, C. Hunt, P. Donaghay, and K. Heinemann, 1987: A comparison of four methods for
determining planktonic community production. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 1085-1098. (primær produksjon)
Bengtsson, L., V. A. Semenov, and O. M. Johannessen, 2004: The early twentieth-century warming in the Arctic
– A possible mechanism. J. Climate, 17, 4045-4057. (Global oppvarming)
Benson, B. B., 19??: Some thoughts on gases dissolved in the oceans. ??, 91-105. (Flukser)
Bentley, C. R., 1979: In-situ measurements of the activation energy for D. C. conduction in polar ice. J. Glaciol.,
22, 237-246. (sjøis)
Berge, G., 1958: The primary production in the Norwegian Sea in June 1954, measured by an adapted 14C
technique. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 144. (Primær prod. i Arktis)
Berge, G., 1961: Measurements of the primary production and recordings of the water transparency in the
Norwegian Sea during May-June 1958. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 149. (Primær prod. i
Arktis)
Berge, G., 1961: Variations in the production capacity in the Norwegian Sea during 1954, 1958 and 1959. ICES
C.M./Distant Northern Sea Committee No 123. (Primær prod. i Arktis)
Bergmann, M. A., H. E. Welch, J. E. Butler-Walker, and T. D. Siferd, 1991: Ice algal photosynthesis at Resolute
and Saqvaqjuac in the Canadian Arctic. J. Mar. Syst., 2, 43-52. (Biologi2)
Berman, T., and O. Holm-Hansen, 1974: Release of Photoassimilated Carbon as Dissolved Organic Matter by
Marine Phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 28, 305-310. (Biologi2)
Berntsen, J., D. W. Skagen, and E. Svendsen, 1994: Modelling the transport of particles in the North Sea with
reference to sandeel larvae. Fish. Oceanogr. 3:2, 81-91. (Nordsjøen)
Bersch, M., J. Meincke, and A. Sy, 1999: Interannual thermohaline changes in the North Atlantic 1991-1996.
Deep-Sea Res., II, 46, 55-75. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Béthoux, J. P., P. Morin, C. Chaumery, O. Connan, B. Gentili, and D. Ruiz-Pino, 1998: Nutrients in the
Mediterranean Sea, mass balance and statistical analysis of concentrations with respect to environmental
change. Mar. Chem., 63, 155-169. (Nitrogen)
Bien, G. S., N. W. Rakestraw, and H. E. Suess, 1963: Radiocarbon dating of deep water of the Pacific and Indian
Oceans. Bull. Inst. ocèanogr. Monaco, 61, no 1278, 16 pp. (IAEA Radioactivity in the sea, Publ. N o 5).
(Karbon 13 og 14)
Bignami, F., and T. S. Hopkins, 1997: The water mass characteristics of the Northeast Water Polynya: Polar Sea
data 1992-1993. J. Mar. Syst. 10, 139-156. (NEWP)
Bingham, F. M., and L. D. Talley, 1991: Estimate of the Kuroshio transport using an inverse technique. DeepSea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S21-S43. (Stillehavet)
Bishop, J. K. B., 1989: Regional extremes in particulate matter composition and flux: Effects on the chemistry of
the ocean interior. In: Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past. W. H. Berger, V. S. Smetacek and G.
Wefer (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons Limited, 117-137. (POM/DOM)
Biskopshavn, B., 19??: The use of radar in Polar areas. ??, 34, 303-305. (Diverse)
Björk, G., 1988: A one-dimensional time dependent model for the vertical stratification of the upper Arctic
Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 52-67. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Björk, G., 199?: On the response of the equilibrium thickness distribution of sea ice to ice export, mechanical
deformation and thermal forcing with application to the Arctic Ocean. Manuscript, 33 pp. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Björk, G., J. Söderkvist, P. Winsor, A. Nikolopoulos, and M. Steele, 2002: Return of the cold halocline layer to
the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for the sea ice mass balance. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29,
NO. 11, 1513, 10.1029/2001GL014157. (Haloklin)
Blanchard, D. C., and A. H. Woodcock, 1957: Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its
meteorological significance. Tellus, 9, 145-158. (Flukser, bobbler)
Blindheim, J., 1989: Cascading of Barents Sea bottom water into the Norwegian Sea. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons.
Int. Explor. Mer, 188, 49-58. (Norskehavet)
Blindheim, J., 1990: Arctic Intermediate Water in the Norwegian Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1475-1489.
(Norskehavet)
Blindheim, J., 1993: Seasonal variations in the Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas. ICES C.M./C:39.
(Norskehavet)
Blindheim, J., and H. Loeng, 1981: On the variability of Atlantic influence in the Norwegian and Barents Seas.
FiskDir. Skr. Ser. HavUnders., 17, 161-189. (Norskehavet + Barentshavet)
Blindheim, J., and B. Ådlandsvik, 1995: Episodic formation of intermediate water along the Greenland Sea
Arctic Front. ICES C.M./Mini:6. (Grønnlandshavet)
Blindheim, J., L. Føyn, E. A. Martinsen, E. Svendsen, S. S. Hjøllo, and B. Ådlandsvik, 1994: The sunken nuclear
submarine in the Norwegian Sea - a potential environmental problem. Fisken og havet, Nr. 7. (Norskehavet)
Blindheim, J., V. Borovkov, B. Hansen, S.-A. Malmberg, W. R. Turrell, and S. Østerhus, 1996: Recent upper
layer cooling and freshening in the Norwegian Sea. ICES C.M.1996/C:7. (Norskehavet)
Blindheim, J., V. Borovkov, B. Hansen, S.-A. Malmberg, W. R. Turrell, and S. Østerhus, 2000: Upper layer
cooling and freshening in the Norwegian Sea in relation to atmospheric forcing. Deep-Sea Res. I, 47, 655680. (Norskehavet)
Blumen, W., 1972: Geostrophic adjustment. Reviews of geophysics and Space Physics, 10, 485-528. (Diverseoseanografi)
Bochov, Y. A., 198?: En oversikt over vanntemperaturen i 0-200 m på kolameridiansnittet i Barentshavet (19001981). Oversatt av K. F. Wiborg. Trudy PINRO UDK 551.46 (268.45). (Barentshavet)
Bodungen, B. von, A. Antia, E. Bauerfeind, O. Haupt, W. Koeve, E. Machado, I. Peeken, R. Peinert, S.
Reitmeier, C. Thomsen, M. Voss, M. Wunsch, U. Zeller, and B. Zeitzschel, 1995: Pelagic processes and
vertical flux of particles: an overview of a long-term comparative study in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland
Sea. Geol. Rundsch., 84, 11-27. (POM/DOM)
Boetius, A., and E. Damm, 1998: Benthic oxygen uptake, hydrolytic potentials and microbial biomass at the
Arctic continental slope. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 239-275. (Oksygen)
Bombosch, A., and A. Jenkins, 1995: Modeling the formation and deposition of frazil ice beneath FilchnerRonne Ice Shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6983-6992. (sjøis)
Booth, B. C., and W. O. Smith Jr., 1997: Autotrophic flagellates and diatoms in the Northeast Water Polynya,
Greenland: summer 1993. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 241-261. (NEWP)
Borenäs, K. M., and P. A. Lundberg, 1988: On the deep-water flow through the Faroe Bank Channel. J.
Geophys. Res., 93, 1281-1292. (Overflow water)
Bortovskii, R. S., 1961: Concerning the method of calculating the constituents of the heat balance in the surface
of the oceans. Okeanologiya, 1, (3), 512-521. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Boudreau, B. P., and P. H. Leblond, 1989: A simple evolutionary model for water and salt in the Black Sea.
Paleoceanography, 4, 157-166. (Diverse A)
Bourke, R. H., and R. G. Paquette, 1991: Formation of Baffin Bay bottom and deep waters. In: Deep convection
and deep water formation in the oceans, P. C. Chu and J. C. Gascard (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 135-155.
(Canadian Archipelago)
Bourke, R. H., A. M. Weigel, and R. G. Paquette, 1988: The westward turning branch of the West Spitsbergen
Current. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14065-14077. (Framstredet)
Bourke, R. H., J. L. Newton, R. G. Paquette, and M. D. Tunnicliffe, 1987: Circulation and water masses of the
East Greenland Shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6729-6740. (EGC)
Bowden, K. F., 1964: Turbulence. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 2, 11-30. (cosmos)
Bowen, V. T., V. E. Noshkin, H. L. Volchok, and T. T. Sugihara, 1969: Strontium-90: Concentrations in surface
waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Science, 1??, 825-827. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Bowen, W. T., and T. T. Sugihara, 1957: Strontium 90 in North Atlantic surface water. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 43, 576-580. (Radioaktivitet)
Bower, A. S., 1994: Meddies, eddies, floats and boats. Oceanus, 37, 12-15. (Oceanus - tynn rød perm, Atlantic
ocean circ.)
Bower, A. S., and H. D. Hunt, 2000: Lagrangian observations of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the
North Atlantic Ocean. Part I: Large-scale pathways and spreading rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 764-783.
(Nordl. Atlanterhav)
Bower, A. S., and H. D. Hunt, 2000: Lagrangian observations of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the
North Atlantic Ocean. Part II: The Gulf Stream-Deep Western Boundary Current crossover. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 30, 784-804. (Nordl. Atlanterhav)
Boyd, P. W., and P. P. Newton, 1999: Does planktonic community structure determine downward particulate
organic carbon flux in different oceanic provinces? Deep-Sea Res., 46, 63-91. (POM/DOM)
Boyd, T. J., and E. A. D’Asaro, 1994: Cooling of the West Spitsbergen Current: Wintertime observations west of
Svalbard. J. Geophys. Res., 99, C11, 22597-22618. (Framstredet)
Boyd, T. J., M. Steele, R. Muench, and J. T. Gunn, 2002: Partial recovery of the Arctic Ocean halocline.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, NO. 14, 1657, 10.1029/2001GL014047. (Haloklin)
Boyer, T., M. E. Conkright, and S. Levitus, 1999: Seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen, percent oxygen
saturation, and apparent oxygen utilization in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 15931613.
Boyle, E. A., F. Sclater, and J. M. Edmond, 1976: On the marine geochemistry of cadmium. Nature, 263, 42-44.
(diverse kjemi)
Brainerd, K. E., and M. C. Gregg, 1995: Surface mixed and mixed layer depths. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42, 1521-1543.
(Mixed layer)
Brattegard, T., 19??: A biologist’s search for chemical solutions to physical problems. ??, 177-183. (Diverse kjemi)
Brauwere, A. de, F. D. Ridder, M. Elskens, J. Schoukens, R. Pintelon, and W. Baeyens, 2005: Refined parameter
and uncertainty estimation when both variables are subject to error. Case study: estimation of Si consumption
and regeneration rates in a marine environment. Mar. Syst., 55, 205-221.
Brewer, P. G., 1978: Direct observation of the oceanic CO2 increase. Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, NO. 12, 997-1000.
(CO2)
Brewer, P. G., 1986: What controls the variability of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean? A plea for complete
information. (CO2)
Brewer, P. G., and J. C. Goldman, 1976: Alkalinity changes generated by phytoplankton growth. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 21, 108-117. (alkalinitet)
Brewer, P. G., C. Goyet, and D. Dyrssen, 1989: Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at 25°N latitude in
the Atlantic Ocean. Science, 246, 477-479. (Karbon)
Brewer, P. G., G.T.F. Wong, M. P. Bacon, and D.W. Spencer, 1975: An oceanic calcium problem. Earth Plan.
Sci. Lett., 26, 81-87. (alkalinitet)
Brewer, P. G., A. L. Bradshaw, and R. T. Williams, 1986: Measurements of total carbon dioxide and alkalinity in
the North Atlantic Ocean in 1981. In: The changing carbon cycle. A Global analysis. J. R. Trabalka and D.
E. Reichle (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 348-370. (alkalinitet)
Briffa, K. R., T. S. Bartholin, D. Eckstein, P. D. Jones, W. Karlén, F. H. Schweingruber, and P. Zetterberg, 1990:
A 1,400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature, 346, 434-439. (Klima)
Broecker, W. S., 1974: «NO», A conservative water-mass tracer. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 23, 100107. (Redfield)
Broecker, W. S., 1995: Chaotic Climate. Scientific American, Nov. 1995, 44-50. (Klima)
Broecker, W. S., and T.-H. Peng, 1974: Gas exchange rates between air and sea. Tellus, 26, 21-35. (Flukser,
2eks.)
Broecker, W. S., and T.-H. Peng, 1992: Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean currents. Nature,
356, 587-589. (Karbon)
Broecker, W. S, and J. P. Severinghaus, 1992: Diminishing oxygen. Nature, 358, 710-711. (Oxygen)
Broecker, W. S., and W. Siems, 1984: The role of bubbles for gas transfer from water to air at higher wind
speeds. Experiments in the wind-wave facility in Hamburg. In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, W. Brutsaert
and G. H. Jirka (Eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 229-236. (Flukser, bobler)
Broecker, W. S., and T. Takahashi, 1981: Hydrography of the central Atlantic-IV. Intermediate waters of
Antarctic origin. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 177-193. (Diverse Oseanografi)
Broecker, W. S., D. M. Peteet, and D. Rind, 1985: Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable
mode of operation? Nature, 315, 21-26. (Klima)
Broecker, W. S., J. R. Ledwell, T. Takahashi, R. Weiss, L. Merlivat, L. Memery, T.-H. Peng, B. Jahne, and K. O.
Munnich, 1986: Isotopic versus micrometeorologic ocean CO2 fluxes: A serious conflict. J. Geophys. Res.,
91, 10517-10527. (Flukser)
Broecker, W. S., T. Takahashi, H. J. Simpson, and T.-H. Peng, 1979: Fate of fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide and the
Global Carbon Budget. Science, 206, 409-418. (Global oppvarming)
Broström, G., 1995: A theoretical study of the biological and chemical cycle at station M in the Norwegian Sea:
Part 1, physical and biological model. Deep-Sea Res., Manuscript. (St. M - hvit perm + i hans Ph.D thesis)
Broström, G., 1995: A theoretical study of the biological and chemical cycle at station M in the Norwegian Sea:
Part 2, chemical model. Deep-Sea Res., Manuscript. (St. M - hvit perm + i hans Ph.D thesis)
Broström, G., 1997:Interaction between mixed layer dynamics, gas exchange and biological production in the
oceanic surface layer with application to the northern North Atlantic. Doctoral thesis. Department of
Oceanography, Göteborg University, A 19 1997.
Brtko, W. J. and R. L. Kabel, 1978: Transfer of gases at natural air-water interfaces. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 543556. (Flukser)
Bruce, J. G., 1995: Eddies southwest of the Denmark Strait. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 13-29. (EGC)
Bryan, F., 1986: High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulation. Nature, 323, 301304. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Bryan, K., F. G. Komro, and C. Rooth, 1984: The ocean’s transient response to global surface temperature
anomalies. In: Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, J. E. Hansen, and T. Takahashi (Eds.), ??, 29-38.
(diverse-oseanografi)
Buch, E., and M. Stein, 1987: Time series of temperature and salinity at the Fylla Bank section, West Greenland.
ICES C.M./C:4. (Labradorhavet)
Buch, E., S.-A. Malmberg, and S. S. Kristmannsson, 1992: Arctic Ocean deep water masses in the western
Iceland Sea. ICES C.M./C:2. (Islandshavet)
Buch, E., S.-A. Malmberg, and S. S. Kristmannsson, 1996: Arctic Ocean deep water masses in the western
Iceland Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11965-11973. (Islands havet)
Buckley, J. R., T. Gammelsrød, J. A. Johannessen, O. M. Johannessen, and L. P. Røed, 1979: Upwelling:
Oceanic structure at the edge of the arctic ice pack in winter. Science, 203, 165-167. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Budéus, G., 1997: Convective activity in the central Greenland Sea. Esop2-webside. (Grønlandshavet)
Budéus, G., and W. Schneider, 1995: On the hydrography of the Northeast Water Polynya. J. Geophys. Res.,
100, 4287-4299. (Hvit innbunnet: NEWP)
Budéus, G., W. Schneider, and G. Kattner, 1997: Distribution and exchange of water masses in the Northeast
Water Polynya (Greenland Sea). J. Mar. Syst., 10, 123-138. (NEWP)
Budéus, G., W. Schneider, and G. Krause, 1998: Winter convection events and bottom water warming in the
Greenland Sea. . J. Geophys. Res., 103, C9, 18513-18527. (Grønlandshavet)
Bullister, J. L., and R. F. Weiss, 1983: Anthropogenic chlorofluoromethanes in the Greenland and Norwegian
Seas. Science, 221, 265-268. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Burris, J. E., 1981: Effects of oxygen and inorganic carbon concentrations on the photosynthetic quotients of
marine algae. Mar. Biol., 65, 215-219. (Redfield)
Bussmann, I., and G. Kattner, 2000: Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean: the
influence of physical and biological properties. J. Mar. Syst., 27, 209-219. (DOC)
Böhm, E., T. S. Hopkins, and P. J. Minnett, 1997: Passive microwave observations of the Northeast Water
Polynya interannual variability: 1978-1994. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 87-98. (NEWP)
Bönisch, G., and P. Schlosser, 1995: Deep water formation and exchange rates in the Greenland/Norwegian seas
and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from tracer balances. Prog. Oceanogr., 35, 29-52.
(Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Bönisch, G., J. Blindheim, J. L. Bullister, P. Schlosser, and D. W. R. Wallace, 1997: Long-term trends of
temperature, salinity, density, and transient tracers in the central Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 102, C8,
18553-18571. (Grønlandshavet)
Børsheim, K.Y., and S. M. Myklestad, 1997: Dynamics of DOC in the Norwegian Sea inferred from monthly
profiles collected during 3 years at 66°N, 2°E. Deep-Sea Res., 44, 593-601. (DOC)
Cai, W., 1996: Surface thermohaline forcing conditions and the response of the present-day global ocean climate
to global warming. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 1079-1093. (Global oppvarming)
Campbell, N. J., 1964: The origin of cold high-salinity water in Foxe Basin. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21, 45-55.
(Canadian Archipelago)
Campbell, W., 1965: The wind-driven circulation of ice and water in a Polar Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 70,32793301. (Arktis - Generelt/Sedimenter)
Campbell, W. J., and T. Aarup, 1992: New production in the North Atlantic derived from seasonal patterns of
surface chlorophyll. . Deep-Sea Res., 39, 1669-1694. (Primær produksjon)
Campbell, W. J., and S. Martin, 1973: Oil and ice in the Arctic: Possible large-scale interactions. Science, 181,
56-58. (The Arctic Ocean: Ice, oil and sovereignty -blåperm)
Carmack, E. C., 1986: Circulation and mixing in ice-covered waters. In: The geophysics of sea ice. NATO ASI
series, Series B, Physics, 146, N. Untersteiner (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 641-712. (The Arctic
Ocean - svart perm)
Carmack, E., and K. Aagaard, 19??: The formation of bottom water in the Greenland Sea. Colloques
Internationaux du C.N.R.S. (Konveksjon)
Carmack, E., and K. Aagaard, 1973: On the Deep Water of the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 687-715.
(Grønnlandshavet)
Carmack, E., and D. C. Chapman, 2003: Wind-driven shelf/basin exchange on an Arctic shelf: The joint role of
ice cover and shelf-break bathymetry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, NO 14, 1778, doi:10.1029/2003GL017526.
(Beauforthavet)
Carmack, E. C., R. W. Macdonald, and J. E. Papadakis, 1989: Water mass structure and boundaries in the
Mackenzie Shelf Estuary. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18043-18055. (Marginal seas)
Carmack, E., K. Aagaard, J. H. Swift, R. W. Macdonald, F. A. McLaughlin, E. P. Jones, R. G. Perkin, J. N.
Smith, K. M. Ellis, and L. R. Killius, 1997: Changes in temperature and tracer distributions within the Arctic
Ocean: results from the 1994 Arctic Ocean section. Deep-Sea Res., 44, 1487-1502. (tracers i arktiske
havområder)
Carpenter, E. J., and J. S. Lively, 1980: Review of estimates of algal growth using 14C tracer techniques. In:
Primary Productivity in the Sea, P. Falkowski (Ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 161-178. (Biologi2)
Carpenter, E. J., and K. Romans, 1991: Major Role of the Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium in Nutrient Cycling in
the North Atlantic Ocean. Science, 254, 1356-1358. (biologi)
Carpenter, J. H., 1966: New measurements of oxygen solubility in pure and natural water. Limnol. Oceanogr.,
11, 264-277. (Oksygen)
Cayan, D. R., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: Driving the sea surface
temperature. J. Phys. Oceanol., 22, 859-881 (Klima)
Cayan, D. R., 1992: Variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes estimated using bulk formulae. AtmosphereOcean, 30, 1-42. (Klima)
Cayan, D. R., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the Northern Oceans: The connection to
monthly atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 5, 354-369. (Klima)
Chen, C. F., and F. Chen, 1997: Salt-finger convection generated by lateral heating of a solute gradient. J. Fluid.
Mech., 352, 161-176. (konveksjon)
Chen, C.-T., E. P. Jones, and K. Lin, 1990: Wintertime total carbon dioxide measurements in the Norwegian and
Greenland Seas. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1455-1473. (Karbon)
Chen, Q.-S., D. H. Bromwich, and L. Bai, 1997: Precipitation over Greenland retrieved by a dynamic method
and its relation to cyclonic activity. J. Climate, 839-870. (Klima)
Chipman, D. W., J. Marra, and T. Takahashi, 1993: Primary production at 47N and 20W in the North Atlantic
Ocean: A comparison between the 14C incubation method and the mixed layer carbon budget. Deep-Sea Res.,
40, 151-169. (Primær prod.)
Cho, B. C., and F. Azam, 1988: Major role of bacteria in geochemical fluxes in the ocean’s interior. Nature, 332,
441-443. (POM/DOM)
Chu, P. C., 1991: Geophysics of deep convection and deep water formation in oceans. In: Deep convection and
deep water formation in the ocean, P. C. Chu, and J.-C. Gascard (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 3-16.
(Konveksjon)
Cisewski, B., G. Budéus, and G. Krause, 2003: Absolute transport estimates of total and individual water masses
in the northern Greenland Sea derived from hydrographic and acoustic Doppler current profiler
measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 108, C9, 3298, doi:10.1029/2002JC001530.
Clarke, R. A., 1984: Transport through the Cape Farewell-Flemish Cap section. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int.
Explor. Mer, 185, 120-130. (Labradorhavet)
Clarke, R. A., 1990: Water mass transformation in the Nordic seas: The ICES Deep-Water project. Deep-Sea
Res., 37, 1383-1384. (Nordiske hav)
Clarke, R. A., and A. R. Coote, 1988: The formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part III: The evolution of oxygen
and nutrient concentration. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18, 469-480. (Labradorhavet)
Clarke, R. A., and J. C. Gascard, 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part I: Large-scale processes. J.
Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1764-1778. (Labrador sea)
Clarke, R. A., and R. F. Reiniger, 1973: The Gulf Stream at 4930´W. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 627-641. (Nordlige
Atlanterhav)
Clarke, R. A., J. H. Swift, J. L. Reid, and K. P. Koltermann, 1990: The formation of Greenland Sea Deep Water:
double diffusion or deep convection? Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1385-1424. (Grønnlandshavet)
Clarke, R. A., J. L. Reid Jr., and J. H. Swift, 1986: The Greenland Sea in winter. ICES C.M./C:32.
(Grønnlandshavet)
Clayton, T. D., R. H. Byrne, J. A. Breland, R. A. Feely, F. J. Millero, D. M. Campbell, P. P. Murphy, and M. L.
Lamb, 1995: The role of pH measurements in modern oceanic CO2-system characterizations: Precision and
thermodynamic consistency. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 411-429. (Diverse kjemi)
Coachman, L. K., 1993: On the flow in the Chirikov Basin. Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 481-508. (Bering Sea)
Coachman, L. K., and C. A. Barnes, 1961: The contribution of Bering Sea Water to the Arctic Ocean. Arctic, 14,
147-161. (Arktis - Generelt)
Coachman, L. K., and C. A. Barnes, 1962: Surface water in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic, 15,
251-277. (Arktis - Generelt)
Coachman, L. K., and C. A. Barnes, 1963: The movement of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean. Arctic, 16, 9-16.
(Arktis - Generelt)
Coachman, L. K., and K. Aagaard, 1966: On the water exchange through Bering Strait. Limnol. Oceanogr., 11,
44-59. (Bering Sea)
Coachman, L. K., and K. Aagaard, 1988: Transports through Bering Strait: Annual and interannual variability. J.
Geophys. Res., 93, 15535-15539. (Bering Sea)
Cochran, J. K., C. Barnes, D. Achman, and D. J. Hirschberg, 1995: Thorium-234/Uranium-238 disequilibrium as
an indicator of scavenging rates and particulate organic carbon fluxes in the Northeast Water Polynya,
Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4399-4410. (Hvitt hefte Northeast Water Polynya)
Codispoti, L. A., 1968: Some results of an oceanographic survey in the northern Greenland Sea, summer 1964.
Technical report, Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, D.C., 45 pp. (Framstredet)
Codispoti, L. A., 1980: Arctic Ocean processes in relation to the dissolved silicon content of the Atlantic. Mar.
Sci. Com., 5, 361-381. (Silikat)
Codispoti, L. A., 1989: Phosphorus vs. nitrogen limitation of new and export production. In: Productivity of the
ocean: Present and past, W. H. Berger, V. S. Smetacck, and G. Wefer (Eds.), John Wiley and Sons, pp 377394. (produksjon)
Codispoti, L. A., and D. Lowman, 1973: A reactive silicate budget for the Arctic Ocean. Limnol. and Oceanogr.,
18, 448-456. (Silikat)
Codispoti, L. A., and T. G. Owens, 197?: Nutrient transports through Lancaster Sound in relation to the Arctic
Ocean’s reactive silicate budget and the outflow of Bering Strait waters. ??, 115-119. (Silikat)
Codispoti, L. A., and F. A. Richards, 1968: Micronutrient distributions in the East Siberian and Laptev seas
during summer 1963. Arctic, 21, 67-83. (Nitrogen)
Codispoti, L. A., and F. A. Richards, 1971: Oxygen supersaturations in the Chukchi and East Siberian seas.
Deep-Sea Res., 18, 341-351. (Oksygen)
Codispoti, L. A., G. E. Friederich, and D. W. Hood, 1986: Variability in the inorganic carbon system over the
southeastern Bering Sea shelf during spring 1980 and spring-summer 1981. Cont. Shelf Res., 5, 133-160.
(Karbon)
Codispoti, L. A., G. E. Friederich, T. T. Packard, and R. T. Barber, 1988: Remotely driven thermocline
oscillations and denitrification in the eastern South Pacific: The potential for high denitrification rates during
weak coastal upwelling. Sci. Tot. Environ. 75, 301-318. (nitrogen)
Codispoti, L. A., G. E. Friederich, C. M. Sakamoto, and L. I. Gordon, 1991: Nutrient cycling and primary
production in the marine systems of the Arctic and Antarctic. J. Mar. Syst. 2, 359-384. (primær produksjon i
Arktis)
Colebrook, J.M., and A.H. Taylor, 1979: Year-to-year changes in sea-surface temperature, North Atlantic and
North Sea, 1948 to 1974. Deep-Sea Res., 26, 825-850. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Collin, A. E., 1963: The waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In: Proceedings of the Arctic Basin
Symposium, Oct. 1962. Arctic Institute of North America, Washington D. C., 128-136. (Canadian
Archipelago)
Collin, A. E., and M. J. Dunbar, 1964: Physical oceanography in Arctic Canada. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.,
2, 45-75. (Can. Arch. - etc. -grønn perm)
Collins, A. E., 1960: Oceanographic observations in the Canadian Arctic and the adjacent Arctic Ocean. Arctic,
13, 194-201. (Canadian Archipelago)
Colony, R., and A. S. Thorndike, 1985: An estimate of the mean field of arctic sea ice motion. J. Geophys. Res.,
89, 10623-10629. (Arktis - Generelt)
Colony, R., and A. S. Thorndike, 1985: Sea ice motion as a drunkard’s walk. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 965-974.
(Arktis - Generelt)
Condie, S. A., and P. B. Rhines, 1993: Analogous modes of convection in the atmosphere and ocean. In: Flow
and creep in the solar system: Observations, modelling and theory, D. B. Stone and S. K. Runcorn (Eds.),
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 357-370. (Konveksjon)
Conkright, M. E., W. W. Gregg, and S. Levitus, 2000: Seasonal cycle of phosphate in the open ocean. Deep-Sea
Res. I, 47, 159-175. (Nitrogen)
Cook, E. R., R. D. D’Arrigo, and K.R. Briffa, 1998: A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using treering chronologies from North America and Europe. Holocene, 8, 9-17. (Klima)
Cooper, L. H. N., 19??: Consumption of nutrient salts in the English Channel as a means of measuring
production. ??, 35-37. (nitrogen)
Cooper, L. H. N., 1955: Deep water movements in the North Atlantic as a link between climatic changes around
Iceland and biological productivity of the English Channel and Celtic Sea. J. Mar. Res., 14, 347-362.
(Islandshavet)
Cooper, L. W., T. E. Whitledge, J. M. Grebmeier, and T. Weingartner, 1997: The nutrient, salinity, and stable
oxygen isotope composition of Bering and Chukchi Seas waters in and near the Bering Strait. J. Geophys.
Res., 102, 12563-12573. (Bering havet)
Copin-Montégut, G., and B. Avril, 1993: Vertical distribution and temporal variation of dissolved organic carbon
in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40, 1963-1972. (DOC)
Corlett, J., 19??: Measurements of primary production in the Western Barents Sea. ??; 76-78. (primær
produksjon i Arktis)
Cortijo, E., J.C. Duplessy, L. Labeyrie, H. Leclaire, J. Duprat, and T.C.E. van Weering, 1994: Eemian cooling in
the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic Ocean preceding continental ice-sheet growth. Nature, 372, 446-449.
(Klima)
Cox, G. F. N., and W. F. Weeks, 1974: Salinity variations in sea ice. J. Glaciol., 13, 109-120. (cosmos)
Craig, H., and T. Hayward, 1987: Oxygen supersaturation in the Ocean: Biological versus Physical
Contributions. Science, 235, 199-202. (Oksygen)
Craig, H., and R. F. Weiss, 1971: Dissolved gas saturation anomalies and excess helium in the ocean. Earth
Planet Sci. Let., 10, 289-296. (Diverse kjemi)
Crane, A. J., 1988: The use of tracers in modelling the oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
Lond., A325, 23-42. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Crary, A. P., and N. Goldstein, 1957: Geophysical studies in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 4, 185-201.
(Arktis - Generelt/Sedimenter)
Crawford, G., L. Padman, and M. McPhee, 1999: Turbulent mixing in Barrow Strait. Cont. Shelf Res., 19, 205245. (Turbulens)
Crease, J., 1964: The flow of Norwegian Sea Water through the Faroe Bank Channel. Deep-Sea Res., 12, 143150. . (Overflow water)
Cronin, M. F., and W. S. Kessler, 2002: Seasonal and Interannual modulation of mixed layer variability at 0º,
110ºW. Deep-Sea Res.I, 49, 1-17. (Mixed layer)
Csanady, G. T., 1971: On the equilibrium shape of the thermocline in a shore zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1, 263270. (grønn perm, tokt juni 91, nederste skuff)
Csanady, G. T., 1974: Spring thermocline behaviour in Lake Ontario during IFYGL. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 425445. (grønn perm, tokt juni 91, nederste skuff)
Csanady, G. T., 1978: Wind effects on surface to bottom fronts. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4633-4640. (grønn perm,
tokt juni 91, nederste skuff)
Csanady, G. T., 1981: Circulation in the coastal ocean, Part I. EOS, 62, 9-11. (Nordsjøen)
Csanady, G. T., 1984: The influence of wind stress and river runoff on A shelf-sea front. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14,
1383-1392. (Nordsjøen,+ grønn perm, tokt juni 91, nederste skuff)
Culberson, C. H., 1991: Dissolved Oxygen. WHP Operations and methods - July 1991. (Hvit perm oksygenBNL)
Cummins, P., 2000: Remarks on potential vorticity mixing over topography and momentum conservation. DeepSea Res.I, 47, 737-743. (Diverse oseanografi)
Curry, R. G., M. S. McCartney, and T. M. Joyce, 1998: Oceanic transport of subpolar climate signals to middepth subtropical waters. Nature, 391, 575-577. (Klima)
Cushing, D. H., 19??: The effect of grazing in reducing the primary production: a review. ?? 149-154.
(produksjon)
Cushman-Roisin, B., 1989: A flavour of mesoscale physical oceanography. (skap)
Dahlgaard, H., 1994: Sources of 137Cs, 90Sr and 99Tc in the East Greenland Current. J. Environ. Radioactivity, 25,
37-55. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Dahlgaard, H., 1995: Transfer of European coastal pollution the Arctic: Radioactive tracers. Mar. Poll. Bull., 31,
3-7. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Dahlgaard, H., B. Hansen, and H. P. Joensen, 1991: Observations of radioactive tracers in Faroese waters. ICES
C.M./C:26. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Dale, T., F. Rey, and B. R. Heimdal, 1999: Seasonal development of phytoplankton at a high latitude oceanic
site. Sarsia, 84, 419-435. (Biologi2)
Daly, K. L., 1997: Flux of particulate matter through copepods in the Northeast Water Polynya. J. Mar. Syst., 10,
319-342. (NEWP)
Daly, K. L., D. W. R. Wallace, W. O. Smith Jr., A. Skoog, R. Lara, M. Gosselin, E. Falck, and P. L. Yager,
1999: Non-Redfield carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Arctic: Effects of ecosystem structure and dynamics.
J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3185-3199. (NEWP)
Danckwerts, P. V., 1951: Significance of liquid-film coefficients in gas absorption. Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, 43, 1460-1467. (Diverse kjemi)
Dandonneau, Y., 1995: Sea-surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the eastern equatorial Pacific (August
1991 to October 1992): A multivariate analysis of physical and biological factors. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 349364. (Karbon)
Darby, D. A., A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and G. Jones, 1989: Sediment composition and sedimentary processes
in the Arctic Ocean. In: The Arctic Seas: Climatology, oceanography, geology, and biology, Y. Herman
(Ed.), Van Nostrand Reinold Company, New York, 657-720. (Arktis - Generelt/Sedimenter)
D’Asaro, E., 1982: Velocity structure of the benthic ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 313-322. (Cosmos)
D’Asaro, E. A., 1988: Observations of small eddies in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6669-6684.
(Marginal seas)
Davis, H. S., and G. S. Crandall, 1930: The role of the liquid stationary film in batch absorptions of gases. I.
Absorptions involving no irreversible chemical reactions. J Amer. Chem. Soc., 52, 3757-3768. (Flukser,
bobler)
Davis, H. S., and G. S. Crandall, 1930: The role of the liquid stationary film in batch absorptions of gases. II.
Absorptions involving irreversible chemical reactions. J Amer. Chem. Soc., 52, 3769-3785. (Flukser, bobler)
Deacon, E. L., 1977: Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface. Tellus, 29, 363-374. (Flukser)
Deacon, G. E. R., 1984: Oxygen in Antarctic water. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 1369-1371. (Oksygen)
Deacon, G. E. R., H. U. Sverdrup, H. Stommel, and C. W. Thornthwaite, 1955: Discussions on the relationships
between meteorology and oceanography. J. Mar. Res., 14, 499-515. (Diverse A)
DeCosmo, J., 1991: Air-sea exchange of momentum, heat and water vapor over whitecap sea states. Abstract.
(Flukser)
Degens, E. T., and D. A. Ross (Eds.), 1974: The Black Sea – Geology, chemistry and biology. (Diverse A)
DeGrandpre, M. D., T. R. Hammar, D. W. R. Wallace, and C. D. Wirick, 199?: Simultaneous mooring-based
measurements of sea water CO2 and O2 off Cape Hatteras, NC. Manuscript. (oksygen)
Deleersnijder, E., 1994: An analysis of the vertical velocity field computed by a three-dimensional model in the
region of the Bering Strait. Tellus, 46A, 134-148. (Bering Sea)
Delworth, T., S. Manabe, and R.J. Stouffer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a
coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1993-2011. (diverse-oseanografi)
Denbo, D. W., and E. D. Skyllingstad, 1996: An ocean large-eddy simulation model with application to deep
convection in the Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 1095-1110. (Konveksjon)
Denman, K. L., and T. M. Powell, 1984: Effects of physical processes on planktonic ecosystems in the coastal
ocean. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 22, 125-168. (Biologi2)
Deser, C., and M. L. Blackmon, 1993: Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter:
1900-1989. J. Climate, 6, 1743-1753. (Klima)
Deser, C., M. Holland, G. Reverdin, and M. Timlin, 2002: Decadal variations in Labrador Sea ice cover and
North Atlantic sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 107, NO. C5, 10.1029/2000JC000683. (Labrador)
Detsch, R. M., 1990: Dissolution of 100 and 1000 µm diameter air bubbles in reagent grade water and seawater.
J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9765-9773. (Flukser, bobbler)
Detsch, R. M., 1991: Small air bubbles in reagent grade water and seawater 1. Rise velocities of 20- to 1000-µmdiameter bubbles. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8901-8906. (Flukser, bobbler)
Deuser, W. G., 1972: Evolution of anoxic conditions in Black Sea during Holocene. ????, 133-136. (Diverse
kjemi)
Dickson, A.G., 1981: An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and
total inorganic carbon from titration data. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 609-623. (alkalinietet)
Dickson, B., 1999: All change in the arctic. Nature, 397, 389-391. (Arktis- generelt)
Dickson, R. R., 1995: The natural history of time series. In: Ecological time series, T. M. Powell, and J. H.
Steele (Eds.), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp.70-98. (Diverse-A)
Dickson, R. R., and J. Blindheim, 1984: On the abnormal hydrographic conditions in the European Arctic during
the 1970s. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 185, 201-213. (Norskehavet)
Dickson, R. R., and J. Brown, 1994: The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Sources, rates and pathways.
J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12319-12341. (Overflow water)
Dickson, R. R., J. M. Colebrook, and E. Svendsen, 1991: Recent changes in the summer plankton of the North
Sea. ICES 1991 Variability Symp. No16/Session2. (Nordsjøen)
Dickson, R. R., E. M. Gmitrowicz, and A. J. Watson, 1990: Deep-water renewal in the northern North Atlantic.
Nature, 344, 848-850. (Overflow water)
Dickson, R. R., H. H. Lamb, S.-A. Malmberg, and J. M. Colebrook, 1975: Climatic reversal in northern North
Atlantic. Nature, 256, 479-482. (Klima)
Dickson, R., J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift, 1996: Long-term coordinated changes in the
convective activity of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanog., 38, 241-295. (Konveksjon)
Dickson, R., J. Meincke, I. Vassie, J. Jungclaus, and S. Østerhus, 1999: Possible prediction in overflow from the
Denmark Strait. Nature, 397, 243-246. (Overflow water)
Dieckmann, G., G. Rohardt, H. Hellmer, and J. Kipfstuhl, 1986: The occurrence of ice platelets at 250 m depth
near the Filchner Ice Shelf and its significance for sea ice biology. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 141-148. (sjøis)
Digby, P. S. B., 1953: Plankton production in Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. J. Anim. Ecol., 22, 289-322.
(Biologi2)
Doake, C. S. M., 1976: Thermodynamics of the interaction between ice shelves and the sea. Polar Record, 18,
37-41. (Polaroseanografi)
Dobberpuhl, F., 1992: Exchanges through Fram Strait: water mass transports during 1984-1985. ICES
C.M./C:30. (Framstredet)
Dokken, T. M., and K. H. Nisancioglu, 2004: Fresh angle on the polar seesaw. Nature, 430, 842-843. (Klima)
Donald, K. M., I. Joint, A. P. Rees, E. M. S. Woodward, and G. Savidge, 2001: Uptake of carbon, nitrogen and
phosphorus by phytoplankton along 29ºW meridian in the NE Atlantic between 57.5ºN and 37 ºN. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 48, 873-897. (Karbon)
Donaldson, L. R., 195?: The distribution and absorption of radioactive materials in biotic forms following and
atomic bomb burst. (Radioaktivitet)
Donaldson, L. R., 1963: Evaluation of radioactivity in the marine environment of the Pacific proving ground.
Conference on Nuclear Detonations and Marine Radioactivity, Kjeller, Norway, September 16-21, 1963. 28
pp. (Radioaktivitet)
Donelan, M., 1990: Air-sea interaction. In: The Sea: Ocean Engineering Science. Vol. 9, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 239-292. (Flukser)
Doney, S. C., and J. L. Bullister, 1992: A chlorofluorocarbon section in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res., 39, 1857-1883. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Dooley, H. D., and J. Meincke, 1981: Circulation and water masses in the Faroese Channels during Overflow`73.
Dt. Hydrogr. Z., 34, 41-54. (Overflow water)
Dooley, H. D., J. H. A. Martin, and D. J. Ellett, 1984: Abnormal hydrographic conditions in the Northeastern
Atlantic during the 1970s. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 185, 179-187. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Drange, H, 1992: Transfer of CO2 across the air-sea interface. Manuscript. (CO2)
Drange, H, 1996: A 3-dimensional isopycnal coordinate model of the seasonal cycling of carbon and nitrogen in
the Atlantic Ocean. Phys. Chem. Earth., 21, 503-509. (karbon)
Drinkwater, K. F., M. Stein, and E. Buch, 1995: Seasonal variability of the shelf waters off southwest Greenland.
NAFO SCR Doc. 95/24.
Driscoll, N. W., and G. H. Haug, 1998: A short circuit in thermohaline circulation: A cause for the northern
hemisphere glaciation. Science, 282, 436-438. (Klima)
Drobysheva, S. S., and V. V. Tereshchenko, 1991: The importance of oceanographic observations for evaluation
of the productive potential of the Barents Sea. ICES 1991/Variability Symp./P:4/Poster Session.
(Barentshavet)
Drobysheva, S. S., G. I. Nesvetova, V. N. Nesterova, V. M. Ryzhov, and A. N. Chepurnov, 1988: Division of the
Barents Sea in view of primary and plankton production formation type. ICES C.M./L:7, 19 pp.
(Primærproduksjon i arktis)
Druon, J. N., G. Langlois, and J. Le Fèvre, 2001: Simulating vertical mixing in a shelf-break region: addition of a
shear instability model, accounting for the overall effect of internal tides, on top of a one-dimensional
turbulence closer mixed layer model. Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 423-454. (Mixed layer)
Dugdale, R. C., 1967: Nutrient limitation in the sea: Dynamics, identification, and significance. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 12, 685-695. (Nitrogen)
Dugdale, R. C., 1972: Chemical oceanography and primary productivity in upwelling regions. Geoforum, 2
(11?), 47-61. (nitrogen)
Dugdale, R. C., and J. J. Goering, 1967: Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary
productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12, 196-206. (Nitrogen)
Dugdale, R. C., and F. P. Wilkerson, 1989: Regional perspectives in global new production. In: Océanologie
actualité et prospective, M. M. Denis (Ed.), Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille, pp. 289-308. (produksjon)
Dunbar, M. J., 1951: Eastern Arctic Waters. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 88, 1-131. (Can. Arch. - etc. -grønn perm)
Dunbar, M., 19??: The geographical position of the North Water. Arctic, 22, 438-441. (Canadian Archipelago)
Dunbar, M., 1973: Ice regime and ice transport in Nares Strait. Arctic, 26, 282-291. (Canadian Archipelago)
Dunbar, M., and W. Wittman, 19??: Some features of ice movement in the Arctic Ocean. In: Proceedings of the
Arctic Basin Symposium. (Arktis - Generelt)
Dyrssen, D., 1984: Aluminiumhydroxidens löslighet och komplexbildning. Vatten, 40, 3-9. (Diverse kjemi)
Dyrssen, D., 1985: Some calculations on Black Sea chemical data. Chemica Scripta, 25, 199-205. (Diverse
kjemi)
Dyrssen, D., 1992: Processes that determine the pH of seawater. Vatten, 48, 246-250. (Diverse kjemi)
Dyrssen, D., 1998: The source of silica and trace metals in particulate matter in Framvaren Fjord. Aquatic
Geochemistry, 3, 329-343. (Diverse kjemi + Silikat)
Dyrssen, D., 1999: Framvaren and the Black Sea – Similarities and differences. Aquatic Geochemistry, 5, 59-73.
(Diverse kjemi)
Dyrssen, D., 2001: The biogeochemical cycling of carbon dioxide in the oceans – perturbations by man. The
Science of the Total Environment, 277, 1-6. (CO2)
Dyrssen, D., and E. Fogelqvist, 1981: Bromoform concentrations of the Arctic Ocean in the Svalbard area.
Oceanol. Acta, 4, 313-317. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Dyrssen, D., and L. G. Sillén, 1967: Alkalinity and total carbonate in sea water. A plea for p-T-independent data.
Tellus, 19, 113-120. (alkalinitet)
Dyrssen, D., and T. Svensson, 1982: On the calculation of release rates from stagnant basin sediments. Chemical
Geology, 36, 349-351. (Diverse kjemi)
Dyrssen, D., P. O. J. Hall, C. Haraldsson, M. Chierici, J. M. Skei, and H. G. Östlund, 1996: Time dependence of
organic matter decay and mixing processes in Framvaren, a permanently anoxic fjord in South Norway.
Aquatic Geochemistry, 2, 111-129. (Diverse kjemi)
Dutkiewicz, S., M. Follows, and J. Marshall, 2000: Interannual variability of phytoplankton abundances in the
North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res., manuskript, (biologi)
Ehrhardt, M., 1969: The particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and the dissolved organic carbon in the Gotland
Deep in May 1968. Kieler Meeresforschungen, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, XXV, 1, 7180. (POM DOM)
Ehrhardt, M., 1977: Organic substances in seawater. Mar. Chem., 5, 307-316. (Biologi2)
Eide, L. I., 1979: Evidence of a topographically trapped vortex on the Norwegian continental shelf. Deep-Sea
Res., 26, 601-621. (Nordsjøen)
Eide, L. I., and S. Martin, 1975: The formation of brine drainage features in young sea ice. J. Glaciol., 14, 137154. (Sjøis)
Eilertsen, H. C., K. S. Tande, and J. P. Taasen, 1989: Vertical Distributions of Primary Production and Grazing
by Calanus glacialis Jaschnov and C. Hyperboreus Krøyer in Arctic Waters (Barents Sea). Polar Biol., 9,
253-260. (Biologi2)
Ekwurzel, B., P. Schlosser, R. A. Mortlock, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. H. Swift, 2001: River runoff, sea ice
meltwater and Pacific Water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.,
106, C5, 9075-9092. (PacW)
Eldevik, T., F. Straneo, A. B. Sandø, and T. Furevik, 2005: Pathways and export of Greenland Sea Water. In
Climate variability in the Nordic Seas, (Drange et al., Eds.), AGU monograph. Manuskript. (Overflow)
Ellertsen, B., A. Hassel, H. Loeng, F. Rey, S. Tjelmeland, and D. Slagstad, 1982: Ecological investigations in the
marginal ice zone in the Barents Sea the summer 1979 and 1980. Fisken Hav., 3, 31-83. (In Norwegian,
English summary). (biologi)
Ellett, D. J., and J. H. A. Martin, 1973: The physical and chemical oceanography of the Rockall Channel. DeepSea Res., 20, 585-625. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Ellett, D. J., and W. R. Turrell, 1992: Increased salinity levels in the NE Atlantic. ICES C.M./C:20. (Nordlige
Atlanterhav)
Elliott, A. J., 1984: Measurements of the turbulence in an abyssal boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 17791786. (Cosmos)
Ellis, K. M., and J. N. Smith, 1989: 137Cs vertical profiles in the Arctic Ocean. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int.
Explor. Mer, 188, 70. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Elmore, D., L. E. Tubbs, D. Newman, X. Z. Ma, R. Finkel, K. Nishiizumi, J. Beer, H. Oeschger, and M. Andree,
1982: 36Cl bomb pulse measured in a shallow ice core from Dye 3, Greenland. Nature, 300, 735-737.
(Diverse)
Emerson, S., 1987: Seasonal oxygen cycles and biological new production in surface waters of the subarctic
Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6535-6544. (Oksygen)
Emerson, S., P. Quay, and P. A. Wheeler, 1993: Biological productivity determined from oxygen mass balance
and incubation experiments. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 2351-2358. (Oksygen)
Emerson, S., C. Stump, D. Wilbur, P. Quay, 1999: Accurate measurements of O2, N2, and Ar gases in water and
the solubility of N2. Mar. Chem., 64, 337-347. (O2)
Emerson, S., P. Quay, C. Stump, D. Wilbur, and M. Knox, 1991: O2, Ar, N2, and 222Rn in surface waters of the
subarctic ocean: Net biological O2 production. Global biogeochemical Cycles, 5, 49-69. (Oksygen)
Emery, W. J., and K. Hamilton, 1985: Atmospheric forcing of interannual variability in the Northeast Pacific
Ocean: Connections with El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 857-868. (Stillehavet)
Emery, W: J., and J. Meincke, 1986: Global water masses: summary and review. Oceanol. Acta, 9, 383-391.
(Diverse-oseanografi)
English, T. S., 1961: Some biological oceanographic observations in the central North Polar Sea, Drift Station
Alpha, 1957-1958. Scientific Report no. 15, Arctic Institute of North America, Washington D. C., 79 pp.
(hvitt hefte)
Enns, T., P. F. Scholander, and E. D. Bradstreet, 1965: Effect of hydrostatic pressure on gases dissolved in water.
J. Phys. Chem., 69, 389-391. (Flukser)
Enting, I.G. and G. I. Pearman, 1987: Description of a one-dimensional carbon cycle model calibrated using
techniques of constrained inversion. Tellus, 39B, 459-476. (Karbon)
Eppley, R. W., 1980: Estimating phytoplankton growth rates in the central oligotrophic oceans. In: Primary
Productivity in the Sea, P. Falkowski (Ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 230-242. (biologi)
Eppley, R. W., and B.J. Peterson, 1979: Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the
deep ocean. Nature, 282, 677-680. (POM/DOM)
Eppley, R. W., E.H. Renger, and P.R. Betzer, 1983: The residence time of particulate organic carbon in the
surface layer of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 311-323. (POM/DOM)
Eppley, R. W., E.H. Renger, and W. G. Harrison, 1979: Nitrate and phytoplankton production in southern
California coastal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 24, 483-494. (Nitrogen)
Erickson, D. J. III, J. T. Merrill, and R. A. Duce, 1986: Seasonal estimates of global oceanic whitecap coverage.
J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12975-12977. (flukser, bobler)
Eslinger, D. L., and R. L. Iverson, 2001: The effects of convective and wind-driven mixing on spring
phytoplankton dynamics in the Southeastern Bering Sea middle shelf domain. Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 627-650.
(Beringhavet)
Etcheto J., and L. Merlivat, 1988: Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the
ocean-atmosphere interface: A first step. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15669-15678. (CO2)
Fahrbach, E., J. Meincke, S. Østerhus, G. Rohardt, U. Schauer, V. Tverberg, and J. Verduin, 2001: Direct
measurements of volume transports through Fram Strait. Pol. Res., 20 (2) 217-224. (Framstredet)
Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, G. A. Wick, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and
warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308. (Flukser)
Falck, E., 2001: Contribution of waters of Atlantic and Pacific origin in the Northeast Water Polynya. Polar Res.,
20, 193-200. (PacW)
Falk-Petersen, S., H. Hop, W. P. Budgell, E. N. Hegseth, R. Korsnes, T. B. Løyning, J. B. Ørbæk, T. Kawamura,
and K. Shirasawa, 2000: Physical and ecological processes in the marginal ice zone of the northern Barents
Sea during the summer melt period. J. Mar. Syst., 27, 131-159. (Barentshavet)
Falkowski, P. G., and C. Wilson, 1992: Phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific Ocean since 1900 and
implications for absorption of anthropogenic CO2. Nature, 358, 741-743. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Falkowski, P. G., D. Ziemann, Z. Kolber, and P. K. Bienfang, 1991: Role of eddy pumping in enhancing primary
production in the ocean. Nature, 352, 55-57. (Primær produksjon)
Fan, S., M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento, T. Takahashi, and P. Tans, 1998: A large terrestrial
carbon sink in North america implied by atmospheric and ocean carbon dioxide data and models. Science,
282, 442-446. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Fang, Z., and J.M. Wallace, 1994: Arctic Sea Ice Variability on a Timescale of Weeks and Its Relation to
Atmospheric Forcing. J. Climate, 7, 1897-1914. (Sjøis)
Farhadieh, R., and R. S. Tankin, 1975: A study of the freezing of sea water. J. Fluid Mech., 71, part 2, 293-304.
(sjøis)
Farmer, D. M., and H. J. Freeland, 1983: The physical oceanography of fjords. Prog. Oceanog., 12, 147-220.
(cosmos)
Farmer, D. M., C. L. McNeil, and B. D. Johnson, 1993: Evidence for the importance of bubbles in increasing airsea gas flux. Nature, 361, 620-623. (Flukser, bobler)
Favorite, F., 1967: The Alaskan Stream. Bull. 21, Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm., 1-20. (Bering Sea)
Fedosov, M. V., 19??: Investigations of the chemical basis of productivity in sea basins. ??, 61-64. (produksjon)
Feely, R. A., R. Wanninkhof, C. E. Cosca, , P. P. Murphy, M. L. Lamb, and M. D. Steckley, 1995: CO2
distributions in the equatorial Pacific during the 1991-1992 ENSO event. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 365-386. (CO2)
Fer, I., R. Skogseth, P. M. Haugan, and P. Jaccard, 2003: Observations of the Storfjorden overflow. Deep-Sea
Res.I, 50, 1283-1303. (Norskehavet)
Ferron, B., H. Mercier, K. Speer, A. Gargett, and K. Polzin, 1998: Mixing in the Romanche Fracture Zone. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1929-1945. (Cosmos)
Fiadeiro, M., 19??: Carbon cycling in the ocean. ???, 487-496.
Fiadeiro, M., 1980: The alkalinity of the deep Pacific. Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, 49, 499-505. (alkalinitet)
Fine, R. A., 1993: Circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40,
2021-2042. (Antarktis)
Fleming, R. H., 1955: The impact of oceanography on other sciences. J. Mar. Res., 14, 337-343. (Diverse
oseanografi)
Floch, J. Le, 1953: Quelques propriétés de la zone de transition entre eau Arqtique et eau Atlantique en Mer
Norvège. Universitetet I Bergen, Årbok 1953, Naturvitenskapelig rekke Nr. 3, 45 pp. (St. Mike)
Fock, H., D. T. Canvin, and B. R. Grant, 1971: Effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on photosynthetic O2
evolution and CO2 uptake in Sunflower and Chlorella. Photosynthetica, 5, 389-394. (Oksygen)
Fofonoff, N. P., 1956: Some properties of sea water influencing the formation of Antarctic bottom water. DeepSea Res., 4, 32-35. (Antarktis)
Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Millard Jr., 1983: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater.
UNESCO technical papers in marine science, 44. (?)
Fogelqvist, E., 1985: Carbon tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and bromoform in Arctic
seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9181-9193. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Fogelqvist, E., J. Blindheim, T. Tanhua, S. Østerhus, E. Buch, and F. Rey, 2003: Greenland-Scotland overflow
studied by hydro-chemical multivariate analysis. Deep-Sea Res.I, 50, 73-102. (Overflow)
Fohrmann, H., J. O. Backhaus, F. Blaume, and J. Rumohr, 1998: Sediments in bottom-arrested gravity plumes:
Numerical case studies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2250-2274. (Turbulens)
Foldvik, A., and T. Gammelsrød, 1988: Notes on southern ocean hydrography, sea-ice and bottom water
formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 67, 3-17. (Weddellhavet)
Foldvik, A., and T. Kvinge, 1974: Thermohaline convection in the vicinity of an ice shelf. University of Bergen,
Norway, Rep. No 36. (Konveksjon)
Foldvik, A., and T. Kvinge, 1974: Conditional instability of sea water at the freezing point. Deep-Sea Res., 21,
169-174. (Konveksjon)
Foldvik, A., J. H. Middleton, and T. D. Foster, 1990: The tides of the southern Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 37,
1345-1362. (Weddellhavet)
Foldvik, A., K. Aagaard, and T. Tørresen, 1988: On the velocity fields of the East Greenland Current. Deep-Sea
Res., 35, 1335-1354. (EGC)
Foldvik, A., T. Gammelsrød, E. Nygaard, and S. Østerhus, 2001: Current measurements near Ronne Ice Shelf:
Implications for circulation and melting. J. Geophys. Res., 106, C3, 4463-4477. (Weddellhavet)
Foldvik, A., T. Gammelsrød, S. Østerhus, E. Fahrbach, G. Rohardt, M. Schröder, K. W. Nicholls, L. Padman,
and R. A. Woodgate, 2004: Ice shelf water overflow and bottom water formation in the southern Weddell
Sea. . J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02015, doi:10.1029/2003JC002008. (Weddellhavet)
Folland, C.K., D.E. Parker, and F.E. Kates, 1984: Worldwide marine temperature fluctuations 1856-1981.
Nature, 310, 670-673. (Global oppvarming)
Follows, M., and S. Dutkiewicz, 2002: Meteorological modulation of the North Atlantic spring bloom. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 49, 321-344. (Biologi2)
Fonselius, S. H., and F. Koroleff, 1963: Copper and zinc content of the water in the Ligurian Sea. Bull. Inst.
Océanogr. Monaco, 61, no. 1281, 15 pp. (Forurensning)
Foster, T. D., and E. C. Carmack, 1976: Frontal zone mixing and Antarctic bottom water formation in the
southern Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 301-317. (Weddellhavet)
Foster, T. D., A. Foldvik, and J. H. Middleton, 1987: Mixing and bottom water formation in the shelf break
region of the southern Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1771-1794. (Weddellhavet)
Frank, M., W. M. Smethie Jr., and R. Bayer, 1998: Investigation of subsurface water flow along the continental
margin of the Eurasian Basin using transient tracers tritium, 3He, and CFCs. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3077330792. (Arktis gen+sed.)
Frankignoulle, M., G. Abril, A. Borges, I. Bourge, C. Canon, B. Delille, E. Libert, and J.-M. Théate, 1998:
Carbon dioxide emission from european estuaries. Science, 282, 434-436. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Freeland, H., K. Denman, C. S. Wong, F. Whitney, and R. Jacques, 1997: Evidence of change in the winter
mixed layer in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44, 2117-2129. (Mixed Layer)
Frew, N. M., J. C. Goldman, M. R. Dennett, and A. S. Johnson, 1990: Impact of phytoplankton-generated
surfactants on air-sea gas exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3337-3352. (Flukser, bobler)
Friedman, I., B. Schoen, and J. Harris, 1961: The deuterium concentration in arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 66,
1861-1864. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Fukai, R., H. Suzuki, and K. Watanabe, 1962: Strontium-90 in marine organisms during the period 1957-1961. .
Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, no. 1251, 16 pp. (Radioaktivitet)
Furevik, T., 2001: Annual and Interannual variability of Atlantic Water temperatures in the Norwegian and
Barents Seas: 1980-1996. Deep-Sea Res.I, 48, 383-404. (Barentshavet)
Furevik, T., M. Bentsen, H. Drange, J.A. Johannessen, and A. Korablev, 2002: Temporal and spatial variability
of the sea surface salinity in the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 107. (Nordiske hav)
Føyn, E., 1965: Disposal of waste in the marine environment and the pollution of the sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Ann. Rev., 3, 95-114. (Forurensning)
Føyn, E., B. Karlik, H. Pettersson, and E. Rona, 1939: Radioactivity of sea water. Nature, 143, 275.
(Radioaktivitet)
Gade. H. G., 19??: Termodynamiske prosesser i havet, del II. (diverse kjemi)
Gade, H. G., and A. Edwards, 1995: Topographic influence on determination of one-dimensional vertical
diffusivity in sea basins. Geophysical institute, University of Bergen, Norway, Report 73. (turbulens)
Gade, H. G., and K. E. Gustafsson, 2004: Application of classical thermodynamic principles to the study of
oceanic overturning circulation. Tellus, 56A, 371-386. (Diverse oseanografi)
Gade, H. G., R. A. Lake, E. L. Lewis, and E. R: Walker, 1974: Oceanography of an Arctic bay. Deep-Sea Res.,
21, 547-571. (Canadian Archipelago)
Gallegos, C. L., and T. Platt, 1982: Phytoplankton production and water motion in surface mixed layers. DeepSea Res., 29, 65-76. (Primær produksjon i Arktis)
Gammelsrød, T., and A. Holm, 1984: Variations of temperature and salinity at Station M (66N 02E) since
1948. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 185, 188-200. (St. M-perm)
Gammelsrød, T., and B. Rudels, 1983: Hydrographic and current measurements in the Fram Strait, August 1981.
Polar Research 1 n.s., 115-126. (Framstredet)
Gammelsrød, T., S. Østerhus, and Ø. Godøy, 1992: Forty years of hydrographic observations at weather ship
station «Mike» (66N, 2E). ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 195, 68-75 (St. M. + ICES Variability Symp. Poster No.
P:5. St. M)
Gammelsrød, T., C. H. Bartholomae, D. C. Boyer, V. L. L. Filipe, and M. J. O’Toole, 1998: Intrusion of warm
surface water along the Angolan-Namibian coast in February-March 1995: The 1995 Benguela Niño. S. Afr.
J. mar. Sci., 19, 41-56. (Diverse oseanografi)
Gammelsrød, T., L. F. Anderson, E. Fogelkvist, A. Foldvik, E. P. Jones, O. A. Nøst, K. Olsson, Ø. Skagseth, T.
Tanhua, and S. Østerhus, 1993: Distribution of water masses over the Continental Shelf in the southern
Weddell Sea. Nansen Centennial Symposium, Solstrand, Norge, Poster. 6 pp. (Weddellhavet)
Gan, J., L. A. Mysak, and D. N. Straub, 1998: Simulation of the South Atlantic Ocean circulation and its seasonal
variability. J. Geophys. Res., 103, C5, 10241-10251. (Antarktis)
Garabedian, H., and R. F. Strickland-Constable, 1974: Collision breeding of ice crystals. J. Crystal Growth, 22,
188-192. (Cosmos)
García, H. E., and L. I. Gordon, 1992: Oxygen solubility in sea water: Better fitting equations. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 37, 1307-1312.
García, H. E., and L. I. Gordon, 19??: Biogeochemical studies in the Deep Western Boundary Current of the
Subtropical Northwestern Atlantic Ocean: Ventilation intensity and evolution. ??, 173-176. (Nordlige
Atlanterhav)
Garcia, H. E., and R. F. Keeling, 2001: On the global oxygen anomaly and air-sea flux. . J. Geophys. Res., 106,
C12, 31155-31166.
Garcia, H. E., T. B. Boyer, S. Levitus, R. A. Locarnini, and J. I. Antonov, 2005: Climatological annual cycle of
upper ocean oxygen content anomaly. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05611, doi:10.1029/2004GL021745.
Gargett, A. E., 1984: Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. J. Mar. Res., 42, 359-393. (cosmos)
Gargett, A. E., 1991: Physical processes and the maintenance of nutrient-rich euphotic zones. Limnol.
Oceoanogr., 36, 1527-1545. (Diverse A)
Garrett, C., and L. R. M. Maas, 19??: Tides and their effects. Oceanus, ??, 27-37. (Oceanus - tynn rød perm)
Garrett, C., and A. Tandon, 1997: The effects on water mass formation of surface mixed layer time-dependence
and entrainment fluxes. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44, 1991-2006. (Mixed Layer)
Garrett, W. D., 1967: The organic chemical composition of the ocean surface. Deep-Sea Res., 14, 221-227.
(Flukser)
Garrison, G. R., and P. Becker, 1976: The Barrow Submarine Canyon: A drain for the Chukchi Sea. J. Geophys.
Res., 81, 4445-4453. (Marginal seas)
Garside, C., and T. C. Malone, 1978: Monthly oxygen and carbon budgets of the New York Bight Apex. Estuar.
Coast. Mar. Sci., 6, 93-104. (Oksygen)
Garvine, R. W., and J. D. Monk, 1974: Frontal structure of a river plume. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2251-2259.
(Grønn perm, tokt juni 91, nederste skuff)
Garwood Jr, R. W., 1979: Air-sea interaction and dynamics of the surface mixed layer. Rev. Geophys. and Space
Phys., 17, 1507-1524. (Flukser)
Gascard, J.-C., 1991: Open ocean convection and deep water formation revisited in the Mediterranean, Labrador,
Greenland and Weddell seas. In: Deep convection and deep water formation in the oceans, P. C. Chu, and J.C. Gascard (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 157-181. (Konveksjon)
Gascard, J. C., and R. A. Clarke, 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part II: Mesoscale and smallerscale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13, 1779-1797. (Labrador sea)
Gascard, J.-C., A. J. Watson, M.-J. Messias, K. A. Olsson, T. Johannessen, and K. Simonsen, 2002: Long-lived
vortices as a mode of deep ventilation in the Greenland Sea. Nature, 416, 525-527. (Grønlandshavet)
Gaul, H., 1989: Organochlorine compounds in water and sea ice of the European arctic sea. In: Global
significance of the transport and accumulation of polychlorinated hydrocarbons in the Arctic. The 8th
International Conference of Comité Arctique International, Oslo, Norway, 18-22 September 1989. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Gawarkiewicz, G., and A. J. Plueddemann, 1994: Exploring the Barents Sea Polar Front. Oceanus, 37, 17-19.
(Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Gawarkiewicz, G., and D. C. Chapman, 1994: Dense water formation on Arctic Shelves. Oceanus, 37, 14-16.
(Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Gerdes, R., J. Hurka, and M. J. Karcher, 200?: Greenland and Labrador sea convection in an ocean sea ice
simulation 1948-2002. ???. (Konveksjon)
Gerdes, R., M. J. Karcher, F. Kauker, and U. Schauer, 2003: Causes and development of repeated Arctic Ocean
warming events. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, NO. 19, 1980, doi:10.1029/2003GL018080. (Arktis fysikk)
Gerstell, M. F. (L. F. De Marsigli), 1995: L’Histoire Physique de la Mer. Part III: On the motion of seawater. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 5-7. (diverse-oseanografi)
GESAMP, 1991: Global changes and the air-sea exchange of chemicals. World Meteorological organization,
Reports and Studies No. 48, 69 pp.
Giese, G. S., and D. C. Chapman, 19??: Coastal seiches. Oceanus, ??, 38-46. (Oceanus - tynn rød perm)
Gieskes, W. W., and G. W. Kraay, 1984: State-of-the-art in the measurement of primary production. In: Flows of
energy and materials in marine ecosystems, M. J. R. Fasham (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 171-190.
(produksjon)
Gill, A. E., 1973: Circulation and bottom water production in the Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 111-140.
(Weddellhavet)
Gilpin, R. R., T. Hirata, and K. C. Cheng, 1980: Wave formation and heat transfer at an ice-water interface in the
presence of a turbulent flow. J. Fluid Mech., 99, 619-640. (Cosmos)
Gislefoss, J. S., R. Nydal, D. Slagstad, E. Sonninen, and K. Holmén, 1998: Carbon time series in the Norwegian
sea. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 433-460. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Gjessing, Y., 1989: Excess and deficit of sulfate in polar snow. Atm. Environment, 23, 155-160. (Div. kjemi)
Gjessing, Y., I. Hanssen-Bauer, Y. Fujii, T. Kameda, K. Kamiyama, and T. Kawamura, 1993: Chemical
fractionation in sea ice and glacier ice. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 11, 1-8. (Div. kjemi)
Gladyshev, M. I., 1991: Comparison of the oxygen transfer rates through a warm and cold surface film. Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and oceanic Physics(?), 27, 916-919. (Oksygen)
Gleitz, M., M. R. V.d. Loeff, D. N. Thomas, G. S. Dieckmann, and F. J. Millero, 1995: Comparison of summer
and winter inorganic carbon, oxygen and nutrient concentrations in Antarctic sea ice brine. Mar. Chem., 8191. (sjøis)
Glover, D. M., and P. G. Brewer, 1988: Estimates of wintertime mixed layer nutrient concentrations in the North
Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1525-1546. (Mixed layer)
Glud, R. N., I. Klimant, G. Holst, O. Kohls, V. Meyer, M. Kühl, and J. K. Gundersen, 1999: Adaptation, test and
in situ measurements with O2 microopt(r)odes on benthic landers. Deep-Sea Res., 46, 171-183. (oksygen
titrering)
Gnanadesikan, A., 1996: Modelling the diurnal cycle of carbon monoxide: Sensitivity to physics, chemistry,
biology, and optics. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12177-12191. (diverse kjemi)
Goldman, J. C., 1980: Physiological processes, nutrient availability, and the concept of relative growth rate in
marine phytoplankton ecology. In: Primary Productivity in the Sea, P. G. Falkowski (Ed.), Plenum Press,
New York, pp. 179-194. (biologi)
Goldman, J. C., 1984: Oceanic nutrient cycles. In: Flows of energy and materials in marine ecosystems, M. J. R.
Fasham (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 137-170. (nitrogen)
Goldman, J. C., 1986: On phytoplankton growth rates and particulate C:N:P ratios at low light. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 31, 1358-1363. (Redfield)
Goldman, J. C., and P. G. Brewer, 1980: Effect of nitrogen source and growth rate on phytoplankton-mediated
changes in alkalinity. Limn. Oceanogr., 25, 352-357. (alkalinitet)
Goldman, J. C., J. J. McCarthy, and D. G. Peavey, 1979: Growth rate influence on the chemical composition of
phytoplankton in oseanic waters. Nature, 279, 210-215. (biologi)
Goody, R., 1980: Polar process and world climate (a brief overview). Am. Met. Soc., 108,12, 1935-1942. (Klima)
Gordeev, V. V., J. M. Martin, I. S. Sidorov, and M. V. Sidorova, 1996: A reassessment of the Eurasian River
input of water, sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean. Am. J. Sci., 296, 664-691. (Elver)
Gordon, A. L., 1978: Deep Antarctic convection west of Maud Rise. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 600-612.
(Weddellhavet)
Gordon, A. L., 1986: Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037-5046. (Diverseoseanografi)
Gordon, A. L., and B. A. Huber, 1990: Southern Ocean winter mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res., 95, C7, 1165511672. (Mixed layer)
Gordon, A. L., D. T. Georgi, and H. W. Taylor, 1977: Antarctic Polar Front Zone in the Western Scotia Sea summer 1975. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 309-328. (Antarktis)
Gordon, A. L., R. F. Weiss, W. M. Smethie, and M. J. Warner, 1992: Thermohaline and Intermediate Water
communication between the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7223-7240. (Antarktis)
Gosink. T. A., J. G. Pearson, and J. J. Kelley, 1976: Gas movement through ice. Nature, 263, 41-42. (sjøis)
Gosselin, M. M. Levasseur, P. A. Wheeler, R. A. Horner, and B. C. Booth, 1997: New measurements of
phytoplankton and ice algal production in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 44, 1623-1644. (produksjon)
Gould, W. J., J. Loynes, and J. Backhaus, 1985: Seasonality in slope current transports N. W. of Shetland. ICES
C.M./C:7. (Norskehavet)
Gouretski, V. V., and K. Jancke, 2001: Systematic errors as the cause for an apparent deep water property
variability: global analysis for the WOCE and historical hydrographic data. Prog. Oceanogr., 48, 337-402.
(skap)
Goyet, C., and D. Davis, 1997: Estimation of total CO2 concentration throughout the water column. Deep-Sea
Res. I, 44, 859-877. (CO2)
Goyet, C., and A. Poisson, 1989: New determination of carbonic acid dissociation constants in seawater as a
function of temperature and salinity. Deep-Sea Res., 36,1635-1654. (diverse kjemi)
Goyet, C., R. Healy, S. J. Mccue, and D. M. Glover, 1998: Interpolation of TCO2 data on a 1°x 1° grid
throughout the water column below 500 m depth in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 44, 1945-1955.
(Karbon 13 og 14)
Goyet, C., C. Coatanoan, G. Eischeid, T. Amaoka, K. Okuda, R. Healy, and S. Tsunogai, 1999: Spatial variation
of total CO2 and total alkalinity in the northern Indian Ocean: A novel approach for the quantification of
anthropogenic CO2 in seawater. J. Mar. Res., 57, 135-163. (CO2)
Gradinger, R., and J. Lenz, 1989: Picocyanobacteria in the High Arctic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 52, 99-101.
(biologi)
Graham, N. E., 1995: Simulation of Recent Global Temperature Trends. Science, 267, 666-671. (Global
oppvarming)
Grainger, E. H., 1974: Nutrients in the southern Beaufort Sea. In: The coast and shelf of the Beaufort Sea, J. C.
Reed and J. E. Slater (Eds.), The Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, pp. 589-606. (nitrogen)
Gran, H. H., 1931: On the conditions for the production of plankton in the sea. Rapp. Proc. Verb. Cons. Perm.
Int. Explor. Mer., 75, 37-46. (Produksjon)
Grande, K. D., P. J. LeB. Williams, J. Marra, D. A. Purdie, K. Heinemann, R. W. Eppley, and M. L. Bender,
1989: Primary production in the North Pacific gyre: a comparison of rates determined by the 14C, O2
concentration and 18O methods. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 1621-1634. (Primær prod)
Grebmeier, J. M., W. O. Jr., Smith, and R. J. Conover, 1995: Biological processes on Arctic continental shelves:
Ice-ocean-biotic interactions. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 49, 231-261. (Biologi)
Green, E. J., and D. E. Carritt, 1967: Oxygen solubility in sea water: Thermodynamic influence of sea salt.
Science, ???(14 July), 191-193. (Oksygen)
Gregg, M. C., 1984: Entropy generation in the ocean by small-scale mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 688-711.
(turbulens)
Griffies, S.M., and K. Bryan, 1997: Predictability of North Atlantic multidecadal climate variability. Science,
275, 181-184. (Klima)
Grotefendt, K. Logemann, D. Quadfasel, and S. Ronski, 1998: Is he Arctic Ocean warming? J. Geophys. Res.,
103, C12, 27679-27687. (AO)
Gruber, N, M. Gloor, S.-M. Fan, and J. L. Sarmiento, 2001: Air-sea flux of oxygen estimated from bulk data:
Implications for the marine and atmospheric oxygen cycles. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 783-803.
(Oksygen)
Grønås, S., 1999: Den Nord-Atlantiske Oscillasjonen (NAO) og påvirkning av været. Naturen, 1, 29-37. (Klima)
Gudkovich, Z. M., 1961: On the nature of the Pacific Current in Bering Strait and the causes of its seasonal
variations. Okeanologiya, 1, (4), 608-612. (Bering Sea)
Gudmandsen, P., B. B. Thomsen, L. T. Pedersen, H. Skriver, and P. J. Minnett, 1995: North-East Water polynya:
satellite observations summer 1992 and 1993. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 16, 3307-3324. (NEWP)
Haarpainter, J., P. M. Haugan, and J.-C. Gascard, 2001: Interannual variability of the Storfjorden (Svalbard) ice
cover and ice production observed by ERS-2 SAR. Annals of Glaciology, 33, 430-436. (Norskehavet2)
Haarpainter, J., J. O’Dwyer, J.-C. Gascard, P. M. Haugan, U. Schauer, and S. Østerhus, 2001: Seasonal
transformation of water masses, circulation and brine formation observed in Storfjorden, Svalbard. Annals of
Glaciology, 33, 437-443. (Norskehavet2)
Hackett, B., and L. P. Røed, 1994: Numerical modelling of the Halten Bank area: a validation study. Tellus, 46A,
113-133. (Norskehavet)
Hall, A., and S. Manabe, 1997: Can local linear stochastic theory explain sea surface temperature and salinity
variability. Climate Dynamics, 13, 167-180. (Mixed layer)
Hamann, I., and B. A. Taft, 1987: On the Kuroshio extension near the Emperor Seamounts. J. Geophys. Res., 92,
3827-3839. (Stillehavet)
Hamann, I., and J. H. Swift, 1991: A consistent inventory of water mass factors in the intermediate and deep
Pacific Ocean derived from conservative tracers. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S129-S169. (Stillehavet)
Hameedi, M. J., 1978: Aspects of water column primary productivity in the Chukchi Sea during summer. Mar.
Biol., 48, 37-46. (Primær produksjon i Arktis)
Hamilton, R. A., C. L. Ho, and H. J. Walker, 1974: Breakup flooding and nutrient source of Colville River delta
during 1973. In: The coast and shelf of the Beaufort Sea, J. C. Reed and J. E. Slater (Eds.), The Arctic
Institute of North America, Arlington, pp. 637-648. (elver)
Hansell, D. A., and C. A. Carlson, 2001: Biogeochemistry of total organic carbon and nitrogen in the Sargasso
Sea: control by convective overturn. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 1649-1667. (POM DOM)
Hansell, D. A., C. A. Carlson, and Y. Suzuki, 2002: Dissolved organic carbon export with North Pacific
Intermediate Water formation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, NO1, 10.1029/2000GB001361 7, 1-8
(DOC)
Hansell, D. A., T. E. Whitledge, and J. J. Goering, 1993: Patterns of nitrate utilization and new production over
the Bering-Chukchi shelf. Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 601-627. (Nitrogen)
Hansen, B., 19??: The circulation of the northern part of the Northeast Atlantic. ??, 110-124. (Overflow water)
Hansen, B., and S. Hjalti, 1991: Availability of Blue Whiting in Faroese Waters in relation to the hydrography.
ICES 1991/variability Symp./No28/Session3. (Norskehavet2)
Hansen, B., and J. Meincke, 1979: Eddies and meanders in the Iceland-Faroe Ridge area. Deep-Sea Res., 26,
1067-1082. (Islandshavet)
Hansen, B., and S. Østerhus, 2000: North Atlantic-Nordic Seas exchanges. Prog. Oceanogr., 45, 109-208.
(Nordiske hav)
Hansen, B., W. R. Turrell, and S. Østerhus, 2001: Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic
Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950. Nature, 411, 927- 930. (Overflow)
Hansen, B., S. Østerhus, D. Quadfasel, and W. R. Turrell, 2004: Already the day after tomorrow? Science, 305,
953-954. (Overflow)
Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, A. Lacis, and V. Oinas, 200?: Global Warming in the twenty-first century: An
alternative scenario. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ???. (Global oppvarming)
Hansen, K. Q., 200?: The Greenland sea ice season 2002 – the observed extremes seen from ice center
perspectives.
Hansen, M., 1997: Opptak og transport av CO2 i Grønlandshavet. Hovedfagsoppgave.
Hanzlick, D., and K. Aagaard, 1980: Freshwater and Atlantic Water in the Kara Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 49374942. (Marginal Seas)
Happell, J. D., and D. W. R. Wallace, 1996: Methyl iodide in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the tropicl
Atlantic Ocean: Evidence for photochemical production. Geophys. Res. Let., 23, 2105-2108. (Diverse kjemi)
Haraldsson, C., L. G. Anderson, M. Hassellöv, S. Hulth, and K. Olsson, 199?: Rapid, high-precision
potentiometric titration of alkalinity in ocean and sediment pore waters. Manuskript. (Alkalinitet)
Hargrave, B. T., W. P. Vass, P. E. Erickson, and B. R. Fowler, 1988: Atmospheric transport of organochlorines
to the Arctic Ocean. Tellus, 40B, 480-493. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Harms, I. H., 1997: Water mass transformation in the Barents Sea - application of the Hamburg Shelf Ocean
Model (HamSOM). ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54, 351-365. (Barentshavet)
Harris, I. A., and R. M. Detsch, 1991: Small Air Bubbles in Reagent Grade Water and Seawater 2. Dissolution of
20- to 500-µm-Diameter Bubbles at atmospheric Pressure. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8907-8910. (Flukser,
bobbler)
Harrison, W. G., 1983: The time-course of uptake of inorganic nitrogen compounds by phytoplankton from the
Eastern Canadian Arctic: A comparison with temperate and tropical populations. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28,
1231-1237. (nitrogen)
Harrison, W. G., and G. F. Cota, 1991: Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability. In:
Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology, Tronheim 12-16 May 1990, E.
Sakshaug, C. C. E. Hopkins, and N. A. Øritsland (Eds.), pp. 87-104. (nitrogen)
Harrison, W. G., T. Platt, and B. Irwin, 1982: Primary Production and Nutrient Assimilation by Natural
Phytoplankton Populations of the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39, 335-345. (Primær
produksjon i Arktis)
Harrison, W. G., E. J. H. Head, R. J. Conover, A. R. Longhurst, and D. D. Sameoto, 1985: The distribution and
metabolism of urea in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Deep-Sea Res.,32, 23-42. (nitrogen)
Hart, J. E., and P. D. Killworth, 1976: On open ocean baroclinic instability in the Arctic. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 637645. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Harvey, H. W., 1926: Nitrate in the Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 14, 71-88. (Nitrogen)
Harvey, J., 1982: -S relationships and water masses in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res.,29, 1021-1033.
(Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Harvey, J. G., and A. Theodorou, 1986: The circulation of Norwegian Sea overflow water in the western North
Atlantic. Oceanol. Acta, 9, 4, 393-402. (Overflow water)
Haugan, P. M., 1999: Structure and heat content of the West Spitsbergen Current. Polar. Res., 18, 183-188.
(Framstredet)
Haugan, P. M., and H. Drange, 1992: Sequestration of CO2 in the deep ocean by shallow injection. Nature, 357,
318-320. (Karbon)
Haugan, P. M., and F. Joos, 2004: Metrics to assess the mitigation of global warming by carbon capture and
storage in the ocean and in geological reservoirs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18202,
doi:10.1029/2004GL020295. (Global oppvarming)
Hayward, T. L., and E. L. Venrick, 1982: Relation between surface chlorophyll, integrated chlorophyll and
integrated primary production. Mar. Biol., 69, 247-252. (Produksjon)
Hebbeln, D., and G. Wefer, 1991: Effects of ice coverage and ice-rafted material on sedimentation in the Fram
Strait. Nature, 350, 409-411. (Framstredet)
Hegseth, E. N., 1992: Sub-ice algal assemblages of the Barents Sea: Species composition, chemical composition,
and growth rates. Polar Biol., 12, 485-496. (biologi)
Hegseth, E. N., 1998: Primary production of the northern Barents Sea. Polar Res., 17, 113-123. (Primær
produksjon i Arktis)
Heinze, C., 1989: Arctic and subarctic basin interchange: Results from tracer measurements and modelling.
Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Explor. Mer., 188, 69. (Norskehavet)
Heinze, C., 2004: Simulating oceanic CaCO3 export production in the greenhouse. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L16308, doi:10.1029/2004GL020613. (Global oppvarming)
Hela, I., 1963: Alternative ways of expressing the concentration factors for radioactive substances in aquatic
organisms. Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco, 61, no. 1280, 8 pp. (Radioaktivitet)
Hela, I., 1963: Surface currents in the Ligurian Sea. Bull. Inst. ocèanogr. Monaco, 60, no 1268, 15 pp. (IAEA
Radioactivity in the sea, Publ. No 4). (Radioaktivitet)
Helland, P., 1963: Temperature and salinity variations in the upper layer at Ocean Weather Station M (66ºN,
2ºE). Årbok for Universitetet I Bergen, Mat.-Naturv. Serie, No 16, 26 pp. (St. M)
Heydt, von der K., and A. Baggeroer, 1994: Fifteen years of arctic acoustics and ice camps. Oceanus, 37, 2-5.
(Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Hibler, W. D., 1980: Sea ice growth, drift, and decay. In: Dynamics of snow and ice masses, S. C. Colbeck (Ed.),
Academic Press, New York, pp. 141-209. (Hvitt innbunnet hefte)
Higbie, R., 1935: The rate of absorption of a pure gas into a still liquid during short periods of exposure. Trans.
Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 35, 365-388. (Diverse kjemi)
Hill, A. E., and E. G. Mitchelson-Jacob, 1993: Observations of a poleward-flowing saline core on the continental
slope west of Scotland. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 1521-1527. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Hinrichsen, H.-H., and M. Tomczak, 1993: Optimum multiparameter analysis of the water mass structure in the
Western North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10155-10169. (OMP)
Hirai, S., K. Okazaki, Y. Tabe, K. Hijikata, and Y. Mori, 1997: Dissolution rate of liquid CO2 in pressurized
water flows and the effect on clathrate films. Energy, 22, 285-293. (Diverse kjemi)
Hirche, H.-J., M. E. M. Baumann, G. Kattner, and R. Gradinger, 1991: Plankton distribution and the impact of
copepod grazing on primary production in Fram Strait, Greenland Sea. J. Mar. Syst., 2, 477-494. (biologi)
Hirche, H.-J., W. Hagen, N. Mumm, and C. Richter, 1994: The Northeast Water Polynya III. Meso- and
macrozooplankton distribution and production of dominant herbivorous copepods during spring. Polar Biol.,
14, 491-503. (NEWP)
Hjort, C., 1997: Glaciation, climate history, changing marine levels and the evolution of the Northeast Water
Polynya. J Mar. Syst., 10, 23-33. (NEWP)
Hogg, N. G., 1983: A note on the deep circulation of the western North Atlantic: its nature and causes. Deep-Sea
Res., 30, 945-961. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Hogg, N., 1994: The deep basin experiment. Oceanus, 37, 22-25. (Oceanus - tynn rød perm, Atlantic ocean circ.)
Holland, D. M., L. A. Mysak, and J. M. Oberhuber, 1996: Simulation of the mixed layer circulation in the Arctic
Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 1111-1128. (Mixed layer)
Holliday, N. P., and J. F. Read, 1998: Surface oceanic fronts between Africa and Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. I, 45,
217-238. (Antarktis)
Hollister, C. D., and I. N. McCave, 1984: Sedimentation under deep-sea storms. Nature, 309, 220-225. (cosmos)
Holloway, G., 200?: Arctic Ocean change: What changes and what doesn’t. (Arktis, fysikk)
Holmes, R. M., B. J. Peterson, A. V. Zhulidov, V. V. Gordeev, P. N. Makkaveev, P. A. Stunzhas, L. S.
Kosmenko, G. H. Köhler, and A. I. Shiklomanov, 2001: Nutrient chemistry of the Ob’ and Yenisey Rivers,
Siberia: results from June 2000 expedition and evaluation of long-term data sets. Mar. Chem., 75, 219-227.
(Elver)
Honjo, S., 1994: A buoy for all arctic seasons: The ice-ocean environmental buoy. Oceanus, 37, 20-23.
(Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Hood, E. M, L. Merlivat, and T. Johannessen, 1999: Cariations of fCO2 and air-sea flux of CO2 in the Greenland
Sea gyre using high-frequency time series data from CARIOCA drift buoys. (CO2)
Hoppema, M., E. Fahrbach, and M. Schröder, 1997: On the total carbon dioxide and oxygen signature of the
Circumpolar Deep Water in the Weddell Gyre. Oceanologia Acta., 20, 783-798. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Hoppema, M., E. Fahrbach, M. H. C. Stoll, and H. J. W. de Baar, 1999: Annual uptake of atmospheric CO2 by
the Weddell Sea derived from surface layer balance, including estimations of entrainment and new
production. J. Mar. Syst., 19, 219-233. (CO2)
Hoppema, M., H. J. W. de Baar, R. G. J. Bellerby, E. Fahrbach, and K. Bakker, 2002: Annual export production
in the interior Weddell Gyre estimated from a chemical mass balance of nutrients. Deep-Sea Res. II, ???.
(Weddellhavet)
Hoppema, M., E. Fahrbach, M. Schröder, A. Wisotzki, and H. J. W. de Baar, 1995: Winter-summer differences
of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the Weddell Sea surface layer. Mar. Chem., 177-192. (Weddellhavet)
Horne, E. P. W., 1985: Ice-induced vertical circulation in an arctic fiord. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 1078-1086.
(Canadian Archipelago)
Horner, R., and G. C. Schrader, 1982: Relative Contribution of Ice Algae, Phytoplankton, and Benthic
Microalgae to Primary Production in Nearshore Regions of the Beaufort Sea. Arctic, 35, 485-503. (biologi)
Hsu, S. A., 1983: On the growth of a thermally modified boundary layer by advection of warm air over a cooler
sea. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 771-774. (diverse-oseanografi)
Huang, J., K. Higuchi, and A. Shabbar, 1998: The relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and El
Niño-Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2707-2710. (Klima)
Hufford, G. L., 1974: Dissolved oxygen and nutrients along the North Alaskan Shelf. In: The coast and shelf of
the Beaufort Sea, J. C. Reed and J. E. Slater (Eds.), The Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, pp.
567-588. (oksygen)
Hunkins, K., E. M. Thorndike, and G. Mathieu, 1969: Nepheloid layers and bottom currents in the Arctic Ocean.
J. Geophys. Res., 74, 6995-7008. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Huntley, M. E., M. D. G. Lopez, and D. M. Karl, 1991: Top Predators in the Southern Ocean: A Major Leak in
the Biological Carbon Pump. Science, 253, 64-66. (Biologi2)
Hupe, A., H. Thomas, V. Ittekkot, and R. Lendt, 2001: Inventory of released inorganic carbon from organic
matter remineralization in the deeper Arabian Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 106, C12, 31189-31196. (Karbon)
Huppert, H. E., 1971: On the stability of a series of double-diffusive layers. Deep-Sea Res., 18, 1005-1021.
(Turbulens)
Huppert, H. E., and E. G. Josberger, 1980: The melting of ice in cold stratified water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10,
953-960. (sjøis)
Huppert, H. E., and J. S. Turner, 1980: Ice blocks melting into a salinity gradient. J. Fluid Mech., 100, 367-384.
(sjøis)
Huppert, H. E., and J. S. Turner, 1981: Double-diffusive convection. J. Fluid Mech., 106, 299-329.
(Konveksjon)
Hurrell, J.W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation.
Science, 269, 676-679. (Klima)
Hurrell, J.W., 1996: Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on the Northern
Hemisphere temperature. Geophys. Res Lett., 23, 665-668. (Klima)
Huthnance, J. M., 1995: Circulation, exchange and water masses at the ocean margin: the role of physical
processes at the shelf edge. Prog. Oceanog. 35, 353-431. (Nordsjøen)
Hvinden, T., D. Hveding, A. Lillegraven, and S. H. Small, 1960: Cæsium 137 Fall-out over Norway since
September 1956. Nature, 188, 1177-1178. (Radioaktivitet)
Hvinden, T., D. Hveding, A. Lillegraven, and S. H. Small, 1960: Fall-out over Norway from high-yield nuclear
explosions. Nature, 185, 805-807. (Radioaktivitet)
Hwang, P. A., Y.-H. L. Hsu, and J. Wu, 1990: Air bubbles produced by breaking wind waves: A laboratory
study. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 19-28. (Flukser, bobler)
Häkkinen, S., and D. J. Cavalieri, 1989: A study of oceanic surface heat fluxes in the Greenland, Norwegian, and
Barents Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6145-6157. (Norskehavet)
Ikeda, M., 1990: Decadal oscillation of the air-ice-ocean system in the Northern Hemisphere. AtmosphereOcean, 28, 106-139. (Klima)
Imasato, N., T. Kobayashi, and S. Fujio, 2000: Study of water motion at the dissolved oxygen minimum layer
and local oxygen consumption rate from the lagrangian viewpoint. J. Oceanogr., 56, 361-377.
Ingvaldsen, R., L. Asplin, and H. Loeng, 1999: Short time variability in the Atlantic inflow to the Barents Sea.
ICES C.M. 1999/L:05. (Barentshavet)
Ingvaldsen, R., H. Loeng, and L. Asplin, 2002: Variability in the Atlantic inflow to the Barents Sea based on a
one-year time series from moored current meters. Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 505-519. (Barentshavet)
Irwin, B. D., 1990: Primary production of ice algae on a seasonally-ice-covered, continental shelf. Polar Biol.,
10, 247-254. (Prim. Prod)
Isachsen, P. E., J. H. LaCasce, C. Mauritzen, and S. Häkkinen, 2003: Wind-driven variability of the large-scale
recirculating flow in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2534-2550. (Nordiske hav)
Ishii, M., H. Y. Inoue, H. Matsueda, S. Saito, K. Fushimi, K. Nemoto, T. Yano, H. Nagai, and T. Midorikawa,
2001: Seasonal variation in total inorganic carbon and its controlling processes in surface waters of the
western North Pacific subtropical gyre. Mar. Chem., 75, 17-32. (Karbon)
Ivanenkov, V. N., 1980: Annual oxygen balance in the world ocean. Oceanology, 20, 419-423. (oksygen)
Ivanenkov, V. N., V. V. Sapozhnikov, A. M. Chernyakova, and A. N. Gusarova, 1972: Rate of chemical
processes in the photosynthetic layer of tropical Atlantic. Oceanology, 12, 207-214. (oksygen)
Iverson, R. L., H. C. Curl, Jr., and J. L. Saugen, 1974: Simulation model for wind-driven summer phytoplankton
dynamics in Auke Bay, Alaska. Mar. Biol., 28, 169-177. (biologi)
Iverson, R. L., T. E. Whitledge, and J. J. Goering, 1979: Chlorophyll and nitrate fine structure in the southeastern
Bering Sea shelf break front. Nature, 281, 664-666. (Nitrogen)
Jahnke, R. A., 1990: Ocean flux studies: a status report. Rev. Geophys., 28, 381-398. (CO2)
Jakobsen, P. K., 2000: Meso-scale eddies in the Nordic Seas. Master thesis in Physics and Geography, Roskilde
Universitetscenter. (Nordiske hav)
Jeffery, C. A., and P. H. Austin, 1997: Homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water: Results from a new
equation of state. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25269-25279. (sjøis)
Jeffries, M. O., K. Schwartz, K. Morris, A. D. Veazey, H. R. Krouse, and S. Cushing, 1995: Evidence for platelet
ice accretion in Arctic sea ice development. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10905-10914. (Sjøis)
Jenkins, A., and A. Bombosch, 1995: Modeling the effects of frazil ice crystals on the dynamics and
thermodynamics of Ice Shelf Water plumes. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6967-6981. (Sjøis)
Jenkins, W. J., 1982: Oxygen utilization rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in
oligotrophic systems. Nature, 300, 246-248. (Oksygen)
Jenkins, W. J., 1988: The use of anthropogenic tritium and helium-3 to study subtropical gyre ventilation and
circulation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A325, 43-61. (Diverse kjemi)
Jenkins, W. J., 1988: Nitrate flux into the euphotic zone near Bermuda. Nature, 331, 521-523. (Nitrogen)
Jenkins, W. J., and J. C. Goldman, 1985: Seasonal oxygen cycling and primary production in the Sargasso Sea. .
J. Mar. Res., 43, 465-491. (Oxygen)
Jenkins, W. J., and P. B. Rhines, 1980: Tritium in the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 286, 877-880. (Tracers
i arktiske havområder)
Jin, M., and J. Wang, 200?: Shelf dense water transport in the Beaufort Sea. ???. (Beauforthavet)
Johannessen, J. A., and H. G. Gade, 1984: A case study of the variations in the upper ocean at Ocean Weather
Ship Mike (66°N, 2°E) in the Norwegian Sea. Geophysica Norvegica, 32, 165-175. (St. Mike)
Johannessen, J. A., B. Hackett, E. Svendsen, H. Søiland, G. Evensen, L. P. Røed, N. Winther, J. Albretsen, M.
Skogen, L. Pettersson, D. Durand, and D. Obaton, 2005: Monitoring the Norwegian Coastal Zone
environment (MONCOZE). Manuskript (Nordsjøen)
Johns, W. E., and D. R. Watts, 1985: Gulf Stream meanders: Observations on the deep currents. J. Geophys.
Res., 90, 4819-4832. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Johnson, G. C., and H. L. Bryden, 1989: On the size of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res., 36,
39-53. (Antarktis)
Johnson, K. M., C. M. Burney, and J. McN. Sieburth, 1981: Enigmatic Marine Ecosystem Metabolism Measured
by Direct Diel CO2 and O2 Flux in Conjunction with DOC Release and Uptake. Mar. Biol., 65, 49-60.
(Prim. Prod)
Johnson, K. M., A. Körtzinger, L. Mintrop, J. C. Duinker, and D. W. R. Wallace, 1999: Coulometric total carbon
dioxide analysis for marine studies: measurements and internal consistency of underway TCO2
concentrations. Mar. Chem., 67, 123-144. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Johnson, M. A., 1964: Turbidity currents. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 2, 31-43. (Turbulens)
Jones, E. P., and L. G. Anderson, 1986: On the origin of the chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean halocline. J.
Geophys. Res., 91, 10759-10767. (haloklin)
Jones, E. P., and L. G. Anderson, 1990: On the origin of the properties of the Arctic Ocean halocline north of
Ellesmere Island: results from the Canadian Ice Island. Cont. Shelf Res., 10, 485-498. (Haloklin)
Jones, E. P., and A. R. Coote, 1980: Nutrient distribution in the Canadian Archipelago: Indicators of summer
water mass and flow characteristics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37, 589-599. (Canadian Archipelago)
Jones, E. P., L. G. Anderson, and J. H. Swift, 1998: Distribution of Atlantic and Pacific waters in the upper
Arctic Ocean: Implications for circulation. Geophys. Res. Let., 25, 765-768. (PacW)
Jones, E. P., L. G. Anderson, and D. W. R. Wallace, 1991: Tracers of near-surface, halocline and deep waters in
the Arctic Ocean: Implications for circulation. J. Mar. Sys., 2, 241- 255. (haloklin.)
Jones, E. P., A. R. Coote, and E. M. Levy, 1983: Effect of sea ice meltwater on the alkalinity of seawater. J. Mar.
Res., 41, 43-52. (alkalinitet)
Jones, E. P., D. Dyrssen, and A. R. Coote, 1984: Nutrient regeneration in deep Baffin Bay with consequences for
measurements of the conservative tracer NO and fossil fuel CO2 in the oceans. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 41,
30-35. (Redfield)
Jones, E. P., B. Rudels, and L. G. Anderson, 1995: Deep waters of the Arctic Ocean: origins and circulation.
Deep-Sea Res., 41, 737-760. (Arktis - Generelt)
Jones, E. P., L. G. Anderson, S. Jutterstöm, and J. H. Swift, 2005: Sources and distribution of fresh water in the
East Greenland Current. Manuskript. (EGC)
Jones, E. P., J. H. Swift, L. G. Anderson, M. Lipizer, G. Civitarese, K. K. Falkner, G. Kattner, and F. A.
McLaughlin, 2003: Tracing Pacific Water in the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 108, C4, 3116,
doi:10.1029/2001JC001141. (PacW)
Jones, P. D., 1994: Recent warming in global temperature series. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1149-1152. (Global
oppvarming)
Jones, P. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. B. Wright, 1986: Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984.
Nature, 322, 430-434. (Global oppvarming)
Jónsson, S., 1991: A comparison between wind stresses, based on geostrophically derived and observed winds, at
Weather Ship M in the Norwegian Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 38, 607-615. (Norskehavet)
Jónsson, S., 1991: Wind stress curl over the Nordic Seas and its relation to hydrographic variability. ICES
1991/Variability Symp./Paper No5/session1. (Nordiske hav)
Jónsson, S., 1991: Seasonal and interannual variability of wind stress curl over the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res.,
96, 2649-2659. (Norskehavet)
Jónsson, S., 1992: The transport and circulation in Fram Strait. ICES C.M./C:10. (Framstredet)
Josberger, E. G., and S. Martin, 1981: A laboratory and theoretical study of the boundary layer adjacent to a
vertical melting ice wall in salt water. J. Fluid Mech., 111, 439-473. (sjøis)
Joyce, T. M., 1977: A note on the lateral mixing of water masses. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 626-629. (Turbulens)
Jähne, B., and H. Haußecker, 1998: Air-water gas exchange. Ann. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 30, 443-468. (flukser,
bobbler)
Jähne, B., G. Heinz, and W. Dietrich, 1987: Measurement of the diffusion coefficient of sparingly soluble gases
in water. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10767-10776. (Flukser)
Jähne, B., K. O. Münnich, and U. Siegenthaler, 1979: Measurements of gas exchange and momentum transfer in
circular wind-water tunnel. Tellus, 31, 321-329. (Flukser)
Kaas, H., B. Kruse, and G. Ærtebjerg, 1987: Iltsvind i 1986. Vand & Miljø, 2, 65-67. (Oksygen)
Kahma, K. K., 1981: A study of the growth of the wave spectrum with fetch. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1503-1515.
(Diverse - oseanografi)
Kaiser, J., 1998: Possibly vast greenhouse gas sponge ignites controversy. Science, 282, 386-387. (Global
oppvarming)
Kanwisher, J., 1963: On the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the sea. Deep-Sea Res., 10, 195-207.
(Flukser, bobler)
Karcher, M. J., and J. M. Oberhuber, 2002: Pathways and modification of the upper and intermediate waters of
the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 107, C6, 10.1029/2000JC000530. (Haloklin)
Karcher, M. J., R. Gerdes, F. Kauker, and U. Schauer, 2004: Transformation of Atlantic Water in the Barents Sea
between 1948 and 2002. ???? (Barentshavet)
Karl, D. M., G. A. Knauer, and J. H. Martin, 1988: Downward flux of particulate organic matter in the ocean: a
particle decomposition paradox. Nature, 332, 438-441. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Karl, D. M., B. D. Tilbrook, and G. Tien, 1991: Seasonal coupling of organic matter production and particle flux
in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res., 38, 1097-1126. (POM/DOM)
Karstensen, J., and M. Tomczak, 1998: Age determination of mixed water masses using CFC and oxygen data. J.
Geophys. Res., 103, 18599-18609. (OMP)
Karstensen, J., P. Schlosser, J. Bullister, and D. Wallace, 2002: Hydrographic and transient tracer response on
atmospheric changes over the Nordic Seas. Exchanges, 25, 1-4. (Nordiske hav)
Katsaros, K. B., L. A. McMurdie, R. J. Lind, and J. E. DeVault, 1985: Albedo of water surface, spectral
variation, effects of atmospheric transmittance, sun angle and wind speed. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7313-7321.
(Diverse - oseanografi)
Kattner, G., and G. Budéus, 1997: Nutrient status of the Northeast Water Polynya. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 185-197.
(NEWP)
Kattner, G., J. M. Lobbes, H. P. Fitznar, R. Engbrodt, E.-M. Nöthig, and R. J. Lara, 1999: Tracing dissolved
organic substances and nutrients from the Lena River through Laptev Sea (Arctic). Mar. Chem., 65, 25-39.
(POM DOM)
Kauker, F., R. Gerdes, and C. Köberle, 1999: Propagation of temperature and salinity anomalies in the Nordic
Seas as derived from a multi-decadal OGCM simulation. ICES CM 1999/L:12. (Nordiske hav)
Kauppi, O. E., K. Mielikäinen, and K. Kuusela, 1992: Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971 to
1990. Science, 256, 70-74. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Keeling, R. F., 1993: On the role of large bubbles in air-sea gas exchange and supersaturation in the ocean. J.
Mar. Res., 51, 237-271. (Flukser, bobbler)
Keeling, R. F., and H. E. Garcia, 2002: The change in oceanic O2 inventory associated with recent global
warming. PNAS, 99, no.12, 7848-7853. (Oksygen)
Keeling, R. F., and S. R. Shertz, 1992: Seasonal and Interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and
implications for the global carbon cycle. Nature, 358, 723.727. (O2)
Keeling, R. F., S. C. Piper, and M. Heimann, 1996: Global hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in
atmospheric O2 concentration. Nature, 381, 218-221. (CO2)
Keeling, R. F., B. B. Stephens, R. G. Najjar, S. C. Doney, D. Archer, and M. Heimann, 1998: Seasonal variations
in the atmospheric O2/N2 ratio in relation to the kinetics of air-sea gas exchange. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, 12, 141-163.
Keen, T. R., and S. M. Glenn, 1995: A coupled hydrodynamic-bottom boundary layer model of storm and tidal
flow in the middle Atlantic Bight of North America. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 391-406. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Keene, N. K., W. O. Smith, Jr., and G. Kattner, 1991: Nitrogen uptake in two frontal areas in the Greenland Sea.
Polar Biol., 11, 219-225. (nitrogen)
Kelgwin, L. D., W. B. Curry, S. J. Lehman, S. Johnsen, 1994: The role of the deep ocean in North Atlantic
climate change between 70 and 130 kyr ago. Nature, 371, 323-326. (Klima)
Kelly, K. A., and S. T. Gille, 1990: Gulf Stream surface transport and statistics at 69W from the Geosat
Altimeter. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3149-3161. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Kelly, P. M., D. A. Campbell, P. P. Micklin, and J. R. Tarrant, 1983: Large-scale water transfers in the USSR.
GeoJourna,l 7.3, 201-214. (elver)
Kerr, R. A., 2005: Scary Arctic ice loss? Blame the wind. Science, 307, 203. (AO)
Ketchum, B. H., J. H. Ryther, C. S. Yentsch, and N. Corwin, 19??: Productivity in relation to nutrients. ?? 132140. (nitrogen)
Kikuchi, T., K. Hatakeyama, J. H. Morison, 2004: Distribution of convective Lower Halocline Water in the
eastern Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12030, doi:10.1029/2003JC002223. (Haloklin)
Killworth, P. D., 1979: A discussion of deep circulation processes. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 275-281. (Diverseoseanografi)
Killworth, P. D., 1979: On «chimney» formations in the ocean. Am. Met. Soc., 9, 531-554. (Konveksjon)
Killworth, P. D., 1983: Deep convection in the world ocean. Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys., 21, 1, 1-26.
(Konveksjon)
Killworth, P. D., and J. M. Smith, 1984: A one-and-a-half dimensional model for the Arctic halocline. Deep-Sea
Res., 31, 271-293. (Arktis - Generelt)
Kinder, T. H., D. C. Chapman, and J. A. Whitehead Jr., 1986: Westward intensification of the mean circulation
on the Bering Sea Shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1217-1229. (Bering Sea)
Kinney, P., M. E. Arhelger, and D. C. Burrell, 1970: Chemical characteristics of water masses in the Amerasian
Basin of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 4097-4104. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Kirwan Jr., A. D., G. J. McNally, E. Reyna, and W. J. Merrell Jr., 1978: The near-surface circulation of the
eastern North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 937-945. (Stillehavet)
Kitaigorodskii, S. A., and M. A. Donelan, 1984: Wind-wave effects on gas transfer. In: Gas Transfer at Water
Surfaces, W. ??, and G. H. Jirka (Eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, 147-170. (Flukser)
Kitano, K., 1970: A note on the thermal structure of the Eastern Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 1110-1115.
(Bering Sea)
Klein, B., and M. Tomczak, 1994: Identification of diapycnal mixing through optimum multiparameter analysis
2. Evidence for unidirectional diapycnal mixing in the front between North and South Atlantic Central Water.
J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25275-25280. (OMP)
Klein, H., 1987: Benthic storms, vortices, and particle dispersion in the deep west European Basin. Deutsche
Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 40, 87-102. (cosmos)
Klein, P., and B. Coste, 1984: Effects of wind-stress variability on nutrient transport into the mixed layer. DeepSea Res., 31, 21-37. (Mixed layer)
Knapp, G. P., M.C. Stalcup, and R.J. Stanley, 1991: Iodine losses during Winkler titrations. Deep-Sea Res., 38,
121-128. (Oksygen titrering)
Knauss, J. A., 1969: A note on the transport of the Gulf Stream. Deep-Sea Res., 16, Suppl., 117-123. (Nordlige
Atlanterhav)
Koltermann, K. P., 1985: New evidence for a deep boundary current of polar origin through Fram Strait. ICES
C.M./C:38. (Framstredet)
Koltermann, K. P., A. V. Sokov, V. P. Tereschenkov, S. A. Dobroliubov, K. Lorbacher, and A. Sy, 1999:
Decadal changes in the thermohaline circulation of the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., II, 46, 109-138.
(Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Kontar, E. A., and A. V. Sokov, 1994: A benthic storm in the northeastern tropical Pacific over the fields of
manganese nodules. Deep-Sea Res., 41, 1069-1089. (cosmos)
Krauss, W., 1986: The North Atlantic Current. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5061-5074. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Kreps, E., and N. Verjbinskaya, 1930: Seasonal changes in the phosphate and nitrate content and in hydrogen ion
concentration in the Barents Sea. Journal du Conseil, 5, 329-346. (nitrogen)
Kreps, E., and N. Verjbinskaya, 19??: The consumption of nutrient salts in the Barents Sea. ?? (nitrogen)
Kress, N., and B. Herut, 2001: Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern
Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences
on the N:P ratios. Deep-Sea Res. I, 48, 2347-2372. (Redfield)
Krishfield, R. A., 200?: Annual variability of heat in the Arctic mixed layer beneath pack ice from drifting buoy
observations. ???. (Arktis fysikk)
Kristiansen, S., and T. Farbrot, 1991: Nitrogen uptake rates in phytoplankton and ice algae in the Barents Sea. In:
Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology, Tronheim 12-16 May 1990, E.
Sakshaug, C. C. E. Hopkins, and N. A. Øritsland (Eds.), pp. 187-192. (nitrogen)
Kristiansen, S., and B. Aa. Lund, 1989: Nitrogen cycling in the Barents Sea-I. Uptake of nitrogen in the water
column. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 255-268. (Nitrogen)
Kristmannsson, S. S., 1991: Flow of Atlantic water into the northern Icelandic shelf area, 1985-1989. ICES
C.M./C:11. (Islandshavet)
Kristmannsson, S. S., S.-A. Malmberg, and J. Briem, 1989: Inflow of warm Atlantic water to the Subarctic
Iceland Sea. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 188, 74. (Islandshavet + bok)
Kroopnick, P. M., 1985: The distribution of 13C of CO2 in the world oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 32, 57-84.
(Karbon 13 og 14)
Krysell, M., and D. W. R. Wallace, 1988: Arctic Ocean ventilation studied with a suite of anthropogenic
halocarbon tracers. Science, 242, 746-749. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Kumar, A., A. Leetmaa, and J. Ming, 1994: Simulations of Atmospheric Variability Induced by Sea Surface
Temperatures and Implications for Global Warming. Science, 266, 632-634. (Global oppvarming)
Kvamstø, N.G., 1991: An investigation of diagnostic relations between stratiform fractional cloud cover and
other meteorological parameters in numerical weather prediction models. J. Appl. Met., 30, 200-216. (Klima)
Kwok, R., G. F. Cunningham, and S. S. Pang, 2004: Fram Strait sea ice outflow. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01009,
doi:10.1029/2003JC001785. (Framstredet)
Körtzinger, A., W. Koeve, P. Kähler, and L. Mintrop, 1999: On the development of mixed layer C:N ratios
during the productive season in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, ??? (Redfield)
Lacan, F., and C. Jeandel, 2004: Denmark Strait water circulation traced by heterogeneity in neodymium isotopic
composition. Deep-Sea Res. I, 51, 71-82. (Overflow)
Laevastu, T., 1984: Monthly, seasonal, and interannual variations of the heat content in the surface layers of the
northern hemisphere oceans. Dt. Hydrogr. Z., 37,107-123. (Diverse-oseanografi)
LaFond, E. C., 1960: Arctic oceanography by submarines. U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Sept. 1960, 90-96.
(Arktis - Generelt)
Lake, R. A., and E. L. Lewis., 1970: Salt rejection by sea ice during growth. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 583-597.
(Cosmos)
Lamarre, E., and W. K. Melville, 1991: Air entrainment and dissipation in breaking waves. Nature, 351, 469472. (Flukser, bobler)
Lamb, H. H., 1969: The New Look of Climatology. Nature, 223, 1209-1215. (Klima)
Lancelot, C., and G. Billen, 1985: Carbon-nitrogen relationships in nutrient metabolism of coastal marine
ecosystems. Adv. Aquat. Micribiol., 3, 263-321. (Redfield)
Lane-Serff, G. F., 1995: On meltwater under ice shelves. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6961-6965. (sjøis)
Langhorne, P. J., and W. H. Robinson, 1986: Alignment of crystals in sea ice due to fluid motion. Cold Reg. Sci.
Tech., 12, 197-214. (Cosmos)
Lapadula, C. A., and W. K. Mueller, 1970: The effect of buoyancy on the formation of a solid deposit freezing
onto a vertical surface. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 13, 13-26. (sjøis)
Lara, R. J., G. Kattner, U. Tillmann, and H.-J. Hirche, 1994: The Northeast Water polynya (Greenland Sea) II.
Mechanisms of nutrient supply and influence on phytoplankton distribution. Polar Biol., 14, 483-490.
(NEWP)
Lara, R. J., V. Rachold, G. Kattner, H. W. Hubberten, G. Guggenberger, A. Skoog, and D. N. Thomas, 1998:
Dissolved organic matter and nutrients in the Lena River, Siberian Arctic: Characteristics and distribution.
Mar. Chem., 59, 301-309. (POM DOM)
Larsen, J. C., and T. B. Sanford, 1985: Florida Current volume transports from voltage measurements. Science,
227, 302-303. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Latif, M., and T. P. Barnett, 1994: Causes of Decadal Climate Variability over the North Pacific and North
America. Science, 266, 634-637. (Klima)
Launiainen, J., and T. Vihma, 1990: Derivation of turbulent surface fluxes - An iterative flux-profile method
allowing arbitrary observing heights. Environmental Software, 5, 113-124. (Flukser)
Law, C. S., A. J. Watson, M. I. Liddicoat, and T. Stanton, 1998: Sulphur hexafluoride as a tracer of
biogeochemical and physical processes in an open-ocean iron fertilisation experiment. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45,
977-994. (Diverse kjemi)
Law, C. S., A. P. Martin, M. I. Liddicoat, A. J. Watson, K. J. Richards, and E. M. S. Woodward, 2001: A
Lagrangian SF6 tracer study of an anticyclonic eddy in the North Atlantic: patch evolution, vertical mixing
and nutrient supply to the mixed layer. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 705-724. (Mixed layer)
Law, R. M., P.J. Rayner, A.S. Denning, D. Erickson, I.Y. Fung, M. Heimann, S.C. Piper, M. Ramonet, S.
Taguchi, J.A. Taylor, C.M. Trudinger, and I.G. Watterson, 1996: Variations in modeled atmospheric
transport of carbon dioxide and the consequences for CO2 inversions. Global Biogeochemical cycles, 10, 4,
783-796. (CO2)
Laws, E. A., 1991: Photosynthetic quotients, new production, and net community production in the open ocean.
Deep-Sea Res., 38, 143-167. (produksjon)
Laws, E. A., and J. W. Archie, 1981: Appropriate use of regression analysis in marine biology. Mar. Biol., 65,
13-16. (Diverse A)
Lazar, B., and J. Erez, 1992: Carbon geochemistry of marine-derived brines: I. 13C depletions due to intense
photosynthesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 335-345. (Karbon 13 og 14. Også om alkalinitet)
Lazar, B., A. Starinsky, A. Katz, E. Sass, and S. Ben-Yaakov, 1983: The carbonate system in hypersaline
solutions: Alkalinity and CaCO3 solubility of evaporated seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28, 978-986.
(Alkalinitet)
Lazier, J. R. N., 19??: The renewal of Labrador Sea Water. Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S. 83-90.
(Labrador sea)
Lazier, J. R. N., 1973: The renewal of Labrador Sea Water. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 341-353. (Labrador sea)
Lazier, J. R. N., 1982: Seasonal variability of temperature and salinity in the Labrador Current. J. Mar. Res., 40,
Supplement, 341-356. (Labrador sea)
Lazier, J. R. N., 1988: Temperature and salinity changes in the seep Labrador Sea, 1962-1986. Deep-Sea Res.,
35, 1247-1253. (Labrador sea)
Lazier, J. R. N., and D. G. Wright, 1993: Annual velocity variations in the Labrador Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
23, 659-678. (Labrador sea)
LeBlond, P. H., 1980: On the surface circulation in some channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Arctic,
33, 189-197. (Canadian Archipelago)
Leck, C., U. Larsson, L. E. Bågander, S. Johansson, and S. Hajdu, 1990: Dimethyl sulfid in the Baltic Sea:
Annual variability in relation to biological activity. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3353-3363. (Diverse kjemi)
Ledwell, J. J., 1984: The variation of the gas transfer coefficient with molecular diffusivity. In: Gas Transfer at
Water Surfaces, W. Brutsaert and G. H. Jirka (Eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland,
pp. 293-302. (Flukser, bobler)
Ledwell, J. R., E. T. Montgomery, K. L. Polzin, L. C. St. Laurent, R. W. Schmitt, and J. M. Toole, 2000:
Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean. Nature, 403, 179-182. (cosmos)
Lee, A., 1963: The hydrography of the European Arctic and Subarctic Seas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 1,
47-76. (Nordiske hav)
Lee, A., and D. Ellett, 1965: On the contribution of overflow water from the Norwegian Sea to the hydrographic
structure of the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 12, 129-142. (Overflow water)
Lee, K., and F. J. Millero, 1995: Thermodynamic studies of the carbonate system in seawater. Deep-Sea Res., 42,
2035-2061. (diverse kjemi)
Legendre, L., and M. Gosselin, 1989: New production and export of organic matter to the deep ocean:
Consequences of some recent discoveries. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1374-1380. (produksjon)
Leinebø, R., 1973: Water masses and current in a section across the Norwegian Shelf off Stad. «Meteor»
Forsch.-Ergebnisse, 12, 11-23. (Nordsjøen)
Leinebø, R., 1991: Oxygen variation in the arctic intermediate water at ocean weather station Mike (N66 E2).
ICES C.M./C:6. (Stasjon M - hvit perm)
Lemke, P., and T. O. Manley, 1984: The seasonal variation of the mixed layer and the pycnocline under polar sea
ice. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6494-6504. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Leppäranta, M., and A. Omstedt, 1990: Dynamic coupling of sea ice and water for an ice field with free
boundaries. Tellus, 42A, 482-495. (sjøis)
Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, and T. P. Boyer, 1994: Interannual Variability of Temperature at a Depth of 125
Meters in the North Atlantic Ocean. Science, 266, 96-99. (Nordlige atlanterhav)
Levitus, S., M. E. Conkright, J. L. Reid, R. G. Najjar, and A. Mantyla, 1993: Distribution of nitrate, phosphate
and silicate in the world oceans. Prog. Oceanog., 31, 245-273. (Nitrogen)
Lewis, E. L., 1967: Heat flow through winter ice. In: Physics of snow and ice: International Conference on low
temperature Science, H. Ôura (Ed.), Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
pp. 611-631. (sjøis)
Lewis, E. L., and R. G. Perkin, 1982: Seasonal mixing processes in an Arctic fjord system. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
12, 74-83. (Nordsjøen-fjorder)
Lewis, E. L., and R. G. Perkin, 1983: Supercooling and energy exchange near the Arctic Ocean surface. J.
Geophys. Res., 88, 7681-7685. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Lewis, E. L., and R. G. Perkin, 1986: Ice pumps and their rates. J. Geophys. Res., 91, C10, 11756-11762.
(Polaroseanografi)
Lewis, E. R., and D. W. R. Wallace, 1998: Program developed for CO2 system calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Dep. Of Energy, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee.
Lewis, G. J., and T. G. Thompson, 1950: The effect of freezing on the sulfate/chlorinity ratio of sea water. J.
Mar. Res., 9, 211-217. (Sjøis)
Lewis, M. R., W. G. Harrison, N. S. Oakey, D. Hebert, and T. Platt, 1986: Vertical nitrate fluxes in the
oligotrophic ocean. Science, 234, 870-873. (Nitrogen)
Lherminier, P., J.-C. Gascard, and D. Quadfasel, 1999: The Greenland Sea in winter 1993 and 1994:
preconditioning for deep convection. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 1199-1235. (Grønlandshavet)
Liss, P. S., 1973: Processes of gas exchange across an air-water interface. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 221-238. (Flukser)
Liss, P. S., 1983: Gas transfer: Experiments and geochemical implications. In: Air-sea exchange of gases and
particles, P. S. Liss and G. N. Slinn (Eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, 241-298. (Flukser)
Liss, P. S., 1983: The exchange of biogeochemically important gases across the air-sea interface. In: The major
biogeochemical cycles and their interactions, B. Bolin and R. B. Cook (Eds.), SCOPE(?), 411-426. (Flukser)
Liss, P. S., 1988: Tracers of air-sea gas exchange. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 93-103 (Flukser)
Liss, P. S., and L. Merlivat, 1986: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. In: The role of air-sea
exchange in geochemical cycling. P. Buat-Ménard (Ed.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, 113-127. (Flukser)
Liss, P. S., and P. G. Slater, 1974: Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature, 247, 181-184. (Flukser)
Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros, and J. A. Businger, 1979: Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and
vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J. Atm. Sci., 36, 1722-1735. (Cosmos)
Livingston, H. D., 19??: Anthropogenic radiotracer evolution in the Central Greenland Sea. ?, 43-53. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Livingston, H. D., 1988: The use of Cs and Sr isotopes as tracers in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 325, 161-176. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Livingston, H. D., S. L. Kupferman, V. T. Bowen, and R. M. Moore, 1984: Vertical profile of artificial
radionuclide concentrations in the Central Arctic Ocean. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 2195-2203.
(Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Livingstone, H. D., V. T. Bowen, and S. L. Kupferman, 1982: Radionuclides from Windscale discharges I:
nonequilibrium tracer experiments in high-latitude oceanography. J. Mar. Res., 40, 253-272. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Ljøen, R., 1962: The waters of the western and northern coasts of Norway. Reports on Norwegian Fishery and
Marine Investigations, 13, 2, 39 pp. (Nordsjøen - Norskehavet)
Lobbes, J. M., H. P. Fitznar, and G. Kattner, 2000: Biogeochemical characteristics of dissolved and particulate
organic matter in Russian rivers entering the Arctic Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 29732983. (Elver)
Loeng, H., 19??: Klimaets innvirkning på marine ressurser. (Klima)
Loeng, H., 1980: Fysisk oseanografiske undersøkelser i sentrale deler av Barentshavet. Fisken Hav., 3, 29-60.
(Barentshavet)
Loeng, H., 1983: Klimavariasjoner i tre hydrografiske snitt i Barentshavet i perioden 1977-1982. Fisken Hav.,
1983, 3, 5-21. (Barentshavet)
Loeng, H., 1984: Klimaforholdene i Barentshavet i 1983. Fisken Hav., 1984, 1, 9-15. (Barentshavet)
Loeng, H., 1989: Ecological features of the Barents Sea. In: Proceedings of the sixth conference of the Comité
Arctique International 13-15 May. Rey, L., and V. Alexander (Eds.), 327-365. (Barentshavet)
Loeng, H., 1991: Features of the physical oceanographic conditions of the Barents Sea. Polar Research 10, 5-18.
(Barentshavet)
Loeng, H., J. Blindheim, B. Ådlandsvik, and G. Ottersen, 1992: Climatic variability in the Norwegian and
Barents Seas. ICES mar. Sci. Symp. 195, 52-61. (Barentshavet)
Loeng, H., V. Ozhigin, and B. Ådlandsvik, 1997: Water fluxes through the Barents Sea. (1995:ICES
C.M./Mini:10. Og) ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54, 310-317. (Barentshavet)
Loh, A. N., and J. E. Bauer, 2000: Distribution, partitioning and fluxes of dissolved and particulate organic C, N
and P in the eastern North Pacific and Southern Oceans. Deep-Sea Res. I, 47, 2287-2316. (POM DOM)
Longhurst, A. R., 1989: Pelagic ecology: Definition of pathways for material and energy flux. In: Océanologie
actualité et prospective, M. M. Denis (Ed.), Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille, pp. 263-288. (Biologi2)
Longhurst, A. R., 1991: Role of the marine biosphere in the global carbon cycle. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 15071526. (Biologi2)
Longhurst, A. R., and W. G. Harrison, 1989: The biological pump: Profiles of plankton production and
consumption in the upper layer. Prog. Oceanog., 22, 47-123. (hvitt hefte)
Lorentzen, C. J., 19??: Surface chlorophyll as an index of the depth, chlorophyll content, and primary
productivity in the euphotic layer. ?????, 479-480. (Produksjon)
Louanchi, F., N. Metzl, and A. Poisson, 1996: Modelling the monthly sea surface fCO2 fields in the Indian
Ocean. Mar. Chem., 55, 265-279. (CO2)
Louanchi, F., D. P. Ruiz-Pino, and A. Poisson, 1999: Temporal variations of mixed-layer oceanic CO2 at JGOFSKERFIX time-series station: Physical versus biogeochemical processes. J. Mar. Res., 57, 165-187. (Karbon)
Lucas, C. E., 19??: External metabolites and productivity. 155-158. (produksjon)
Ludwig, W., and J. L. Probst, 1996: A global modelling of the climate, morphological and lithological control of
river sediment discharges to the oceans. In: Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives,
IAHS Publ., no. 236, pp. 21-28. (Elver)
Ludwig, W., J. L. Probst, and S. Kempe, 1996: Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental
erosion. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 23-41. (Elver)
Ludwig, W., P. Amiotte-Suchet, and J.-L. Probst, 1996: River discharges of carbon to the world’s oceans:
determining local inputs of alkalinity and of dissolved and particulate organic carbon. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t.
323, série lla, 1007-1014. (Elver)
Ludwig, W., P. Amiotte-Suchet, G. Munhoven, and J. L. Probst, 199?: Atmospheric CO2 consumption by
continental erosion: Present-day controls and implications for the last glacial maximum. Global and
Planetary Changes, in press. (Elver)
Lueker, T. J., A. G. Dickson, and C. D. Keeling, 2000: Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon,
alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2, validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and
seawater at equilibrium. Mar. Chem., 70, 105-119. (CO2)
Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom, 1991: The mixed layer of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean. . J. Geophys. Res.,
96, Supl., 3343-3357. (Mixed layer)
Lundberg, L., 1994: CO2 air-sea exchange in the Nordic Seas. An attempt to make an estimate based on data.
Ocean. Act. 17, 2, 159-175. (CO2)
Lundberg, L., and G. Walin, 19??: The distribution of the geostrophic flow in a stratified surface layer. Tellus,
42allmenn, 583-593. (Diverse oseanografi)
Lundberg, L., and P.M. Haugan, 1996: A Nordic Seas-Arctic Ocean carbon budget from volume flows and
inorganic carbon data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 493-510. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Lundberg, L., and L. Rydberg, 19??: Calculation of vertical heat transfer and nutrient uptake during the Baltic
Sea spring bloom in 1986. Manuscript. (Oksygen)
Lyakhin, Yu. I., 1970: Saturation of water of the Sea of Okhotsk with calcium carbonate. Oceanology, 10, 789795. (Alkalinitet)
Lyakhin, Yu. I., and V. P. Rusanov, 1980: Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the Arctic Basin and
the atmosphere. Oceanology, 20, 411-418. (Oksygen)
Lyakhin, Yu. I., and V. P. Rusanov, 1983: Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between water and atmosphere in the
Arctic Seas. Oceanology, 23, 722-726. (Oksygen)
Lönnroth, N., J. Haapala, and A. Stössel, 200?: An idealized study of open ocean water formation in sea ice. ???.
(Weddellhavet)
Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., V. C. Garcon, C. Provost, M. Boulahdid, and A. P. Osiroff, 1992: Brazil-Malvinas
confluence: Water mass composition. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9493-9505. (OMP)
Macdonald, R., 1996: Awakenings in the Arctic. Nature, 380, 286-287. (Arktis - generelt)
Macdonald, R. W., and J. M. Bewers, 199?: Scientific considerations to aid in the evaluation and development of
strategies and legal instruments for the protection of the Arctic marine environment. Manuskript. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Macdonald, R. W., and E. C. Carmack, 1991: Age of Canada Basin Deep Waters: A way to estimate primary
production for the Arctic Ocean. Science, 254, 1348-1350. (Primær produksjon i Arktis)
Macdonald, R. W., and E. C. Carmack, 1991: The role of large-scale under-ice topography in separating estuary
and ocean on an arctic shelf. Atmosphere-Ocean, 29, 37-53. (Marginal seas)
Macdonald, R. W., and E. C. Carmack, 1993: Tritium and radiocarbon dating of Canada Basin Deep Waters.
Science, 259, 103-104. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Macdonald, R. W., and F. A. McLaughlin, 1982: The effect of storage by freezing on dissolved inorganic
phosphate, nitrate and reactive silicate for samples from coastal and estuarine waters. Water Res., 16, 95-104.
(Silikat)
Macdonald, R. W., C. S. Wong, and P. E. Erickson, 1987: The distribution of nutrients in the southeastern
Beaufort Sea: Implications for water circulation and primary production. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2939-2952.
(Beauforthavet)
Macdonald, R. W., D. W. Paton, and E. C. Carmack, 1995: The freshwater budget and under-ice spreading of
Mackenzie River water in the Canadian Beaufort Sea based on salinity and 18O/16O measurements in water
and ice. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 895-919. (Marginal seas)
Macdonald, R. W., E. C. Carmack, F. A. McLaughlin, K. Iseki, D. M. Macdonald, and M. C. O’Brien, 1989:
Composition and modification of water masses in the Mackenzie Shelf Estuary. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1805718070. (Marginal seas)
Macdonald, R. W., E. C. Carmack, F. A. McLaughlin, K. K. Falkner, and J. H. Swift, 1999: Connections among
ice, runoff and atmospheric forcing in the Beaufort Gyre. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, NO. 15, 2223-2226.
(Beauforthavet)
Machta, L., 19??: The role of the oceans and biosphere in the carbon dioxide cycle. ????, 121-145. (CO2)
Mackas, D. L., K. L. Denman, and A. F. Bennett, 1987: Least squares multiple tracer analysis of water mass
composition. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2907-2918. (OMP)
Mahadevan, A., and D. Archer, 2000: Modeling the impact of fronts and mesoscale circulation on the nutrient
supply and biogeochemistry of the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1209-1225. (karbon 13 og 14)
Maillard, C., 1984: Mean circulation and exchanges in the Northeastern Atlantic from historical data. Rapp. P.-v.
Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 185, 131-139. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Male, D. H., 1980: The seasonal snowcover. In: Dynamics of snow and ice masses, S. C. Colbeck (Ed.),
Academic Press, New York, pp. 305-395. (Hvitt innbunnet hefte)
Malmberg, S.-A., 1972: Intermediate Polar Water in the Denmark Strait - «overflow» August 1971. ICES
C.M./C:6. (Overflow water)
Malmberg, S.-A., 1984: Hydrographic conditions in the East Icelandic Current and sea ice in North Icelandic
waters, 1970-1980. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 185, 170-178. (Islandshavet)
Malmberg, S.-A., 1991: Greenland Sea Project 1987-1991. ICES C.M./C:36. (Grønnlandshavet)
Malmberg, S.-A., and J. Blindheim, 1994: Climate, cod, and capelin in northern waters. ICES mar. Sci. Symp.,
198, 297-310. (Islandshavet)
Malmberg, S.-A., and S. Jónsson, 1997: Timing of deep convection in the Greenland and Iceland Seas. ICES J.
Mar. Sci. 54, 300-309 (Islandshavet)
Malmberg, S.-A., and S. S. Kristmannsson, 199?: Hydrographic conditions in Icelandic waters 1980-1989. ???
(Islandshavet)
Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1993: Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the oceanatmosphere system. Nature, 364, 215-218. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1995: Simulation of abrupt climate change induces by freshwater input to the
North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 378, 165-167. (Klima)
Manley, T. O., 1995: Branching of Atlantic Water within the Greenland-Spitsbergen Passage: An estimate of
recirculation. J. Geophys. Res., 100, C10, 20627-20634. (Framstredet)
Manley, T. O., and K. Hunkins, 1985: Mesoscale eddies of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4911-4930.
(Marginal seas)
Manley, T. O., K. L. Hunkins, and R. D. Muench, 1987: Current regimes across the East Greenland Polar Front
at 7840’ north latitude during summer 1984. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6741-6753. (Grønnlandshavet)
Mann, C. R., 1969: Temperature and salinity characteristics of the Denmark Strait overflow. Deep-Sea Res., 16,
125-137. (Overflow water)
Marchal, O., P. Monfray, and N. R. Bates, 1996: Spring-summer imbalance of dissolved inorganic carbon in the
mixed layer of northwestern Sargasso Sea. Tellus, 48B, 115-134. (Karbon)
Marchall, P. T., 19??: Primary production in the Arctic. ??, 174-177. ()
Mari, X., S. Beauvais, R. Lemée, and M. L. Pedrotti, 2001: Non-Redfield C:N ratio of transparent exopolymeric
particles in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1831-1836. (Redfield)
Marra, J., 1978: Phytoplankton Photosynthetic Response to Vertical Movement in a Mixed Layer. Mar. Biol., 46,
203-208. (Biologi2)
Marra, J., 19??: Vertical mixing and primary production. ???, 121-137. (Rosa mappe, primær prod.)
Marsden, R. F., and S. Pond, 1983: Synoptic estimates of air-sea fluxes. J. Mar. Res., 41, 349-373. (Flukser)
Marsh, R., A. J. G. Nurser, A. P. Megann, and A. L. New, 2000: Water mass transformation in the Southern
Ocean of a Global Isopycnal Coordinate GCM. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1013-1045. (Antarktis)
Marshall, J., and Y. Kushnir, 1997: Atlantic Climate Variability. «white paper» (søknader, skap)
Marshall, J., and F. Schott, 1999: Open-ocean convection: observations, theory, and models. Reviews of
Geophysics, 37, 1-64. (Konveksjon)
Marshall, P. T., 1958: Primary Production in the Arctic. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer., 23, 173-177. (primær
produksjon i Arktis)
Martin, A. P., and K. J. Richards, 2001: Mechanisms for vertical nutrient transport within a North Atlantic
mesoscale eddy. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 757-773. (Ekman)
Martin, J. H., and S. E. Fitzwater, 1988: Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific
subarctic. Nature, 331, 341-343. (Diverse kjemi)
Martin, J. H., G. A. Knauer, D. M. Karl, and W. W. Broenkow, 1987: VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast
Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 267-285. (Redfield)
Martin, P. J., 1985: Simulation of the mixed layer at OWS November and Papa with several models. J. Geophys.
Res., 90, 903-916. (diverse-oseanografi)
Martin, S., 1970: A hydrodynamic curiosity: the salt oscillator. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 1, 143-160. (konveksjon)
Martin, S., 1974: Ice stalactites: comparison of a laminar flow theory with experiment. J. Fluid Mech., 63, 51-79.
(Cosmos)
Martin, S., 1981: Frazil ice in rivers and oceans. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 13, 379-397. (Cosmos)
Martin, S., and D. J. Cavalieri, 1989: Contributions of the Siberian Shelf Polynyas to the Arctic Ocean
intermediate and deep water. J. Geophys. Res., 94,12725-12738. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Martin, S., and P. Kauffman, 1974: The evolution of under-ice melt ponds, or double diffusion at the freezing
point. J. Fluid Mech., 64, 507-527. (turbulens)
Martin, S., and P. Kauffman, 1981: A field and laboratory study of wave damping by grease ice. J. Glaciol., 27,
283-313. (cosmos)
Martin, T., and P. Wadhams, 1999: Sea-ice flux in the East Greenland Current. Deep-Sea Res.II, 46, 1063-1082.
(EGC)
Martinez, R., 1991: Biomass and respiratory ETS activity of microplankton in the Barents Sea. Polar Res., 10,
193-200. (oksygen)
Martinson, D. G., and M. Steele, 2001: Future of the Arctic sea ice cover: Implications of an Antarctic analog.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, NO. 2, 307-310. (Haloklin)
Martinson, D. G., P. D. Killworth, and A. L. Gordon, 1981: A convective model for the Weddell Polynya. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 466-488. (Weddellhavet)
Massom, R. A., 1988: The biological significance of open water within the sea ice covers of the polar regions.
Endeavour, 12, 21-27. (newp)
Matthies, M., 199?: Seasonal variability of the water mass distribution in the Greenland Sea. ICES C.M./C:27.
(Grønnlandshavet)
Mauritzen, C., and S. Häkkinen, 1999: On the relationship between dense water formation and the «Meridional
Overturning Cell» in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 46, 877-894. (Diverse oseanografi)
Mauritzen, C., and W. B. Owens, 1994: Maintaining the thermohaline circulation. Oceanus, 37,12-13.
(Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Maus, S., 2003: Interannual variability of dense shelf water salinities in the north-western Barents Sea. Polar
Res., 22, 59-66. (Barentshavet)
McCarthy, J. J., and J. C. Goldman, 1979: Nitrogenous nutrition of marine phytoplankton in nutrient-depleted
waters. Science, 203, 670-672. (nitrogen)
McCartney, M. S., 1977: Subantarctic Mode Water. In: A Voyage of Discovery, M. Angel (Ed.), Pergamon, New
York, pp. 103-119. (Antarktis)
McCartney, M. S., 1994: Towards a model of Atlantic Ocean circulation. Oceanus, 37, 5-8. (Oceanus - tynn rød
perm, Atlantic ocean circ.)
McCartney, M. S., and L. D. Talley, 1982: The Subpolar Mode Water of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
12, 1169-1188. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
McCartney, M. S., and L. D. Talley, 1984: Warm-to cold water conversion in the Northern North Atlantic Ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 922-935. (Overflow water)
McClain, C. R., and J. Firestone, 1993: An investigation of Ekman upwelling in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys.
Res., 98, C7, 12327-12339. (Ekman)
McDougall, T. J., 1983: Greenland Sea Bottom Water formation: a balance between advection and doublediffusion. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 1109- 117. (Konveksjon)
McDougall, T. J., 1983: Greenland Sea Bottom Water formation: a balance between advection and doublediffusion. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 1109-1117. (Grønnlandshavet)
McDougall, T. J., 1987: Neutral surfaces. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1950-1964.
McDougall, T. J., and R. Feistel, 2003: What causes the adiabatic lapse rate? Deep-Sea Res. I, 50, 1523-1535.
(Diverse oseanografi)
McKinley, G. A., M. J. Follows, and J. Marshall, 2000: Interannual variability of the air-sea flux of oxygen in the
North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2933-2936. (Oksygen)
McKittrick, L. R., and R. L. Brown, 1996: On the effect of phase transformations on saline ice compliance. J.
Glaciol., 42, 519-532. (Cosmos)
McLaughlin, F. A., E. C. Carmack, R. Macdonald, and J. K. B. Bishop, 1996: Physical and geochemical
properties across he Atlantic/Pacific water mass front in the southern Canadian Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 101,
1183-1197. (PacW)
McLaughlin, F. A., E. C. Carmack, R. Macdonald, A. J. Weaver, and J. Smith, 2002: The Canadian Basin, 19891995: Upstream events and far-field effects of the Barents Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 107, C7,
10.1029/2001JC000904. (AO)
McLeod, G. C., F. Bobblis, Jr., and C. S. Yentsch, 1965: The Chesapeake Bay Institute Technique for the
Winkler dissolved oxygen method. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 141-149. (Oksygen titrering)
McManus, J. F., G. C. Bond, W. S. Broecker, S. Johnsen, L. Labeyrie, and S. Higgins, 1994: High-resolution
climate records from the North Atlantic during the last interglacial. Nature, 371, 326-329. (Klima)
McNally, G. J., W. C. Patzert, A. D. Kirwan Jr., and A. C. Vastano, 1983: The near-surface circulation of the
North Pacific using satellite tracked drifting buoys. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 7507-7518. (Stillehavet)
McNeil, B. I., R. J. Matear, R. M. Key, J. L. Bullister, and J. L. Sarmiento, 2003: Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by
the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Science, 299, 235-239. (CO2)
McPhee, M. G., 1980: Heat transfer across the salinity-stabilised pycnocline of the Arctic Ocean. Second
International Symposium on stratified flows. The Norwegian Institute of Technology Trondheim, Norway,
24.-27. June, 1980, 527-537. (Arktis - Fysikk)
McPhee, M. G., 1991: Forced convection in the upper ocean near Fram Strait. In: Deep convection and deep
water formation in the oceans, P. C. Chu, and J.-C. Gascard (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 157-181. (Arktis Fysikk)
McPhee, M. G., C. Kottmeier, and J. H. Morison, 1999: Ocean heat flux in the Central Weddell Sea during
winter. J. Phys. Oceanogr., ??, 1166-1179. (Diverse oseangrafi)
McPhee, M. G., G. A. Maykut, and J. H. Morison, 1987: Dynamics and thermodynamics of the ice/upper ocean
system in the marginal ice zone of the Greenland Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7017-7031. (Cosmos)
Meincke, J., 1983: The modern current regime across the Greenland-Scotland ridge. In: Structure and
development of the Greenland Scotland Ridge, New methods and concepts. M. H. P. Bolt, S. Saxov, M.
Talwani, and Thiede (Eds.), Proc. NATO Adv. Res. Inst. Padha Univ. 11-15 May 1981, Plenum Press, New
York, 637-650. (Overflow water)
Meincke, J., 1991: Variability of convective conditions in the Greenland Sea. ICES C.M./C:14.
(Grønnlandshavet)
Meincke, J., B. Rudels, and H. J. Friedrich, 1997: The Arctic Ocean-Nordic Seas thermohaline system. ICES J.
Mar. Sci., 54, 283-299. (Grønlandshavet)
Mel`nikov, I. A., and G. L. Pavlov, 1978: Characteristics of organic carbon distribution in the waters and ice of
the Arctic Basin. Oceanology, 18, 163-167. (DOC)
Melle, W., H. R. Skjoldal, and A. Hassel, and F. Rey, 1987: Reproduction of zooplankton in relation to initiation
of spring phytoplankton bloom in the Barents Sea. ICES C.M./L:30. (biologi)
Melling, H., 1993: The formation of a haline shelf front in wintertime in an ice-covered arctic sea. Cont. Shelf.
Res., 13, 1123-1147. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Melling, H., 1996: Water modification on Arctic Continental Shelves: Seasonal cycle and interannual variation.
Manuscript, 6 pp. (Arktis - generelt)
Melling, H., 1998: Hydrographic changes in the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, 1979-1996. J. Geophys.
Res., 103, 7637-7645. (Arktis - generelt)
Melling, H., and E. L. Lewis, 1982: Shelf drainage flows in the Beaufort Sea and their effect on the Arctic Ocean
pycnocline. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 967-985. (Haloklin)
Melling, H., and R. M. Moore, 1995: Modification of halocline source waters during freezing on the Beaufort
Sea shelf: evidence from oxygen isotopes and dissolved nutrients. Cont. Shelf. Res., 15, 89-113. (Haloklin)
Melling, H., R. A. Lake, D. R. Topham, and D. B. Fissel, 1984: Oceanic thermal structure in the western
Canadian Arctic. Cont. Shelf Res., 3, 233-258. (Canadian Archipelago)
Mellor, G. L., M. G. McPhee, and M. Steele, 1986: Ice-seawater turbulent boundary layer interaction with
melting or freezing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1829 - 1846. (Cosmos)
Mel’nikov, I. A., and G. L. Pavlov, 1978: Characteristics of organic carbon distribution in the waters and ice of
the Arctic Basin. Oceanology, 18, 163-167. (DOC)
Melville, W. K., 1996: The role of surface-wave breaking in air-sea interaction. Ann. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 28, 279321. (Flukser, bobler)
Memery, L., and L. Merlivat, 1984: The contribution of bubbles to gas transfer across an air-water interface. In:
Oceanic Whitecaps, E. C. Monahan and G. MacNiocaill (Eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht,
Holland, pp. 95-100. (Bok)
Memery, L., and L. Merlivat, 1985: Modelling of gas flux through bubbles at the air-water interface. Tellus, 37B,
272-285. (flukser, bobler)
Menzel, D. W., 1967: Particulate organic carbon in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res., 14, 229-238. (POM DOM)
Menzel, D. W., and J. H. Ryther, 1961: Nutrients limiting the production of phytoplankton in the Sargasso Sea,
with special reference to iron. Deep-Sea Res., 7, 276-281. (Diverse kjemi)
Menzel, D. W., and J. H. Ryther, 1968: Organic carbon and the oxygen minimum in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Deep-Sea Res., 15, 327-337. (Oksygen)
Meredith, M. P., K. J. Heywood, R. D. Frew, and P. F. Dennis, 1999: Formation and circulation of the water
masses between the southern Indian Ocean and Antarctica: results from 18O. J. Mar. Res., 57, 449-470.
(Antarktis)
Meredith, M., K. Heywood, P. Dennis, L. Goldson, R. White, E. Fahrbach, U. Schauer, and S. Østerhus, 2001:
Freshwater fluxes through the western Fram Strait. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1615-1618. (Framstredet)
Merlivat, L., and L. Memery, 1983: Gas exchange across an air-water interface: Experimental results and
modeling of bubble contribution to transfer. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 707-724. (Flukser, bobler)
Merryfield, W. J., 2000: Origin of thermohaline staircases. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1046-1068. (Turbulens)
Mertz, G., S. Narayanan, and J. Helbig, 1993: The freshwater transport of the Labrador Current. AtmosphereOcean 31, 281-295. (Labrador Sea)
Metcalf, W. G., 1955: On the formation of bottom water in the Norwegian Basin. Transactions, AGU, 36, 596600. (Grønlandshavet)
Meybeck, M., 1982: Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers. Am. J. Sci., 282, 401-450.
(elver)
Meyers, S. D., and O`Brien, 1995: Pacific Ocean influences atmospheric carbon dioxide. EOS, ?, 533. (CO2)
Michaels, A. F., A. H. Knap, R. L. Dow, K. Gundersen, R. J. Johnson, J. Sorensen, A. Close, G. A. Knauer, S. E.
Lohrenz, V. A. Asper, M. Tuel, and R. Bidigare, 1994: Seasonal patterns of ocean biogeochemistry at the
U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site. Deep-Sea Res. I, 41, 1013-1038. (Oksygen)
Middleton, J. F., 2000: Wind-forced upwelling: The role of the surface mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 745763. (Turbulens)
Midorikawa, T., T. Umeda, N. Hiraishi, K. Ogawa, K. Nemoto, N. Kubo, and M. Ishii, 2002: Estimation of
seasonal net community production and air-sea CO2 flux based on the carbon budget above the temperature
minimum layer in the western subarctic North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 339-362. (CO2)
Midttun, L., 1961: Norwegian hydrographical investigations in the Barents Sea during the International
Geophysical Year. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 149, 25-30. (Barentshavet)
Midttun, L., 1965: The relation between temperature conditions and fish distribution in the southeastern Barents
Sea. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. Special Publication Number 6, 213-219.
(Barentshavet)
Midttun, L., 1969: Variability of temperature and salinity at some localities off the coast of Norway. Progress in
Oceanography, 5, 41-54. (Nordsjøen + Norskehavet, St.M)
Midttun, L., 1985: Formation of dense bottom water in the Barents Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 32, 1233-1241.
(Barentshavet + Konveksjon)
Midttun, L., 1987: Climatic fluctuations in the Barents Sea. ICES C.M./C:16. (Barentshavet)
Midttun, L., 1988: Overflatetemperatur i området mellom Norge og Svalbard. Havforskningsinstituttet,
Rapport/Notat Nr. PO 8804, 12 pp. (Norskehavet 2)
Midttun, L., 1989: Climatic fluctuations in the Barents Sea. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 188, 2535. (Barentshavet)
Midttun, L., 1990: Surface temperatures of the Barents Sea. Polar Research 8, 11-16. (Barentshavet)
Midttun, L., and H. Loeng, 19??: Climatic variations in the Barents Sea. Contribution to the third SovietNorwegian symposium in Murmansk 1986. (Barentshavet)
Midttun, L., and H. Loeng, 1984: Climatic variations in the Barents Sea during the 1970’s. ICES C.M./C:15.
(Barentshavet)
Midttun L., and J. Natvig, 1957: Pacific Antarctic Waters. Scientific results of the «Brategg» expedition 194748. No. 3. (Bokhylle)
Miles, J. W., 1961: On the stabililty of heterogeneous shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 10, 496-508. (Cosmos)
Miller, L., T. Johannessen, T. T. Noji, F. Rey, and I. Skjelvan, 199?: Seasonal dissolved inorganic carbon
variations in the Greenland Sea and implications for atmospheric CO2 exchange. Manuscript. (Karbon)
Millero, F. J, and D. R. Schreiber, 1983: The effect of pressure on the thermodynamic properties of seawater. J.
Mar. Res., 41, 323-326. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Millero, F. J., K. Lee, and M. Roche, 1998: Distribution of alkalinity in the surface waters of the major oceans.
Mar. Chem., 60, 111-130. (Alkalinitet)
Minas, H. J., and L. A. Codispoti, 1993: Estimation of primary production by observation of changes in the
mesoscale nitrate field. ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 197, 215-235. (Nitrogen)
Minas, H. J., M. Minas, and T. T. Packard, 1986: Productivity in upwelling areas deduced from hydrographic
and chemical fields. Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 1182-1206. (produksjon)
Mingduan, Y., Z. Xianzhang, Z. Wenyi, W. Shiyan, and S. Chuntan, 2002: Oxygen isotope composition and its
applications to the study of tracing oceanographical process in Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea. Chinese Journal
of Polar Science, 13, 37-46. (Tracers i Arktis)
Minnett, P. J., F. Bignami, E. Böhn, G. Budéus, P. S. Galbraith, P. Gudmandsen, T. D. Hopkins, R. G. Ingram,
M. A. Johnson, H. J. Niebauer, R. O. Ramseier, and W. Schneider, 1997: A summary of the formation and
seasonal progression of the Northeast Water Polynya. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 79-85. (NEWP)
Minster, J.-F., and M. Boulahdid, 1987: Redfield ratios along isopycnal surfaces - a complementary study. DeepSea Res., 34, 1981-2003. (Redfield)
Mizoguchi, K.-I., S. D. Meyers, S. Basu, and J. J. O’Brien, 1999: Multi- and quasi-decadal variations of sea
surface temperature in the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 3133-3144. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Monahan, E. C., and I. Ó. Muircheartaigh, 1981: Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage
dependence on wind speed. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 2094-2099. (flukser, bobler)
Moore, R. M., 1981: Oceanographic distributions of zinc, cadmium, copper and aluminium in waters of the
central Arctic. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 2475-2482. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Moore, R. M., and D. W. R. Wallace, 1988: A relationship between heat transfer to sea ice and temperaturesalinity properties of Arctic Ocean waters. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 565-571. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Moore, R. M., and J. N. Smith, 1986: Disequilibria between 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po in the Arctic Ocean and the
implications for chemical modification of the Pacific water inflow. Earth and Plan. Sci. Let., 77, 285- 292.
(Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Moore, R. M., M. G. Lowings, and F. C. Tan, 1983: Geochemical profiles in the Central Arctic Ocean: Their
relation to freezing and shallow circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2667-2674. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Mori, Y. H., 1998: Formation of CO2 hydrate on the surface of liquid CO2 droplets in water - some comments on
a previous paper. Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39, 369-373. (diverse kjemi)
Mori, Y. H., and T. Mochizuki, 1998: Dissolution of liquid CO2 into water at high pressures: A search for the
mechanism of dissolution being retarded through hydrate-film formation. Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39, 567578. (Diverse kjemi)
Morison, J., K. Aagaard, and M. Steele, 2000: Recent environment changes in the Arctic: A review. Arctic, 53,
359-371. (AO)
Morison, J., M. Steele, and R. Andersen, 1998: Hydrography of the upper Arctic Ocean measured from the
nuclear submarine U.S.S. Pargo. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 15-38. (Arktis- gen. Sed.)
Mortensen, J., E. Buch, S. S. Kristmannsson, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1991: Geostrophic velocities and transports in
the western Iceland sea, 1987-1990. ICES C.M./C:18. (Islandshavet)
Mosby, H., 19??: Diffusion and bottom water in the Norwegian Sea. Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S. No.
215. (Norskehavet)
Mosby, H., 19??: Water, salt and heat balance in the North Polar Sea. In: Proceedings of the Arctic Basin
Symposium. (Arktis - Generelt)
Mosby, H., 1970: Atlantic water in the Norwegian Sea. Geofysiske Publikasjoner, Vol. XXVIII. No. 1, 60 pp.
(Norskehavet)
Mountain, D. G., L. K. Coachman, and K. Aagaard, 1976: On the flow through Barrow Canyon. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 6, 461-470. (Marginal seas)
Muench, R. D., 1983: Mesoscale oceanographic features associated with the central Bering Sea ice edge:
February - March 1981. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2715-2722. (Bering Sea)
Muench, R. D., 1985: A note on Eastern Bering Sea shelf hydrographic structure; August 1974. Deep-Sea Res.,
23, 245-247. (Bering Sea)
Muench, R. D., 1990: Greenland Sea Project. A venture toward improved understanding of the oceans` role in
climate. EOS, 71,24, 750-751 and 754-756. (Grønnlandshavet)
Muench, R. D., and J. D. Schumacher, 1985: On the Bering Sea ice edge front. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3185-3197.
(Bering Sea)
Muench, R. D., J. D. Schumacher, and S. A. Salo, 1988: Winter currents and hydrographic conditions on the
Northern Central Bering Sea Shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 516-526. (Bering Sea)
Muench, R. D., M. G. McPhee, C. A. Paulson, and J. H. Morison, 1992: Winter oceanographic conditions in the
Fram Strait-Yermak Plateau region. J. Geophys. Res., 97, C3, 3469-3483. (Framstredet)
Müller, P., R.-C. Lien, and R. Williams, 1988: Estimates of potential vorticity at small scales in the ocean. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 401-416. (Diverse oseanografi)
Müller-Karger, F., and V. Alexander, 1987: Nitrogen dynamics in a marginal sea-ice zone. Cont. Shelf. Res., 7,
805-823. (nitrogen)
Munk, W. H, 1966: Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res., 13, 707-730. (cosmos)
Munk, W., 1981: Internal waves and small-scale processes. In: Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific
Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch (eds.), Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, pp. 264-291. (Diverse oseanografi)
Murphy, P. P., R. A. Feely, R. H. Gammon, D. E. Harrison, K. C. Kelly, and L. S. Waterman, 1991: Assessment
of the air-sea exchange of CO2 in the South Pacific during austral autumn. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2045520465. (CO2)
Murray, J. W., J. N. Downs, S. Strom, C.-L. Wei, and H. W. Jannasch, 1989: Nutrient assimilation, export
production and 234Th scavenging in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 1471-1489.
(produksjon)
Musgrave, D. L., J. Chou, and W. J. Jenkins, 1988: Application of a model of upper-ocean physics for studying
seasonal cycles of oxygen. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15679-15700. (Oksygen)
Mysak, L. A., D. K. Manak, and R. F. Marsden, 1990: Sea-ice anomalies observed in the Greenland and
Labrador Seas during 1901-1984 and their relation to an interdecadal Arctic climate cycle. Climate
Dynamics, 5, 111-133. (Sjøis)
Mysak, L. A., 2001: Patterns of arctic Circulation. Science, 293, 1269-1270. (AO)
Najjar, R. G., 199?: Marine biogeochemistry. In: Climate System Modelling, K. E. Trenberth (Ed.), ??, 241-280.
(Diverse kjemi)
Najjar, R. G., and R. F. Keeling, 1997: Analysis of the mean annual cycle of the dissolved oxygen anomaly in the
World Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 55, 117-151.
Najjar, R. G., and R. F. Keeling, 2000: Mean annual cycle of the air-sea oxygen flux: A global view. Global
Biogeochemical cycles, 14, 573-584.
Nakawo, M., and N. K. Sinha, 1981: Growth rate and salinity profile of first-year sea ice in the high Arctic. J.
Glaciol., 27, 315-330. (Cosmos)
Nakayama, N., S. Watanabe, and S. Tsunogai, 2000: Difference in O2 and CO2 gas transfer velocities in Funka
Bay. Mar. Chem., 72, 115-129. (CO2)
Needler, G. T., 1983: Subpolar gyres in the Arctic Ocean. In: Eddies in Marine Science, A. R. Robinson (Ed.),
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 167-180. (Arktis - Generelt)
Neshyba, S., 1977: Upwelling by icebergs. Nature, 267, 507-508. (Sjøis)
Nesje, A., and T. Johannessen, 1992: What were the primary forcing mechanisms of high-frequency Holocene
climate and glacier variations. Holocene, 2, 79-84. (Klima)
Nesvetova, G. I., and V. M. Ryzhov, 1987: Long-time variations of the biogenous elements content and primary
production in the Barents Sea Water. In: The effect of oceanographic conditions on distribution and
population dynamics of commercial fish stocks in the Barents Sea, Proceedings of the third Soviet-Norwegian
Symposium, Murmansk, 26-28 May 1986, H. Loeng (Ed.), Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, pp.
47-57. (Barentshavet)
Newton, J. L., and L. K. Coachman, 1974: Atlantic Water circulation in the Canada Basin. Arctic, 24, 297-303.
(Arktis - Generelt)
Newton, J.L., and B. J. Sotirin, 1997: Boundary undercurrent and water mass changes in the Lincoln Sea. J.
Geophys. Res., 102, 3393-3403. (Haloklin)
Newton, J. L., K. Aagaard, and L. K. Coachman, 1974: Baroclinic eddies in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.,
21, 707-719. (Arktis - Fysikk)
Nicholls, K. W., S. Østerhus, K. Makinson, and M. R. Johnson, 2001: Oceanographic conditions south of
Berkner Island, beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 106, C6, 11481-11492.
(Weddellhavet)
Niebauer, H. J., 1991: Bio-physical oceanographic interactions at the edge of the Arctic ice pack. J. Mar. Syst., 2,
209-232. (sjøis)
Niebauer, H. J., and V. Alexander, 1985: Oceanographic frontal structure and biological production at an ice
edge. Cont. Shelf Res., 4, 367-388. (Bering Sea)
Niebauer, H. J., and W. O. Smith Jr., 1989: A mumerical model of mesoscale physical-biological interactions in
the Fram Strait marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res., 94, C11, 16151-16175. (Fram Strait)
Niebauer, H. J., J. Roberts, and T. C. Royer, 1981: Shelf break circulation in the northern Gulf of Alaska. J.
Geophys. Res., 86, 4231-4242. (Stillehavet)
Niedrauer, T. M., and S. Martin, 1979: An experimental study of brine drainage and convection in young sea ice.
J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1176-1186. (cosmos)
Nihoul, J. C. J., 19??: Aspects of the northern Bering Sea ecohydrodynamics. ??, 385-399. (Bering Sea)
Niiler, P.P., and E. B. Kraus, 1977: One-dimensional models of the upper ocean. In: E.B. Kraus (Ed.) Modelling
and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute, Vol 1,
Pergamon Marine Series. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 143-172. (Mixed layer)
Nikiforov, Y. G., V. V. Lukin, A. P. Makshtas, and V. D. Grishchenko, 19??: USSR proposal for an international
arctic drifting station. ??, 9 pp. (Arktis - Generelt/Sedimenter)
Nikiforov, Y. G., Y. V. Belysheva, and N. I. Blinov, 1966: The structure of water masses in the eastern part of
the Arctic Basin. Oceanology, 6, 59-64. (PacW)
Nilsen, F., 2004: Forcing of a two-layered water column over a sloping seafloor. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 26592676. (St. Mike)
Nilssen, E. M., and C. C. E. Hopkins, 1991: Regional variability in fish – prawn communities and catches in the
Barents Sea, and their relationship to the environment. ICES 1991/Variability Symp./No29/Session3.
(Barentshavet)
Nittrouer, C. A., 19??: Controlling the ingredients that flow to the sea. Oceanic processes near river mouths.
Oceanus, ??, 12-18. (Oceanus - tynn rød perm)
Noji, T. T., L. A. Miller, I. Skjelvan, E. Falck, K. Y. Børsheim, F. Rey, J. Urban-Rich, and T. Johannessen,
2000: Constraints on carbon drawdown and export in the Greenland Sea. In: The northern North Atlantic: A
changing Environment, P. Schäfer, W. Ritzrau, M. Schlüter, and J. Thiede (Eds.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 4566. (Karbon)
Nowlin, W. D. Jr., and J. M. Klinck, 1986: The physics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Rev. Geophys., 24,
469-491. (Antarktis)
Nowlin, W. D. Jr., T. Whitworth, III, and R. D. Pillsbury, 1977: Structure and transport of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current at Drake Passage from short-term measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 788-802.
(Antarktis)
Nydal, R., J. Gislefoss, I. Skjelvan, F. Skogseth, A.J. T. Jull and D. J. Donahue, 1991: 14C profiles in the
Norwegian and Greenland seas by conventional and AMS measurements. Paper presented at the 14C
conference in Tucson Arizona 20-24 may 1991. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Ohrt, H., and T. Wenzel, 1987: Iltsvind og dets mulige konsekvenser for havets bunndyr. Vand & Miljø, 2, 6974. (Oksygen)
Oliver, K. I. C., and K. J. Heywood, 2003: Heat and freshwater fluxes through the Nordic Sea. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 33, 1009-1026. (Nordiske hav)
Olsen A., 1999: Noen betraktninger omkring bruk av forholdet 13C/12C til CO2 budsjettering. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Olsen, A., T. Johannessen, and F. Rey, 2003: On the nature of the factors that control spring bloom development
at the entrance to the Barents Sea and their Interannual variability. Sarsia, 88, 379-393. (Prim Prod i Arktis)
Olsen, A., J. A. Triñanes, and R. Wanninkof, 2003: Sea-air flux of CO2 in the Caribbean Sea estimated using in
situ and remote sensing data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89, 309-325. (CO2)
Olsen, A., R. Wanninkof, J. A. Triñanes, and, T. Johannessen, 2005: The effect of wind speed products and wind
speed-gas exchange relationships on Interannual variability of the air-sea CO2 gas transfer velocity. Tellus,
57B, 95-106. (CO2)
Olsen, A., R. G. J. Bellerby, T. Johannessen, A. M. Omar, and I. Skjelvan, 2003: Interannual variability in the
wintertime air-sea flux of carbon dioxide in the northern North Atlantic, 1981-2001. Deep-Sea Res.I, 50,
1323-1338. (CO2)
Olsson, K., L. G. Anderson, M. Frank, A. Luchetta, and W. Smethie, 1999: Carbon utilization in the Eurasian
sector of the Arctic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 95-105. (karbon 13 og 14)
Olsson, K. A., E. Jeansson, T. Tanhua, and J.-C. Gascard, 2005: The East Greenland Current studied with CFCs
and released sulphur hexafluoride. J. Mar. Syst., 55, 77-95. (EGC)
Omar, A., T. Johannessen, S. Kaltin, and A. Olsen, 2003: Anthropogenic increase of oceanic pCO2 in the Barents
Sea surface water. J. Geophys. Res., 108, C12, 3388, doi:10.1029/2002JC001628. (CO2)
Omstedt, A., and J. S. Wettlaufer, 1992: Ice growth and oceanic heat flux: Model and measurements. J. Geophys.
Res., 97, 9383-9390. (cosmos)
Omstedt, A., E. C. Carmack, and R. W. Macdonald, 1994: Modelling the seasonal cycle of salinity in the
Mackenzie shelf/estuary. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10011-10021. (Marginal seas)
Ono, N., 1967: Specific heat and heat of fusion of sea ice. In: Physics of snow and ice: International Conference
on low temperature Science, H. Ôura (Ed.), Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, pp. 599-610. (Cosmos)
Orlova, I. G., 1983: Organochlorine pesticides in the North Atlantic. Oceanology, 23, 591-596. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Orr, J. C., 1992: The deep-six fix again. Nature, 357, 283-284. (Karbon)
Orsi, A. H., T. Whitworth III, and W. D. Nowlin Jr., 1993: On the circulation and stratification of the Weddell
Gyre. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40, 169-203. (Weddellhavet)
Orsi, A. H., T. Whitworth III, and W. D. Nowlin Jr., 1995: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42, 641-673. (Antarktis)
Orvik, K. A., and P. Niiler, 2002: Major pathways of Atlantic water in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic
Seas toward Arctic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, ?????. (Norskehavet)
Orvik, K. A., and Ø. Skagseth, 2003: Monitoring the Norwegian Atlantic slope current using a single moored
current meter. Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 159-176. (Norskehavet)
Orvik, K. A., and Ø. Skagseth, 2003: The impact of the wind stress curl in the North Atlantic on the Atlantic
inflow to the Norwgian Sea toward the Arctic. Geophys. Res. Lett., ???. (Norskehavet)
Oudot, C., P. Morin, F. Baurand, M. Wafar, and P. Le Corre, 1998: Northern and southern water masses in the
equatorial Atlantic: distribution of nutrients on the WOCE A6 and A7 lines. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 873-902.
(Nitrogen)
Overland, J. E., and A. T. Roach, 1987: Northward flow in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 92,
7097-7105. (Bering Sea)
Overland, J. E., M. C. Spillande, and K. R. Wood, 200?: Regional, seasonal, and historic Arctic temperature
change. ??? (AO)
Overland, J. E., M. C. Spillande, H. E. Hurlburt, and A. J. Wallcraft, 1994: A numerical study of the circulation
of the Bering Sea Basin and exchange with the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 736-758.
(Bering Sea)
Owens, W. B., and R. C. Millard, Jr., 1985: A new algorithm for CTD oxygen calibration. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
15, 621-631. (Oksygen titrering)
Paasche, E., 1960: Phytoplankton distribution in the Norwegian Sea in June, 1954, related to hydrography and
compared with primary production data. Fisk. Dir. Skr. Ser. Havunders., 12, 1-77. (Biologi)
Pace, M. L., G. A. Knauer, D. M. Karl, and J. H. Martins, 1987: Primary production, new production and vertical
flux in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Nature, 325, 803-804. (Primær produksjon)
Packard, T. T., M. Denis, M. Rodier, and P. Garfield, 1988: Deep-ocean metabolic CO2 production: calculations
from ETS activity. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 371-382. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Packard, T., W. Chen, D. Blasco, C. Savenkoff, A. F. Vézina, R. Tian, L. St.-Amand, S. O. Roy, C. Lovejoy, B.
Klein, J.-C. Therriault, L. Legendre, and R. G. Ingram, 2000: Dissolved organic carbon in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47, 435-459. (DOC)
Paerl, H. W., 1985: Enhancement of marine primary production by nitrogen-enriched acid rain. Nature, 315,
747-749. (Nitrogen)
Paerl, H. W., J. Rudek, and M. A. Mallin, 1990: Stimulation of phytoplankton production in coastal waters by
natural rainfall inputs: nutritional and trophic implications. Mar. Biol., 107, 247-254. (produksjon)
Paquette, R. G., and R. H. Bourke, 1974: Observations on the Coastal Current of Arctic Alaska. J. Mar. Res., 32,
195-207. (Marginal seas)
Paquette, R. G., and R. H. Bourke, 1981: Ocean circulation and fronts as related to ice melt-back in the Chukchi
Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 4215-4230. (Marginal seas)
Paquette, R. G., R. H. Bourke, J. F. Newton, and W. F. Perdue, 1985: The East Greenland Polar Front in autumn.
J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4866-4882. (EGC)
Park, K., J. G. Pattullo, and B. Wyatt, 19??: Chemical properties as indicators of upwelling along the Oregon
Coast. ??, 435-437. (diverse kjemi)
Park, Y.-H., and L. Gamberoni, 1997: Cross-frontal exchange of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Antarctic
Bottom Water in the Crozet Basin. Deep-Sea Res., 18 963-986. (Antarktis)
Park, Y.-H., E. Charriaud, D. Ruiz Pino, and C. Jeandel, 1998: Seasonal and Interannual variability of the mixed
layer properties and steric height at station KERIFIX, southwest of Kerguelen. J. Mar. Syst., 17, 571-586.
(mixed layer)
Parker, D.E., and C.K, Folland, 1988: The nature of climatic variability. Meteorol. Mag., 117, 201-210. (Klima)
Parkinson, C. L., and A. J. Gratz, 1983: On the seasonal sea ice cover on the Sea of Okhotsk. J. Geophys. Res.,
88, 2793-2802. (Stillehavet)
Parsons, A. R., R. H. Bourke, R. D. Muench, C.-S. Chiu, J. F. Lynch, J. H. Miller, A. J. Plueddemann, and R.
Pawlowicz, 1996: The Barents Sea Polar Front in summer. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14201-14221.
(Barentshavet)
Parsons, T. R., D. G. Webb, B. E. Rokeby, M. Lawrence, G. E. Hopky, and D. B. Chiperzak, 1989: Autotrophic
and heterotrophic production in the Mackenzie River/Beaufort Sea Estuary. Polar Biol., 9, 261-266. (Diverse
A)
Pavlov, V. K., and S. Pfirman, 1995: Hydrographic structure and variability of the Kara Sea: Implications for
pollutant distribution. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1369-1390. (Deep-Sea Res. No42, blå perm)
Pawlowicz, R. 1995: A note on seasonal cycles of temperature and salinity in the upper waters of the Greenland
Sea Gyre from historical data. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4715-4726. (Grønlandshavet)
Pawlowicz, R. A., J. F. Lynch, W. B. Owens, and P. F. Worcester, 1994: Deep water formation in the Greenland
Sea. Oceanus, 37, 9-11. (Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Pawlowicz, R., J. F. Lynch, W. B. Owens, P. F. Worcester, W. M. L. Morawitz, and P. J. Sutton, 1995: Thermal
evolution of the Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988-1989. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4727-4750. (Grønlandshavet)
Pawlowicz, R., J. F. Lynch, W. B. Owens, P. F. Worcester, W. M. L. Morawitz, and P. J. Sutton, 1995: Thermal
evolution of the Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988-1989. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4727-4750. (Grønnlandshavet)
Pease, C. H., 1987: The size of wind-driven coastal polynyas. J. Geophys. Res., 92, C7, 7049-7059. (Polynya)
Pedersen, F. B., 19??: On the influence of a bridge across the great Belt on the hydrography of the Baltic Sea. XI
Conference of the Baltic Oceanographers, 12 pp. (Nordsjøen)
Pedersen, F. B., 1977: On dense bottom currents in the Baltic Deep Water. Nordic Hydrology, 297-316.
(Nordsjøen)
Pedersen, F. B., 1986: Environmental Hydraulics: Stratified flows. Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine
Studies 18, Springer-Verlag. (Nordsjøen)
Peng, T.-H., and W. S. Broecker, 1987: C/P ratios in marine detritus. Global Biogeochemal Cycles, 1, 155-161.
(Redfield)
Peng, T.-H., and W. S. Broecker, 1995: Estimate of interhemispheric ocean carbon transport based on CO2 and
nutrient distribution. In: Ecological time series, T. M. Powell, and J. H. Steele (Eds.), Chapman & Hall, New
York, pp.28-47. (karbon)
Peng, T.-H., T. Takahashi, W.S. Broecker, and J. Olafsson, 1987: Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide,
nutrients and oxygen in the northern North Atlantic surface water: observations and a model. Tellus, 39B,
439-458. (Karbon)
Peng, T.-H., R. Wanninkhof, J. L. Bullister, R. A. Feely, and T. Takahashi, 1998: Quantification of decadal
anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the ocean based on dissolved inorganic carbon measurements. Nature, 396, 560563. (CO2)
Penta, B, and J. J. Walsh, 1995: A one-dimensional ecological model for summer oxygen distribution within the
Chukchi Sea. Cont. Shelf Res., 15, 337-356. (Oksygen)
Perez, F. F., and F. Fraga, 1987: A precise and rapid analytical procedure for alkalinity determination. Mar.
Chem., 21, 169-182. (Alkalinitet)
Pérez, F. F., A. F. Ríos, C. G. Castro, and F. Fraga, 1998: Mixing analysis of nutrients, oxygen and dissolved
inorganic carbon in the upper and middle North Atlantic Ocean east of the Azores. J. Mar. Sys., 16, 219-233.
(Oksygen)
Perez, F. F., L. Mintrop, O. Llinás, M. Glez-Dávila, C. G. Castro, M. Alvarez, A. Körtzinger, M. SantanaCasiano, M. J. Rueda, and A. F. Ríos, 2001: Mixing analysis of nutrients, oxygen and inorganic carbon in the
Canary Island region. J. Mar. Syst., 28, 183-201. (Oksygen)
Perkin, R. G., and E. L. Lewis, 1984: Mixing in the West Spitsbergen Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 13151325. (Framstredet)
Perkins, H., T. J. Sherwin, and T. S. Hopkins, 1994: Amplification of tidal currents by overflow on the IcelandFaeroe Ridge. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 721-735. (Islandshavet)
Perovich, D. K., and A. J. Gow, 1991: A statistical description of the microstructure of young sea ice. J.
Geophys. Res., 96, 16943-16953. (Sjøis)
Perovich, D. K., and A. J. Gow, 1996: A quantitative description of sea ice inclusions. J. Geophys. Res., 101,
18327-18343. (cosmos)
Peterson, B. J., 1980: Aquatic primary productivity and the 14C-CO2 method: A history of the productivity
problem. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 11, 359-385. (produksjon)
Peterson, R. G., and T. Whitworth, III, 1989: The Subantarctic and Polar Front in relation to deep water masses
through the Southwestern Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 94 (C8), 10817-10838. (Antarktis)
Peterson, W. H., and C. G. H. Rooth, 1976: Formation and exchange of deep water in the Greenland and
Norwegian seas. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 273-283. (Grønnlandshavet)
Pfirman, S. L., D. Bauch, and T. Gammelsrød, 1994: The northern Barents Sea: Water mass distribution and
modification. In: The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment. Geophysical
Monograph 85, American Geophysical Union. 77-94. (Barentshavet)
Pfirman, S. L., R. Colony, D. Nürnberg, H. Eicken, and I. Rigor, 1997: Reconstructing the origin and trajectory
of drifting Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12575-12586. (Polynya, sjøis)
Phillips, L. F., 1991: CO2 transport at the air-sea interface: Effects of coupling of heat and matter fluxes.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1221-1224. (CO2)
Phillips, O. L., Y. Malhi, N. Higuchi, W. F. Laurance, P. V. Núñez, R. M. Vásquez, S. G. Laurance, L. V.
Ferreira, M. Stern, S. Brown, and J. Grace, 1998: Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: Evidence
from long-term plots. Science, 282, 439-442. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Pickart, R. S., 19??: Mid-depth ventilation via the Deep Western Boundary Current: Classical versus Upper
Labrador Sea Water. ??, 134. (Labrador sea)
Pickart, R. S., 1994: Where currents cross. Oceanus, 37, 16-18. (Oceanus - tynn rød perm, Atlantic ocean circ.)
Pickart, R. S., N. G. Hogg, and W. M. Smethie Jr., 1989: Determining the strength of the Deep Western
Boundary Current using the Chlorofluoromethane ratio. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 940-951. (Tracers i arktiske
havområder)
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, M. H. Ribergaard, G. W. K. Moore, and R. F. Milliff, 2003: Deep convection in the
Irminger Sea forced by the Greenland tip jet. Nature, 424, 152-156. (Konveksjon)
Piepenburg, D., W. G. Ambrose, Jr., A. Brandt, P. E. Renaud, M. J. Ahrens, and P. Jensen, 1997: Benthic
community patterns reflect water column processes in the Northeast Water polynya (Greenland). J. Mar.
Syst., 10, 467-482. (NEWP)
Pilskaln, C. H., and S. Honjo, 1987: The fecal pellet fraction of biogeochemical particle fluxes to the deep sea.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1, 31-48. (Biologi2)
Piola, A. R., and D. T. Georgi, 1982: Circumpolar properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic
Mode Water. Deep Sea Res., 29, 687-711. (Antarktis)
Piola, A. R., and A. L. Gordon, 1989: Intermediate water in the southwest South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 116. (Antarktis)
Pistek, P., and D. R. Johnson, 1992: Transport of the Norwegian Atlantic Current as determined from satellite
altimetry. Geophys. Res. Letters, 19, 1379-1382. (Norskehavet)
Pittenger, R. F., 1994: Arctic infrastructure. Oceanus, 37, 29-32. (Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Pitzer, K. S., and S. M. Sterner, 1994: Equations of state valid continuously from zero to extreme pressures for
H2O and CO2. J. Chem. Phys., 101, 3111-3116. (Diverse kjemi)
Platt, T., 1984: Primary productivity in the central North Pacific: comparison of oxygen and carbon fluxes. DeepSea Res., 31, 1311-1319. (Primær prod.)
Platt, T., and W. G. Harrison, 1985: Biogenic fluxes of carbon and oxygen in the ocean. Nature, 318, 55-57.
(Flukser)
Platt, T., and W. G. Harrison, 1986: Reconciliation of carbon and oxygen fluxes in the upper ocean. Deep-Sea
Res., 33, 273-276. (Flukser)
Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath, 1988: Oceanic primary production: Estimation by remote sensing at local and
regional scales. Science, 241, 1613-1619. (Produksjon)
Platt, T., and D. V. Subba Rao, 1975: Primary production of marine microphytes. In: Photosynthesis and
productivity of different environments, J. P. Cooper (Ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 249-280.
(Primærproduksjon)
Platt, T., M. Lewis, and R. Geider, 1984: Thermodynamics of the pelagic ecosystem: Elementary closure
conditions for biological production in the open ocean. In: Flows of energy and materials in marine
ecosystems, M. J. R. Fasham (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 49-84. (produksjon)
Platt, T., W. G. Harrison, E. P. W. Horne, and B. Irwin, 1987: Carbon fixation and oxygen evolution by
phytoplankton in the Canadian High Arctic. Polar Biol., 8, 103-113. (Primær produksjon i Arktis)
Platt, T., W. G. Harrison, M. R. Lewis, W. K. W. Li, S. Sathyendranath, R. E. Smith, and A. F. Vezina, 1989:
Biological production of the oceans: the case for a consensus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 52, 77-88. (produksjon)
Plattner, G.-K., F. Joos, T. F. Stocker, and O. Marchal, 2001: Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean
carbon uptake under global warming. Tellus, 53B, 564-592. (Global oppvarming)
Plinski, M., and T. Józwiak, 1999: Temperature and N:P ratio as factors causing blooms of blue-green algae in
the Gulf of Gdansk. Oceanologia, 41, 73-80. (Redfield)
Plueddemann, A. J., 1994: A glimpse beneath the ice. Oceanus, 37, 24-26. (Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Poisson, A., 1998: Carbon dioxide uptake at sea. Nature, 396, 521-522. (CO2)
Poisson, A., F. Culkin, and P. Ridout, 1990: Intercomparison of CO2 measurements. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 16471650 (CO2)
Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, and R. O. R. Y. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind-mixed layer.
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 3, 381-404. (Diverse oseanografi)
Polovina, J. J., G. T. Mitchum, and G. T. Evans, 1995: Decadal and basin-scale variation in mixed layer depth
and the impact on biological production in the Central and North Pacific, 1960-88. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 17011716. (mixed layer)
Polyakov, I., D. Walsh, I. Dmitrenko, R. L. Colony, and L. A. Timokhov, 2003: Arctic Ocean variability derived
from historical observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, NO 6, 1298, doi:10.1029/2002GL016441. (Arktis,
generelt)
Polzin, K., 1996: Statistics of Richardson Number: Mixing models and finestructure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26,
1409-1425. (Cosmos)
Polzin, K. L., J. M. Toole, and R. W. Schmitt, 1995: Finescale Parameterizations of Turbulent Dissipation. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 306-328. (Turbulens)
Polzin, K. L., K. G. Speer, J. M. Toole, and R. W. Schmitt, 1996: Intense mixing of Antarctic Bottom Water in
the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 380, 54-57. (Cosmos)
Pomeroy, L. R., 1997: Primary production in the Arctic Ocean estimated from dissolved oxygen. J. Mar. Syst.,
10, 1-8. (primær prod. i Arktis)
Pond, S., R. M. Pytkowicz, and J. E. Hawley, 1971: Particle dissolution during settling in the ocean. Deep-Sea
Res., 18, 1135-1139. (Biologi2)
Poole, R., and M. Tomczak, 1999: Optimum multiparameter analysis of the water mass structure in the Atlantic
Ocean thermocline. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 1895-1921. (OMP)
Poulain, P.-M., A. Warn-Varnas, and P. Niiler, 1996: Near-surface circulation of the Nordic Seas as measured by
Lagrangian drifters. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C8, 18237-18258. (Nordiske hav)
Price, J. F., 1992: Overflows - The source of new abyssal ocean waters. Oceanus, 35, 28-34. (diverseoseanografi)
Price, J. F., 1994: Dynamics and modelling of marginal sea outflows. Oceanus, 37, 9-11. (Oceanus - tynn rød
perm, Atlantic ocean circ.)
Price, J. F., and M. O`N. Baringer., 1994: Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Prog.
Oceanogr., 33, 161-200. (Konveksjon)
Prinn, R., D. Cunnold, R. Rasmussen, P. Simmonds, F. Alyea, A. Crawford, P. Fraser, and R. Rosen, 1987:
Atmospheric trends in methylchloroform and the global average for the hydroxyl radical. Science, 236, 945950. (Forurensning)
Prinsenberg, S. J., and R. G. Ingram, 1991: Under-ice physical oceanographic processes. J. Mar. Syst., 2, 143152. (sjøis)
Probst, J. L., W. Ludwig, and P. A. Suchet, 1997: Global modelling of CO2 uptake by continental erosion and of
carbon river transport to the oceans. Sci. Géol. Bull., 49, 1-19. (Elver)
Probst, J. L., J. Mortatti, and Y. Tardy, 1994: Carbon river fluxes and weathering CO2 consumption in the Congo
and Amazon river basins. Applied Geochemistry, 9, 1-13. (elver)
Probst, J. L., P. A. Suchet, and W. Ludwig, 1994: Continental erosion and river transports of carbon to oceans.
Trends in Hydrology, 1, 453-468. (Elver)
Probst, J. L., P. A. Suchet, and Y. Tardy, 1992: Global continental erosion and fluctuations of atmospheric CO2
consumed during the last 100 years. In: Water-Rock Interaction, Y. K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (Eds.), A. A.
Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 483-486. (Elver)
Proshutinsky, A.Y., and M. A. Johnson, 1997: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J.
Geophys. Res., 102, 12493-12514. (AO)
Proshutinsky, A. Y., I. V. Polyakov, and M. A. Johnson, 1999: Climate states and variability of Arctic ice and
water dynamics during 1946-1997. Polar Res., 18, 135-142. (AO)
Puri, P., and P. M. Jordan, 1999: Stoke’s first problem for a dipolar fluid with nonclassical heat conduction. J.
Engine, Math., 36, 219-240. (diverse kjemi)
Pätsch, J., W. Kühn, G. Radach, J. M. Santana Casiano, M. Gonzalez Davila, S. Neuer, T. Freudenthal, and O.
Llinas, 2002: Interannual variability of carbon fluxes at the North Atlantic Station ESTOC. Deep-Sea Res. II,
49, 253-288. (Karbon)
Quadfasel, D., and J. Meincke, 1987: Note on the thermal structure of the Greenland Sea gyres. Deep-Sea Res.,
34, 1883-1888. (Grønlandshavet)
Quadfasel, D., and J. Meincke, 1989: The Greenland Sea gyres, 1986-1987: Circulation and related water-mass
formation. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 188, 68. (Grønlandshavet)
Quadfasel, D., J.-C. Gascard, and K.-P. Koltermann, 1987: Large-scale oceanography in Fram Strait during the
1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 92, C7, 6719-6728. (Framstredet)
Quadfasel, D., B. Rudels, and K. Kurz, 1988: Outflow of dense water from a Svalbard fjord into the Fram Strait.
Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1143-1150. (Framstredet)
Quadfasel, D., B. Rudels, and S. Selchow, 1991: Watermass transformations and water transports in the western
Barents Sea and around Svalbard. ICES 1991/Variability Symposium Poster No P:8, 3pp. (Barentshavet)
Quadfasel, D., B. Rudels, and S. Selchow, 1992: The Central Bank vortex in the Barents Sea: water mass
transformation and circulation. ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 195, 40-51. (Barentshavet)
Quay, P. D., B. Tilbrook, and C. S. Wong, 1992: Oceanic uptake of fossil fuel CO2: Carbon-13 evidence.
Science, 256, 74-79. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Quay, P. D., S. Emerson, D. O. Wilbur, C. Stump, and M. Knox, 1993: The 18O of dissolved O2 in the surface
waters of the Subarctic Pacific: A tracer of biological productivity. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8447-8458. (O2)
Rahmstorf, S., 1995: Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the
hydrological cycle. Nature, 378, 145-149. (diverse-oseanografi)
Rajan, S. D., 1994: Acoustics probe sea-ice mechanics. Oceanus, 37, 27-28. (Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Ramseier, R. O., E. Bauerfeind, C. Garrity, and I. D. Walsh, 1997: Seasonal variability of sediment trap
collections in the Northeast Water polynya. Part 1: Sea-ice parameters and particle flux. J. Mar. Syst., 10,
359-369. (NEWP)
Redfield, A. C., 1948: The exchange of oxygen across the sea surface. J. Mar. Res., 7, 347-361 (Oksygen)
Redfield, A. C., and I. Friedman, 1969: The effect of meteoric water, melt water and brine on the composition of
Polar Sea water and of the deep waters of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 197-214. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Redfield, A. C., B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards, 1963: The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. In: The Sea. Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas, M. N. Hill (Ed.), John
Wiley, New York, pp. 26-77. (Redfield ratio)
Reeburgh, W. S., and M. Springer-Young, 1983: New measurements of sulfate and Chlorinity in natural sea ice.
J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2959-2966. (Sjøis)
Reed, R. K., 1984: Flow of the Alaskan Stream and its variations. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 369-386. (Bering Sea)
Reed, R. K., 1990: A year-long observation of water exchange between the North Pacific and the Bering Sea.
Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1604-1609. (Bering Sea)
Reed, R. K., G. V. Khen, P. J. Stabeno, and A. V. Verkhunov, 1993: Water properties and flow over the deep
Bering Sea basin, summer 1991. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 2325-2334. (Bering Sea)
Reeder, S. W., B. Hitchon, and A. A. Levinson, 1972: Hydrogeochemistry of the surface waters of the Mackenzie
River drainage basin, Canada-1. Factors controlling inorganic composition. Geochemica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 36, 825-865. (Marginal Seas)
Reid, J. L., 1979: On the contribution of the Mediterranean Sea outflow to the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. DeepSea Res., 26, 1199-1223. (Norskehavet)
Reid, J. L., 1989: On the total geostrophic circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers, and
transports. Prog. Oceanog., 23, 149-244. (Antarctis)
Reid, J. L., 1996: On the circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean. In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past
Circulation, G. Wefer, W. H. Berger, G. Siedler, and D. J. Webb (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,
pp. 13-44. (Antarktis)
Reid, J. L., and R. J. Lynn, 1971: On the influence of the Norwegian-Greenland and Weddell seas upon the
bottom waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 18, 1063-1088. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Reid, J. L., and A. W. Mantyla, 1978: On the mid-depth circulation of the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 8, 946-951. (Stillehavet)
Reid, J. L., and E. Shulenberger, 1986: Oxygen saturation and carbon uptake near 28N, 155W. Deep Sea Res.,
33, 267-271. (oksygen)
Rey, F., and H. Loeng, 1985: The influence of ice and hydrographic conditions on the development of
phytoplankton in the Barents Sea. In: Marine Biology of Polar Regions and Effects of Stress on Marine
Organisms, J. S. Gray and M. E. Christiansen (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 49-63. (biologi)
Rey, F., H. R. Skjoldal, and A. Hassel, 1987: Seasonal development of plankton in the Barents Sea: A conceptual
model. ICES C.M./Symp:56. (biologi)
Rey, F., H. R. Skjoldal, and D. Slagstad, 1987: Primary production in relation to climatic changes in the Barents
Sea. In: The effect of oceanographic conditions on distribution and population dynamics of commercial fish
stocks in the Barents Sea, Proceedings of the third Soviet-Norwegian Symposium, Murmansk, 26-28 May
1986, H. Loeng (Ed.), Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, pp. 47-57. (Barentshavet)
Rhein, M., 1991: Ventilation rates of the Greenland and Norwegian Seas derived from distributions of the
chlorofluoromethanes F11 and F12. Deep-Sea Res., 38,485-503. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Richards, F. A., and A. C. Redfield, 19??: A correlation between the oxygen content of sea water and the organic
content of marine sediment. ?????, 279-281. (Oksygen)
Richardson, C., 1976: Phase relationship in sea ice as a function of temperature. J. Glaciol., 17, 507-519.
(cosmos)
Richardson, M. J., G. L. Weatherly, and W. D. Gardner, 1993: Benthic storms in the Argentine Basin. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 40, 975-987. (cosmos)
Richardson, M. J., M. Wimbush, and L. Mayer, 1981: Exceptionally strong near-bottom flows on the continental
rise of Nova Scotia. Science, 213, 887-888. (Nordlige Atlanterhav; Turbulens)
Richardson, P. L., 1982: Walter Hoxton’s 1735 description of the Gulf Stream. J. Mar. Res., 40, Supplement,
597-603. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Richardson, P. L., 1993: Eddies in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 31, 1, ?-?. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Richardson, P. L., 1994: Giant eddies of south Atlantic Water invade the north. Oceanus, 37, 19-21. (Oceanus tynn rød perm, Atlantic ocean circ.)
Richez, C., 1998: The West Spitsbergen Current as seen by SOFAR floats during the ARCTEMIZ 88
experiment: Statistics, differential kinematic properties, and potential vorticity balance. J. Geophys. Res., 103,
C8, 15539-15565. (Framstredet)
Ricker, W.E., 1973: Linear Regressions in Fishery Research. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 30, 409-434. (Diverse A)
Rigor, I. G., J. M. Wallace, R. L. Colony, 2002: Response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation. J. Climate, 15,
2648-2663. (AO)
Riley, G. A., 1939: Plankton studies. II. The western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939. J. Mar. Res., 2, 145-162.
(Biologi2)
Riley, G. A., 1942: The relationship of vertical turbulence and spring diatom flowerings. J. Mar. Res.,5, 67-87.
(Biologi2)
Riley, J. P., and R. Chester, (Eds.), 1971: Introduction to Marine Chemistry. Academic Press, Chapter 5: The
dissolved gases in sea water. 105-119. (Oksygen)
Rintoul, S. R., 1991: South Atlantic interbasin exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2675-2692. (Antarktis)
Rintoul, S. R., and T. W. Trull, 2001: Seasonal evolution of the mixed layer in the Subantarctic Zone south of
Australia. J. Geophys. Res., 106, C12, 31447-31462. (Mixed layer)
Rintoul, S. R., and C. Wunsch, 1991: Mass, heat, oxygen and nutrient fluxes and budgets in the North Atlantic
Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S355-S377. (Flukser)
Robe, R. Q., 1980: Iceberg drift and deterioration. In: Dynamics of snow and ice masses, S. C. Colbeck (Ed.),
Academic Press, New York, pp. 211-259. (Hvitt innbunnet hefte)
Roberts, K. A., J. K. Cochran, and C. Barnes, 1997: 210Pb and 239,240Pu in the Northeast Water Polynya,
Greenland: particle dynamics and sediment mixing rates. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 401-413. (NEWP)
Robertson, J. E., and A. J. Watson, 19??: A summer-time sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Southern
Ocean between 88W and 80E. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1081-1091. (CO2)
Robertson, J. E., and A. J. Watson, 1992: Thermal skin effect of the surface ocean and its implications for CO2
uptake. Nature, 358, 738-740. (CO2)
Robertson, J. E., and A. J. Watson, 1993: Estimation of primary production by observation of changes in the
mesoscale carbon dioxide field. ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 197, 207-214. (CO2)
Robinson, A. R., 1983: Overview and summary of eddy science. In: Eddies in Marine Science, A. R. Robinson
(Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3-15. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Robock, A., and J. Mao, 1992: Winter warming from large volcanic eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 24052408. (Klima)
Roden, G. I., 1972: Aspects of the transition zone in the Northeastern Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3462-3475.
(Stillehavet)
Rodionov, S. N., and A. S. Krovnin, 1991: The 1980’s in the context of climatic changes in the north Atlantic
region. ICES 1991/Variability Symp./Paper No7/Session 1. (AO)
Rodwell, M. J., D. P. Rowell, and C. K. Folland, 1999: Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic
Oscillation and European climate. Nature, 398, 320-323. (Klima)
Roemmich, D., and T. McCallister, 1989: Large scale circulation of the North Pacific Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr.
22, 171-204. (Stillehavet)
Roemmich, D., T. McCallister, and J. Swift., 1991: A transpacific hydrographic section along latitude 24N: the
distribution of properties in the subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S1-S20. (Stillehavet)
Roether, W., and G. Fuchs, 1988: Water mass transport and ventilation in the Northeast Atlantic derived from
tracer data. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A325, 63-69. (nordlige atlanterhav)
Rogachev, K. A., P. Y. Tishchenko, G. Y. Pavlova, A. S. Bychkov, E. C. Carmack, C. S. Wong, and G. I.
Yurasov, 1996: The influence of fresh-core rings on chemical concentrations (CO2, PO4, O2, alkalinity, and
pH) in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 999-1010. (CO2)
Rogers, J. C., 1990: Patterns of Low-Frequency Monthly Sea Level Pressure Variability (1899-1986) and
Associated Wave Cyclone Frequencies. J. Climate, 3, 1364-1379. (Klima)
Rogers, J. C., and E. Mosley-Thompson, 1995: Atlantic Arctic cyclones and the mild Siberian winters of the
1980s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 799-802. (AO)
Rogers, J. C., L. Yang, and L. Li, 2005: The role of Fram Strait winter cyclones on sea ice flux and on
Spitsbergen air temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06709, doi:10.1029/2004GL022262. (Framstredet)
Rosenørn, S., J. Fabricius, E. Buch, and S. A. Horsted, 1984: Isvintre ved Vestgrønland. (Labrador sea)
Ross, C. K., 1978: Overflow variability in Denmark Strait. ICES, C.M./C:21. (Overflow water)
Ross, C. K., 1984: Temperature - salinity characteristics of the «overflow» water in Denmark Strait during
«OVERFLOW`73». Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Explor. Mer., 185, 111-119. (Overflow water)
Royer, T. C., and W. J. Emery, 1984: Circulation in the Bering Sea, 1982 - 83, based on satellite-tracked drifter
observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1914-1920. (Bering Sea)
Rubin, S. I., T. Takahashi, D. W. Chipman, and J. G. Goddard, 1998: Primary productivity and nutrient
utilization ratios in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean based on seasonal changes in seawater chemistry.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 45, 1211-1234. (Primærproduksjon)
Ruddiman, W. F., 1992: Understanding historical climate. Nature, 358, 721. (Klima)
Ruddiman, W. F., and A. McIntyre, 1981: Oceanic mechanisms for amplification of the 23,000-year ice-volume
cycle. Science, 212, 617-627. (Klima)
Rudels, B., 1986: An attempt to estimate the deep water production from molecular effects. ICES C.M./C35.
(Konveksjon)
Rudels, B., 1986: The -S relations in the northern seas: Implications for the deep circulation. Polar Research, 4
n. s., 133-159. (Norskehavet)
Rudels, B., 1986: The outflow of polar water through the Arctic Archipelago and the oceanographic conditions in
Baffin Bay. Polar Research 4 n.s., 161-180. (Canadian Archipelago)
Rudels, B., 1987: On the mass balance of the Polar Ocean, with special emphasis on the Fram Strait. Norsk
Polarinstitutt Skrifter, 188, 1-53. (Framstredet + The Arctic Ocean - svart perm)
Rudels, B., 1989: Greenland Sea convection in the winter of 1987-1988. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3223-3227.
(Grønnlandshavet)
Rudels, B., 1989: Mixing processes in the northern Barents Sea. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 188,
36-48. (Barentshavet)
Rudels, B., 1989: The formation of Polar Surface Water, the ice export and the exchange through the Fram Strait.
Prog. Oceanogr., 22, 205-248. (The Arctic Ocean - svart perm)
Rudels, B., 1990: Haline convection in the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1491-1511. (Konveksjon)
Rudels, B., 1993: High latitude ocean convection. In: Flow and creep in the solar system: Observations,
modelling and theory, D. B. Stone and S. K. Runcorn (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 323356. (Konveksjon)
Rudels, B., 2002: Circulation and transformation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean and in the Barents Sea.
At: Symposium on C flux and climate change: The Nordic Contribution to a Panarctic Perspective, Nordic
Arctic Research Program, Sigulda, Latvia, November 2002. (Arktis generelt)
Rudels, B., and D. Quadfasel, 1991: The arctic component in the Greenland-Scotland overflow. ICES C.M./C:30.
(Overflow water)
Rudels, B., L. G. Anderson, E. P. Jones, 1996: Formation and evolution of the surface mixed layer and halocline
of the Arctic ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8807-8821. (Haloklin.)
Rudels, B., H. J. Friedrich, and D. Quadfasel, 1999: The Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current. Deep-Sea Res.
II, 46, 1023-1062. (Arktis generelt)
Rudels, B., E. P. Jones, U. Schauer, and P. Eriksson, 2004: Atlantic sources of Arctic Ocean surface and
halocline waters. Polar Res., 23, 181-208. (Haloklin)
Rudels, B., R. D. Muench, J. Gunn, U. Schauer, H. J. Friedrich, 2000: Evolution of the Arctic Ocean boundary
current north of the Siberian shelves. J. Mar. Syst., 25, 77-99. (Arktis generelt)
Rudels, B., G. Björk, J. Nilsson, P. Winsor, I. Lake, and C. Nohr, 2005: The interaction between waters from the
Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas north of Fram Strait and along the East Greenland Current: results from the
Arctic Ocean-02 Oden expedition. J. Mar. Syst., 55, 1-30. (EGC)
Rudels, B., R. Meyer, E. Fahrbach, V. V. Ivanov, S. Østerhus, D. Quadfasel, U. Schauer, V. Tverberg, and R. A.
Woodgate, 2000: Water mass distribution in Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997. Ann.
Geophysicae 18, 687-705. (Framstredet)
Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., R. M. Key, J. Scholten, D. Bauch, and A. Michel, 1995: 228Ra as a tracer for shelf
water in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 1533-1553. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Ryther, J. H., and W. M. Dunstan, 1971: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Eutrophication in the Coastal Marine
Environment. Science, 171, 1008-1013. (Nitrogen)
Sadler, H. E., 1976: Water, heat, and salt transports through Nares Strait, Ellesmere Island. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada, 33, 2286-2295. (Canadian Archipelago)
Sakshaug. E., 1980: Organiske partikler i sjøvann. Naturen, 2, 75-86. (Biologi2)
Sakshaug. E., 19??: The physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton. ??, 61-89. (biologi)
Sakshaug. E., 19??: Variability in primary production in Arctic Seas. (Primær produksjon i Arktis)
Sakshaug. E., and H. R. Skjoldal, 1989: Life at the Ice Edge. Ambio, 18, 60-67. (Biologi2)
Sakshaug. E., and D. Slagstad, 1992: Sea ice and wind: Effects on primary productivity in the Barents Sea. Atm.Ocean, 30, 579-591. (Prim Prod i Arktis)
Salmon, D. K., and C. P. McRoy, 1994: Nutrient-based tracers in the Western Arctic: A new lower halocline
water defined. In: The Polar Oceans and their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, Geophysical
Monograph 85, 47-61. (Redfield)
Saloranta, T. M., and P. M. Haugan, 2004: Northward cooling and freshening of the warm core of the West
Spitsbergen Current. Polar. Res., 23, 79-88. (Framstredet)
Sambrotto, R. N., and C. Langdon, 1994: Water column dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), nitrogen
and O2 on Georges Bank during April, 1990. Cont. Shelf Res., 14, 765-789. (Oksygen)
Sambrotto, R. N., J. J., Goering, and C. P. McRoy, 1984: Large yearly production of phytoplankton in the
western Bering Strait. Science, 225, 1147-1150. (produksjon)
Sambrotto, R. N., H. J. Niebauer, J. J. Goering, and R. L. Iverson, 1986: Relationships among vertical mixing,
nitrate uptake, and phytoplankton growth during spring bloom in the southeast Bering Sea middle shelf. Cont.
Shelf Res., 5, 161-198. (produksjon)
Sambrotto, R. N., J. H. Martin, W. W. Broenkow, C. Carlson, and S. E. Fitzwater, 1993: Nitrate utilization in
surface waters of the Iceland Basin during spring and summer of 1989. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 441-457.
(Nitrogen)
Sambrotto, R. N., G. Savidge, C. Robinson, P. Boyd, T. Takahashi, D. M. Karl, C. Langdon, D. Chipman, J.
Marra, and L. Codispoti, 1993: Elevated consumption of carbon relative to nitrogen in the surface ocean.
Nature, 363, 248-250. (Redfield)
Sarmiento, J. L., 1986: Modeling oceanic transport of dissolved constituents. In: The role of air-sea exchange in
geochemical cycling, P. Buat-Ménard (Ed.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp 65-82.
Sarmiento, J. L., and E. T. Sundquist, 1992: Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon
dioxide. Nature, 356, 589-593. (CO2)
Sarmiento, J. L., and J. R. Toggweiler, 1984: A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric
PCO2. Nature, 308, 621-624. (karbon)
Sarmiento, J. L., J. Orr, and U. Siegenthaler, 1992: A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general
circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3621-3645. (CO2)
Sarmiento, J. L., J. R. Toggweiler, and R. Najjar, 1988: Ocean carbon-cycle dynamics and atmospheric pCO2.
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A325, 3-21. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Sater, J. E., A. G. Ronhovde, and L. C. Van Allen, (Eds.), 1971: Arctic environment and resources. The Arctic
Institute of North America, Washington D. C., Chapter on The Ocean. (The Arctic Ocean - svart perm)
Saunders, P. M., 1990: Cold outflow from the Faroe Bank Channel. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 29-43. (Overflow
water)
Savidge, G., D. R. Turner, P. H. Burkill, A. J. Watson, M. V. Angel, R. D. Pingree, H. Leach, and K. J. Richards,
1992: The BOFS 1990 Spring Bloom Experiment: Temporal evolution and spatial variability of the
hydrographic field. Prog. Oceanog., 29, 235-281. (Biologi2)
Sayles, F. L., G. P. Panteleyev, and H. D. Livingston, 1994: Tracking radioactive contamination in the Siberian
Arctic. Oceanus, 37, 6-8. (Tidsskriftet i rød tynn perm)
Sayles, M. A., K. Aagaard, and L. K. Coachman, 1980: Oceanographic atlas of the Bering Sea Basin. (kun tekst)
(Bering Sea)
Schauer, U., 1995: The release of brine-enriched shelf water from Storfjord into the Norwegian Sea. J. Geophys.
Res., 100, 16015-16028. (Norskehavet)
Schauer, U., and E. Fahrbach, 1999: A dense bottom water plume in the western Barents Sea: downstream
modification and interannual variability. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 2095-2108. (Barentshavet)
Schauer, U., E. Fahrbach, S. Østerhus, and G. Rohardt, 2004: Arctic warming through Fram Strait: Oceanic heat
transport from 3 years of measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C06026, doi:10.1029/2003JC001823.
(Framstredet)
Schauer, U., R. D. Muench, B. Rudels, and L. Timokhov, 1997: Impact of eastern Arctic shelf water on the
Nansen Basin intermediate layers. J. Geophys. Res., 102, C2, 3371-3382. (Arktis generelt)
Schauer, U., B. Rudels, I. Fer, P. Haugan, R. Skogseth, G. Björk, and P. Winsor, 200?: Return of deep
shelf/slope convection in the western Barents Sea? (Framstredet)
Schell, D. M., 1974: Regeneration of nitrogenous nutrients in Arctic Alaskan Estuarine Waters. In: The coast and
shelf of the Beaufort Sea, J. C. Reed and J. E. Slater (Eds.), The Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington,
pp. 649-664. (elver)
Schell, D. M., 1983: Carbon-13 and carbon-14 abundances in Alaskan aquatic organisms: Delayed production
from peat in arctic food webs. Science, 219, 1068-1071. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Schledermann, P., 1980: Polynyas and prehistoric settlement patterns. Arctic, 33, 292-302. (newp)
Schlichtholz, P., and M.-N. Houssais, 2002: An overview of the Θ – S correlation in Fram Strait based on the
MIZEX 84 data. Oceanologia, 44, 243-272. (Framstredet)
Schlitzer, R., 1987: Renewal rates of East Atlantic Deep Water estimated by inversion of 14C data. J. Geophys.
Res., 92, 2953-2969. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Schlosser, P., B. Kromer, G. Östlund, B. Ekwurzel, G. Bönisch, and H. Loosli, 1994: On the 14C and 39Ar
distribution in the central Arctic Ocean: implications for deep water formation. Manuscript. 22 pp. (Arktis Res.tid etc.)
Schlosser, P., D. Bauch, R. Fairbanks, and G. Bönisch, 1994: Arctic river-runoff: mean residence time on the
shelves and in the halocline. Deep-Sea Res., 41, 1053-1068. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Schlosser, P., G. Boenisch, D. Wallace, J. Bullister, and J. Blindheim, 199?: New results from long-term tracer
observations in the Greenland/Norwegian and Labrador Seas. ??, 129-133. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Schlosser, P., G. Bönisch, B. Kromer, K. O. Münnich, and K. P. Koltermann, 1990: Ventilation rates of the
waters in the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from a multitracer approach. J. Geophys. Res., 95,
3265-3272. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Schlosser, P., G. Bönisch, M. Rhein, and R. Bayer, 1991: Reduction of deepwater formation in the Greenland
Sea during the 1980s: Evidence from tracer data. Science, 251, 1054-1056. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Schlosser, P., J. H. Swift, D. Lewis, and S. Pfirman, 1995: The role of the large-scale Arctic Ocean circulation in
the transport of contaminants. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1341-1367. (Deep-Sea Res. No42, blå perm + Arktis
Generelt)
Schlüter, M., and E. Sauter, 2000: Biogenic silica cycle in surface sediments of the Greenland Sea. J. Mar. Syst.,
23, 333-342. (Silikat)
Schmitt, R. W., 1995: The Salt Finger experiments of Jevons (1857) and Rayleigh (1880). J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
25, 8-17. (Konveksjon)
Schmitz, Jr., W. J., and P. L. Richardson, 1991: On the sources of the Florida Current. Deep-Sea Res., 38,
Suppl., S379-S409. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Schneider, B., J. Karstensen, A. Oschlies, and R. Schlitzer, 2005: Model-based evaluation of methods to
determine C:N and N:P regeneration ratios from dissolved nutrients. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19,
GB2009, doi:10.1029/2004GB002256. (Redfield)
Schneider, W., and G. Budéus, 1994: The North East Water polynya (Greenland Sea) 1. A physical concept of its
generation. Polar Biol., 14, 1-9. (NEWP)
Schneider, W., and G. Budéus, 1995: On the generation of the Northeast Water Polynya. J. Geophys. Res., 100,
4269-4286. (Hvitt hefte Norteast Water Polynya)
Schneider, W., and G. Budéus, 1997: A note on Norske Ø Ice Barrier (Northeast Greenland), viewed by Landsat
5 TM. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 99-106. (NEWP)
Schneider, W., and G. Budéus, 1997: Summary of the Northeast Water Polynya formation and development
(Greenland Sea). J. Mar. Syst., 10, 107-122. (NEWP)
Schott, F., M. Visbeck, and J. Fischer, 1993: Observations of vertical currents and convection in the Central
Greenland Sea during the winter of 1988-1989. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14401-14421. (Grønnlandshavet)
Schrøder, H., 1987: Iltforholdene i Kattegats og Bælthavets bundvand. (Oksygen)
Schudlich, R., and S. Emerson, 1996: Gas supersaturation in the surface ocean: The roles of heat flux, gas
exchange, and bubbles. Deep-Sea Res., 43, 569-589. (Flukser, bobbler)
Schulz, B., 1930: Die Alkalinität des Oberflächenwassers der Nordsee und des Nordatlantik. Rapp. Proc. Verb.,
67, 91-92. (alkalinitet)
Schulz, B., 1930: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Alkalinität des Oberflächenwasswers im Nordatlantischen ozean.
Ann. Hydr. Mar. Met., 162-164. (alkalinitet)
Schumacher, J. D., and T. H. Kinder, 1983: Low-frequency current regimes over the Bering Sea Shelf. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 13, 607-623. (Bering Sea)
Schumacher, J. D., K. Aagaard, C. H. Pease, and R. B. Tripp, 1983: Effects of a shelf polynya on flow and water
properties in the Northern Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2723-2732. (Bering Sea + Polynya)
Schüßler, U., D. E. Schulz-Bull, and E. Bauerfeind, 1997: annual fluxes of particulate chemical trace compounds
during the North-East Water Polynya Experiment. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 391-400. (NEWP)
Schwarz, J., and W. F. Weeks, 1977: Engineering properties of sea ice. J. Glaciol., 19, 499-531. (Cosmos)
Schwerdtfeger, P., 1963: The thermal properties of sea ice. J. Glaciol., 4, 789-807. (Cosmos)
Scott, J. C., and A. L. McDowall, 1990: Cross-frontal cold jets near Iceland: in-water, satellite infrared, and
Geosat altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18005-18014. (Islandshavet)
Seidov, D., E. Barron, and B. J. Haupt, 2001: Meltwater and the global ocean conveyor: northern versus southern
connections. Global and Planetary Change, 30, 257-270. (Klima)
Sellner, K. G., 1981: Primary productivity and the flux of dissolved organic matter in several marine
environments. Mar. Biol., 65, 101-112. (Biologi2)
Semiletov, I., A. Makshtas, S.-I. Akasofu, and E. L. Andreas, 2004: Atmospheric CO2 balance: The role of
Arctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05121, doi:10.1029/2003GL017996. (CO2)
Seymour, A. H., 1959: The distribution of radioisotopes among marine organisms in the western central Pacific.
Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli, XXXI, 25-33. (Radioaktivitet)
Shapiro, S. D., P. Schlosser, W. M. Smethie Jr., and M. Stute, 1997: The use of 3H and tritiogenic 3He to
determine CFC degradation and vertical mixing rates in Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Mar. Chem., 59, 141-157.
(Diverse kjemi)
Shimada, K., E. Carmack, K. Hatakeyama, and T. Takizawa, 2001: Varieties of shallow temperature maximum
waters in the Western Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, NO. 18, 3441-3444.
(Haloklin)
Shimada, K., M. Itoh, S. Nishino, F. McLaughlin, E. Carmack, and A. Proshutinsky, 2005: Halocline structure in
the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03605, doi:10.1029/2004GL021358.
(Haloklin)
Shindo, Y., Y. Fujioka, K. Takeuchi, and H. Komiyama, 1995: Kinetics on the dissolution of CO2 into water
from the surface of CO2 hydrate at high pressure. Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 27, 569-575. (Diverse kjemi)
Shirasawa, K., and R. G. Ingram, 1991: Characteristics of the turbulent oceanic boundary layer under sea ice.
Part 1: A review of the ice-ocean boundary layer. J. Mar. Syst., 2, 153-160. (Cosmos)
Shulenberger, E., and J. L. Reid, 1981: The Pacific shallow oxygen maximum, deep chlorophyll maximum, and
primary productivity, reconsidered. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 901-919. (oksygen)
Siegenthaler, U., 1986: Carbon Dioxide: Its natural cycle and anthropogenic perturbation. In: The role of Air-Sea
Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, B. Ménard (Ed.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, 209-247. (CO2)
Siegenthaler, U., and J. L. Sarmiento, 1993: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean. Nature, 365, 119-125.
(CO2)
Siegenthaler, U., and Th. Wenk, 1984: Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation. Nature, 308,
624-626. (Karbon)
Signorini, S. R., C. R. McClain, J. R. Christian, and C. S. Wong, 2001: Seasonal and Interannual variability of
phytoplankton, nutrients, TCO2, pCO2, and O2 in the eastern subarctic Pacific (ocean weather station Papa).
J. Geophys. Res., 106, C12, 31197-31215.
Simonsen, K., and P. M. Haugan, 199?: Heat budgets of the Arctic Mediterranean and sea surface heat flux
parameterizations for the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res., ??, Manuscript. (Nordiske hav)
Sjöberg, B., and A. Stigebrandt, 1992: Computations of the geographical distribution of the energy flux to mixing
processes via internal tides and the associated vertical circulation in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 269-291.
(cosmos)
Skagset, Ø., and K. A. Orvik, 2002: Identifying fluctuations in the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current by means
of empirical orthogonal functions. Cont. Shelf Res., 22, 547-563. (Norskehavet)
Skjelvan, I., E. Falck, L. G. Anderson, and F. Rey, 2001: Oxygen fluxes in the Norwegian Atlantic Current. Mar.
Chem., 73, 291-303. (Oksygen)
Skjoldal, H. R., F. Rey, 1989: Pelagic production and variability of the Barents Sea ecosystem. In: Biomass
yields and geography of large marine ecosystems, K. Sherman and L. M. Alexander (Eds.), the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. (Primær produksjon i Arktis)
Skjoldal, H. R., A. Hassel, F. Rey, and H. Loeng, 1986: Spring phytoplankton development and zooplankton
reproduction in the central Barents Sea in the period 1979-1984. In: The effect of oceanographic conditions
on distribution and population dynamics of commercial fish stocks in the Barents Sea. H. Loeng (ed.),
Proceedings of the third Soviet-Norwegian Symposium, Murmansk, 26-28 May 1986. (biologi)
Skogseth, R., P. M. Haugan, and M. Jakobsson, 2005: Water mass transformations in Storfjorden. Cont. Shelf
Res., 25, 667-695. (Norskehavet)
Skoog, A., R. Lara, and G. Kattner, 2001: Spring-summer cycling of DOC, DON and inorganic N in a highly
seasonal system encompassing the Northeast Water Polynya, 1993. Deep-Sea Res. I, 48, 2613-2629. (NEWP)
Slagstad, D., and K. Støle-Hansen, 1991: Dynamics of plankton growth in the Barents Sea: model studies. Polar
Res., 10, 173-186. (biologi)
Smedsrud, L. H., 2001: Frazil-ice entrainment of sediment: large-tank laboratory experiments. J. Glaciology, 47,
461-471. (Sjøis)
Smedsrud, L. H., 2002: A model for entrainment of sediment into sea ice by aggregation between frazil-ice
crystals and sediment grains. J. Glaciology, 48, 51-61. (Sjøis)
Smedsrud, L. H., 2003: Formation of turbid ice during autumn freeze-up in the Kara Sea. Polar Res., 22, 267286. (Sjøis)
Smedsrud, L. H., 2005: Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the Greenwich meridian: 19772001. Deep-Sea Res. I, 52, 241-258. (Weddellhavet)
Smedsrud, L. H., and A. Jenkins, 2004: Frazil ice formation in an ice shelf water plume. J. Geophys. Res., 109,
C03025, doi:10.1029/2003JC001851. (Sjøis)
Smethie Jr., W. M., 1993: Tracing the thermohaline circulation in the western North Atlantic using
chlorofluorocarbons. Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 51-99. (diverse-oseanografi)
Smethie, Jr., W. M., and R. A. Fine, 2001: Rates of North Atlantic Deep Water formation calculated from
chlorofluorocarbon inventories. Deep-Sea Res. I, 48, 189-215. (Overflow water)
Smethie, Jr., W. M., and J. H. Swift, 1989: The tritium:krypton-85 age of Denmark Strait overflow water and
Gibbs Fracture Zone Water just south of Denmark Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8265-8275. (Overflow water)
Smethie, W. M. Jr., and H. G. Östlund, 19??: An investigation of deep water mass formation in the Greenland
and Norwegian Seas using 85Kr and tritium as tracers. ??, 55-59. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Smethie, W. M. Jr., H. G. Ostlund, and H. H. Looslie, 1986: Ventilation of the deep Greenland and Norwegian
seas: evidence from krypton-85, tritium, carbon-14 and argon-39. Deep-Sea Res., 33, 675-703. (Tracers i
arktiske havområder)
Smethie, W. M. Jr., D. W. Chipman, J. H. Swift, and K. P. Koltermann, 1988: Chlorofluoromethanes in the
Arctic Mediterranean seas: evidence for formation of bottom water in the Eurasian basin and deep-water
exchange through Fram Strait. Deep-Sea Res., 35, 347-369. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Smethie, W. M. Jr., T. Takahashi, D. W. Chipman, and J. R. Ledwell, 1985: Gas Exchange and CO2 Flux in the
Tropical Atlantic Ocean Determined from 222Rn and pCO2 Measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7005-7022.
(flukser, bobler)
Smith, D. C. IV, and J. H. Morison, 1993: A numerical study of haline convection beneath leads in sea ice. J.
Geophys. Res., 98, 10069-10083. (konveksjon)
Smith, P. C., 1976: Baroclinic instability in the Denmark Strait overflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 355-371.
(Overflow water)
Smith, S. D., 1980: Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale force winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 709726. (Cosmos)
Smith, S. D., and E. P. Jones, 1985: Evidence for wind-pumping of air-sea gas exchange based on direct
measurements of CO2 fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 869-875. (Flukser, bobler)
Smith, S. D., and E. P. Jones, 1986: Isotopic and micrometeorological ocean CO2 fluxes: Different time and
space scales. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10529-10532. (Flukser)
Smith, S. D., R. D. Muench, and C. H. Pease, 1990: Polynyas and leads: An overview of physical processes and
environment. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9461-9479. (NEWP)
Smith, S. L., W. O. Smith, L. A. Codispoti, and D. L. Wilson, 1985: Biological observations in the marginal ice
zone of the East Greenland Sea. J. Mar. Res., 43, 693-717. (biologi)
Smith, W. O. Jr., 1987: Phytoplankton dynamics in marginal ice zones. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 25, 1138. (biologi)
Smith, W. O. Jr., 1993: Nitrogen Uptake and New Production in the Greenland Sea: The Spring Phaeocystis
Bloom. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4681-4688. (nitrogen)
Smith, W. O. Jr., 1995: Primary productivity and new production in the Northeast Water (Greenland) Polynya
during summer 1992. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4357-4370. (Hvit Northeast Water Polynya hefte)
Smith, W. O. Jr., and W. G. Harrison, 1991: New production in polar regions: the role of environmental controls.
Deep-Sea Res., 38, 1463-1479. (produksjon)
Smith, W. O. Jr., and G. Kattner, 1989: Inorganic nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton in the marginal ice zone of
the Fram Strait. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer., 188, 90-97. (hele hefte står i hyllen)
Smith, W. O. Jr., R. I. Brightman, and B. C. Booth, 1991: Phytoplankton Biomass and Photosynthetic Response
During the Winter-Spring Transition in the Fram Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4549-4554. (biologi)
Smith, W. O. Jr., M. E. M. Baumann, D. L. Wilson, and L. Aletsee, 1987: Phytoplankton Biomass and
Productivity in the Marginal Ice Zone of the Fram Strait during summer 1984. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 67776786. (Framstredet)
Smith, W. O. Jr., I. D. Walsh, B. C. Booth, and J. W. Deming, 1995: Particulate matter and phytoplankton and
bacterial biomass distributions in the Northeast Water Polynya during summer 1992. J. Geophys. Res., 100,
4341-4356. (Hvit Northeast Water Polynya hefte)
Smith, W. O. Jr., M. Gosselin, L. Legendre, D. Wallace, K. Daly, and G. Kattner, 1997: New production in the
Northeast Water Polynya: 1993. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 199-209
Smith, W. O. Jr., L. A. Codispoti, D. M. Nelson, T. Manley, E. J. Buskey, H. J. Niebauer, and G. F. Cota, 1991:
Importance of Phaeocystis blooms in the high-latitude ocean carbon cycle. Nature, 352, 514-516. (biologi)
Smythe-Wright, D., A. L. Gordon, P. Chapman, and M. S. Jones, 1996: CFC-113 shows Brazil Eddy crossing the
South Atlantic to the Agulhas Retroflection region. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 885-895. (Antarktis)
Solomon, H, 1973: Wintertime surface layer convection in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 269-283.
(Arktis - Fysikk)
Sonnerup, R. E., P. D. Quay, and J. L. Bullister, 1999: Thermocline ventilation and oxygen utilization rates in the
subtropical North Pacific based on CFC distributions during WOCE. Deep-Sea Res., 46, 777-805. (Oksygen)
Spall, M. A., 1996: Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/Deep Western Boundary Current Crossover. Part II: LowFrequency Internal Oscillation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2169-2182. (Nord Atlanteren)
Speer, K. G., 1997: A note on average cross-isopycnal mixing in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44,
1981-1990. (Turbulens)
Spies, A., U. H. Brockmann, and G. Kattner, 1988: Nutrient regimes in the marginal ice zone of the Greenland
Sea in summer. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 47, 195-204. (Nitrogen)
Spitzer, W. S., and W. J. Jenkins, 1989: Rates of vertical mixing, gas exchange and new production: Estimates
from seasonal gas cycles in the upper ocean near Bermuda. J. Mar. Res., 47, 169-196. (Flukser)
Springer, A. M., and C. P. McRoy, 1993: The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea-III.
Patterns of primary production. Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 575-599. (Beringhavet)
Sprintall, J., and D. Roemmich, 1999: Characterizing the structure of the surface layer in the Pacific Ocean. J.
Geophys. Res., 104, C10, 23297-23311. (Mixed layer)
Stabeno, P. J., and R. K. Reed, 1991: Recent langrangian measurements along the Alaskan Stream. Deep-Sea
Res., 38, 289-296. (Bering Sea)
Stabeno, P. J., and R. K. Reed, 1994: Circulation in the Bering Sea Basin observed by satellite-tracked drifters:
1986 - 1993. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 736-758. (Bering Sea)
Steele, J. H., 19??: Production studies in the Northern North Sea. ??, 79-84. (primær produksjon i Arktis)
Steele, J. H., and I. E. Baird, 19??: Further relations between primary production, chlorophyll, and particulate
carbon. ??, 42-47. (Redfield)
Steele, J. H., and D. W. Menzel, 1962: Conditions for maximum primary production in the mixed layer. DeepSea Res., 9, 39-49. (prim. prod)
Steele, J. H., J. R. Barrett, and L. V. Worthington, 1962: Deep currents south of Iceland. Deep-Sea Res., 9, 465474. (Overflow))
Steele M., and T. Boyd, 1998: Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 103,
10419-10435. (Haloklin)
Steele M., J. Morison, W. Ermold, I. Rigor, M. Ortmeyer, and K. Shimada, 2004: Circulation of summer Pacific
halocline water in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02027, doi:10.1029/2003JC002009. (Haloklin)
Steemann Nielsen, E., 1952: The use of radioactive carbon (C14) for measuring organic production in the sea. J.
Cons. Int. Expl. Mer., 18, 117-140. (produksjon)
Steemann Nielsen, E., 19??: The balance between phytoplankton and zooplankton in the sea. ??, 178-188.
(biologi)
Steemann Nielsen, E., 1958: A survey of recent Danish measurements of the organic productivity in the sea.
Rapp. Cons. Expl. Mer., 144, 92-95. (produksjon)
Steemann Nielsen, E., 1958: Light and organic production in the sea. Rapp. Proc. Verb. Cons. Perm. Int. Expl.
Mer., 144, 140-148. (produksjon)
Steemann Nielsen, E., 1963: Productivity, definition and measurements. In: The Sea, Ideas and Observations on
Progress in the Study of the Seas, Vol. 2, M. N. Hill (Ed.), John Wiley &Son, New York, pp. 129-164. (Hvitt
hefte-The Sea)
Stefánsson, U., and J. Ólafsson, 19??: Nutrients and fertility of Icelandic waters. ???, 56 pp. (Islandshavet)
Stigebrandt, A., 1976: Vertical diffusion driven by internal waves in a sill fjord. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 486-495.
(cosmos)
Stigebrandt, A., 1978: Dynamics of an ice covered lake with through-flow. Nordic Hydrology, 9, 219-244.
(Sjøis)
Stigebrandt, A., 1979: Observational evidence for vertical diffusion driven by internal waves of tidal origin in the
Oslofjord. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 435-441. (cosmos)
Stigebrandt, A., 1981: A model for the thickness and salinity of the upper layer in the Arctic Ocean and the
relationship between the ice thickness and some external parameters. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11, 1407-1422.
(Arktis - Fysikk)
Stigebrandt, A., 1984: The North Pacific: A global-scale estuary. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 464-470. (Stillehavet)
Stigebrandt, A., 1985: On the hydrographic and ice conditions in the northern North Atlantic during different
phases of a glaciation cycle. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 50, 303-321. (Klima)
Stigebrandt, A., 1985: A model for the seasonal pycnocline in rotating systems with application to the Baltic
Proper. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 15, 1392-1404. (Diverse A)
Stigebrandt, A., 1987: A model for the vertical circulation of the Baltic Deep Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17,
1772-1785. (Diverse A)
Stigebrandt, A., 1991: Computations of oxygen fluxes through the sea surface and the net production of organic
matter with application to the Baltic and adjacent seas. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 444-454. (Oksygen)
Stigebrandt, A., and J. Aure, 1989: Vertical mixing in basin water of fjords. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 917-926.
(cosmos)
Stigebrandt, A., and F. Wulff, 1987: A model for the dynamics of nutrients and oxygen in the Baltic proper. J.
Mar. Res., 45, 729-759. (Oksygen)
Stigebrandt, A., J. Aure, and J. Molvær, 1993: Oxygen budget methods to determine the vertical flux of
particulate organic matter with application to the coastal waters off western Scandinavia. Manuskript
(Oksygen)
Stirling, I., 1980: The biological importance of polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 33, 303-315. (newp)
Stirling, I., and H. Cleator, 19??: Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. Occasional Paper Number 45, Canadian
Wildlife Service. (Hvitt hefte)
Stommel, H., 1957: A survey of ocean current theory. Deep-Sea Res., 4, 149-184. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Stoll, M. H. C., H. M. van Aken, H. J. W. de Baar, and C. J. de Boer, 1996: Meridional carbon dioxide transport
in the northern North Atlantic. Mar. Chem. 55, 205-216. (CO2)
Stoll, M. H. C., H. M. van Aken, H. J. W. de Baar, and M. Kraak, 1996: Carbon dioxide characteristics of water
masses in the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 55, 217-232. (CO2)
Strickland, J. D. H., 1960: Measuring the production of marine phytoplankton. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 122, 1172. (Hvitt hefte)
Subba Rao, D. V., and T. Platt, 1984: Primary production of Arctic Waters. Polar Biol., 3, 191-201. (primær
prod. i Arktis)
Suchet, P. A., and J. L. Probst, 1993: CO2 flux consumed by chemical weathering of continents: Influence of
drainage and lithology. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 317, Série II, 615-622. (Elver)
Suchet, P. A., and J. L. Probst, 1993: Modelling of atmospheric CO2 consumption by chemical weathering of
rocks: Application to the Garonne, Congo and Amazon basins. Chemical Geology, 107, 205-210. (Elver)
Suchet, P. A., and J. L. Probst, 1995: A global model for present-day atmospheric/soil CO2 consumption by
chemical erosion of continental rocks (GEM-CO2). Tellus 47B, 273-280. (Elver)
Suchet, P. A., and J. L. Probst, 1995: A global 1 degree by 1 degree distribution of atmospheric/soil CO 2
consumption by continental weathering and of riverine HCO3 yield. Data Base, 1012, 1-7. (Elver)
Suchet, P. A., A. Probst, and J. L. Probst, 1995: Influence of acid rain on CO2 consumption by rock weathering:
Local and global scales. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 1563-1568. (Elver)
Suess, E., 1980: Particulate organic carbon flux in the ocean - surface productivity and oxygen utilization.
Nature, 288, 260-263. (Karbon)
Sundberg, J., 1984: Kväveprocesser i marin miljö. (Nitrogen)
Sunby, S., 1983: Influence of bottom topography on the circulation at the continental shelf of northern Norway.
Havforskningsinstituttet, Rapp. Nr. FO 8308. (Nordsjøen-Kyststrømmen)
Sundby, S., B. Ellertsen, and P. Fossum, 1994: Encounter rates between first-feeding cod larvae and their prey
during moderate to strong turbulent mixing. ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 198, 393-405. (Diverse)
Sutcliffe, Jr., W. H., E. R. Baylor and D. W. Menzel, 1963: Sea surface chemistry and Langmuir circulation.
Deep-Sea Res., 10, 233-243. (Flukser)
Svendsen, E., and A. K. Magnusson, 1991: Climatic variability in the North Sea. ICES 1991/Variability
Symp/Paper No. 10/Session1. (Nordsjøen)
Svendsen, E., R. Sætre, and M. Mork, 1991: Features of the northern North Sea circulation. Cont. Shelf Res., 11,
493-508. (Nordsjøen)
Svendsen, E., A. Aglen, S. A. Iversen, D. W. Skagen, and O. Smestad, 1991: Influence of climate on recruitment
and migration of fish stocks in the North Sea. ICES C.M. 1991/H:12. (Nordsjøen)
Svendsen, H., 1974: Investigation of the Norwegian Coastal Current off Egersund, September 1968. Årb. Univ.
Bergen, 1973, Mat. Naturv. Serie No. 2, 1-19. (Nordsjøen)
Svendsen, H., 1997: Physical oceanography and marine ecosystems: some illustrative examples. Sci. Mar., 61,
93-108. (Diverse a)
Svendsen, H., A. Beszczynska-Møller, J. O. Hagen, B. Lefauconnier, V. Tverberg, S. Gerland, J. B. Ørbæk, K.
Bischof, C. Papucci, M. Zajaczkowski, R. Azzolini, O. Bruland, C. Wiencke, J.-G. Winther, and W.
Dallmann, 2002: The physical environment of Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, and Arctic fjord system in
Svalbard. Polar Res., 21, 133-166. (Framstredet)
Sverdrup, H. U., 1939: Lateral mixing in the deep water of the south Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 2, 195-207.
(Turbulens)
Sverdrup, H. U., 1953: On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. J. Cons. perm. Int. Explor. Mer.,
18, 287-295. (St. Mike)
Sverdrup, H. U., 1955: The place of physical oceanography in oceanographic research. J. Mar. Res., 14, 287294. (Diverse oseanografi)
Sweeney, J. F., J. R. Weber, and S. M. Blasco, 19??: Continental ridges in the Arctic Ocean: Lorex constraints.
Tectonophysics, 89, 217-237. (Arktis - Generelt/Sedimenter)
Sweeney, J. F., D. A. Hansell, C. A. Carlson, L. A. Codispoti, L. I. Gordon, J. Marra, F. J. Millero, W. O. Smith,
and T. Takahashi, 2000: Biogeochemical regimes, net community production and carbon export in the Ross
Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47, 3369-3394. (Produksjon)
Swift, J. H., 1984: A recent -S shift in the deep water of the northern North Atlantic. In: Climate Processes and
Climate Sensitivity. J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi (Eds.), Geophysical Monograph 29, Maurice Ewing
Volume 5, American Geophysical Union, 39-47. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Swift, J. H., 1984: The circulation of the Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow waters in the North
Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 31, 1339-1355. (Overflow water)
Swift, J. H., 1986: The arctic waters. In: The Nordic Seas. B. G. Hurdle (Ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York, 129153. (Nordiske hav)
Swift, J. H., and K. P. Koltermann, 1988: The origin of Norwegian Sea Deep Water. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 35633569. (Norskehavet)
Swift, J. H., and K. Aagaard, 1981: Seasonal transitions and water mass formation in the Iceland and Greenland
Seas. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 1107-1129. (Grønlandshavet)
Swift, J. H., K. Aagaard, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1980: The contribution of the Denmark Strait overflow to the
deep North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 27, 29-42. (Overflow water)
Swift, J. H., T. Takahashi, and H. D. Livingstone, 1983: The contribution of the Greenland and Barents Seas to
the Deep Water of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5981-5986. (Framstredet)
Swift, J. H., E. P. Jones, K. Aagaard, E. C. Carmack, M. Hingston, R. W. Macdonald, F. A. McLaughlin, and R.
G. Perkin, 1997: Waters of the Makarov and Canada basins. Deep-Sea Res. II, 44, 1503-1529. (Arktis
generelt)
Sælen, O. H., 1948: Temperature variations and heat transport in the Nordfjord. Bergen Museums Årbok 1946 og
1947, Naturvitenskapelig rekke Nr. 6, 28 pp. (Nordsjøen)
Sælen, O. H., 1963: Studies in the Norwegian Atlantic Current Part II: Investigations during the years 1954-59 in
an area west of Stad. Geofysiske Publikasjoner, Vol XXIII, No 6, 82pp. (Norskehavet)
Sælen, O. H., 1967: Some features of the Hydrography of Norwegian Fjords. In: Estuaries. American
Association for the Advancement of Science. 63-70. (Nordsjøen)
Sælen, O. H., 1976: General hydrography of fjords. In: Fresh water on the sea. The Association of Norwegian
Oceanographers, Oslo, 43-49. (Nordsjøen)
Sætre, R., J. Aure, and R. Ljøen, 1988: Wind effects on the lateral extension of the Norwegian Coastal Water.
Cont. Shelf Res., 8, 239-253. (Nordsjøen)
Tabata, S., 1979: On the variability of water properties in the surface mixed layer at Station P. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 24, 158-163. (Mixed layer)
Tabata, S., 1991: Annual and interannual variability of baroclinic transports across Line P in the Northeast
Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S221-S245. (Stillehavet)
Tai, C.-K., 1990: Estimating the surface transport of meandering oceanic jet streams from satellite altimetry:
Surface transport estimates for the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 860-879.
(Diverse-oseanografi)
Tait, V. K., R. M. Gershey, and E. P. Jones, 2000: Inorganic carbon in the Labrador Sea: Estimation of the
anthropogenic component. Deep-Sea Res. I, 47, 295-308. (Karbon)
Takahashi, T., 1989: The carbon dioxide puzzle. Oceanus, 32, 22-30.
Takahashi, T., W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer, 1985: Redfield Ratio Based on Chemical Data from Isopycnal
Surfaces. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6907-6924. (Redfield)
Takahashi, T., J. Olafsson, J. Goddard, D.W. Chipman, and S. C. Sutherland, 1993: Seasonal variation of CO2
and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: a comparative study. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl., 7, 843-878.
(Karbon)
Takahashi, T., J. Ólafsson, W. S. Broecker, J. Goddard, D. W. Chipman, and J. White, 1985: Seasonal variability
of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. Rit Fiskideilder, 9, 20-36.
(Islandshavet)
Takahashi, T., R. A. Feely, R. F. Weiss, R. H. Wanninkhof, D. W. Chipman, S. C. Sutherland, and T. T.
Takahashi, 1997: Global air-sea flux of CO2: An estimate based on measurements of air-sea pCO2 difference.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94, 8292-9299. (CO2)
Talley, L. D., 1991: An Okhotsk Sea Water anomaly: implications for ventilation in the North Pacific. Deep-Sea
Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S171-S190. (Stillehavet)
Talley, L. D., 1996: Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic. In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past
Circulation, G. Wefer, W. H. Berger, G. Siedler, and D. J. Webb (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,
pp. 219-238. (Antarktis)
Talley, L. D., and M. S. McCartney, 1982: Distribution and circulation of Labrador Sea Water. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 12, 1189-1205. (Labrador sea)
Talley, L. D., and M.E. Raymer, 1982: Eighteen Degree Water variability. J. Mar. Res., 40 (supp.), 757-775.
(Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Talley, L. D., T. M. Joyce, and R. A. deSzoeke, 1991: Transpacific sections at 47N and 152W: distribution of
properties. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S63-S82. (Stillehavet)
Tan, F. C., and P. M. Strain, 1980: The distribution of sea ice meltwater in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. J.
Geophys. Res., 85, 1925-1932. (Canadian Archipelago)
Tan, F. C., D. Dyrssen, and P. M. Strain, 1983: Sea-ice meltwater and excess alkalinity in the East Greenland
Current. Oceanologica Acta, 6, 283-288. (Alkalinitet)
Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi, 1990: Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2
budget. Science, 247, 1431-1438. (CO2)
Taylor, A. H., and J. A. Stephens, 1980: Seasonal and year-to-year variations in surface salinity at the nine North
Atlantic Ocean Weather Stations. Oceanol. Acta, 3, 421-430. (St. Mike))
Taylor, A. H., and J. A. Stephens, 1998: The North Atlantic Oscillation and the latitude of the Gulf Stream.
Tellus, 50, 134-142. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Tchernia, P., 1980: Circulation and hydrology of adjacent seas (Arctic Mediterranean and Eurafrican
Mediterranean). In: Descriptive regional oceanography. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 128-142. (Arktis Generelt/Sedimenter)
Teng, H., and A. Yamasaki, 1998: Mass transfer of CO2 through liquid CO2-water interface. Int. J. Heat Mass
Trans., 41, 4315-4325. (Diverse kjemi)
Teng, H., A. Yamasaki, and Y. Shindo, 1996: Stability of the hydrate layer formed on the surface of a CO2
droplet in high-pressure, low-temperature water. Chem. Engine., Sci., 51, 4979-4986. (diverse kjemi)
Teng, H., A. Yamasaki, M.-K. Chun and H. Lee, 1997: Solubility of liquid CO2 in water at temperatures from
278 K to 293 K and pressures from 6.44 MPa to 29.49 MPa and densities of the corresponding aqueous
solutions. J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 29, 1301-1310. (Diverse kjemi)
Tett, P., and A. Edwards, 1984: Mixing and plankton: An interdisciplinary theme in oceanography. Oceanogr.
Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 22, 99-123. (Biologi2)
Thingstad, T. F., and E. Sakshaug, 1990: Control on Phytoplankton growth in nutrient recycling ecosystems.
Theory and terminology. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 63, 261-272. (Biologi)
Thomas, D. J., R. W. Macdonald, and A. B. Cornford, 1986: Geochemical mass-balance calculations for the
coastal Beaufort Sea, N.W.T., Canada. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 186, 165-184. (Marginal
seas)
Thomas, F., V. Garcon, and J.-F. Minster, 1990: Modelling the seasonal cycle of dissolved oxygen in the upper
ocean at Ocean Weather Station P. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 463-491. (Oksygen)
Thomas, F., J. F. Minster, P. Gaspar, and Y. Gregoris, 1993: Comparing the behaviour of two ocean surface
models in simulating dissolved O2 concentration at O.W.S.P. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 395-408. (Oksygen)
Thomas, F., C. Perigaud, L. Merlivat, and J. F. Minster, 1988: World-scale monthly mapping of the CO2 oceanatmosphere gas-transfer coefficient. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A325, 71-83. (Flukser hav/atm)
Thomas, H., and V. Ittekkot, 2001: Determination of anthropogenic CO2 on the North Atlantic Ocean using water
mass ages and CO2 equilibrium chemistry. J. Mar. Syst., 27, 325-336. (CO2)
Thompson, K. R., J. R. N. Lazier, and B. Taylor, 1986: Wind-forced changes in Labrador Current transport. J.
Geophys. Res., 91, 14261-14268. (Labrador sea)
Thompson, R. O. R. Y., and R. J. Edwards, 1981: Mixing and water-mass formation in the Australian
Subantarctic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1399-1406. (OMP)
Thompson, S. L., and D. Pollard, 1997: Greenland and Antarctic mass balance for present and doubled
atmospheric CO2 from the GENESIS version-2 global climate model. J. Climate, 871-900. (Global
oppvarming)
Thórdardóttir, T., and K. Gudmundsson, 1989: Annual variations in primary production at the Polar Front north
of Iceland in May-June, 1958-1987. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 188, 127. (Primær prod. +
bok)
Thorkildsen, F., and P. M. Haugan, 1999: Modeling of deep-water renewal through cold convective plumes.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 1357-1383. (Konveksjon)
Thorndike, A., 2000: Sea ice thickness as a stochastic process. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1311-1313. (Sjøis)
Thorpe, S. A., 1973: Experiments on instability and turbulence in a stratified shear flow. J. Fluid. Mech., 61,
731-751. (cosmos)
Thorpe, S. A., 1982: On the clouds of bubbles formed by breaking wind-waves in deep water, and their role in
air-sea gas transfer. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 304, 155-210. (Flukser, bobler)
Thorpe, S. A., 1984: The role of bubbles produced by breaking waves in super-saturating the near-surface ocean
mixing layer with oxygen. Ann. Geophys., 2, 53-56. (Flukser, bobler)
Thorpe, S. A., 1985: Small-scale processes in the upper ocean boundary layer. Nature, 318, 519-522. (Flukser,
bobler)
Thorpe, S. A., 1988: The dynamics of the boundary layers of the deep ocean. Sci. Prog., Oxf., 72, 189-206.
(Diverse oseanografi)
Thorpe, S. A., 1992: Bubble clouds and the dynamics of the upper ocean. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 1-22.
(Flukser)
Thorpe, S. A., P. Bowyer, and D. K. Woolf, 1992: Some factors affecting the size distributions of oceanic
bubbles. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 382-389. (Flukser, bobbler)
Throndsen, J., and B. R. Heimdal, 1976: Primary production and light in Straumsbukta near Tromsø. Astarte, 9,
51-60. (primær produksjon i Arktis)
Timco, G. W., 1979: An analysis of the in-situ resistivity of sea ice in terms of its microstructure. J. Glaciol., 22,
461-471. (sjøis)
Timofeyev, V. T., 1961: The movement of Atlantic water and heat into the Arctic Basin. Okeanologiya, 1, (3),
407-411. (Arktis - Generelt)
Tison, J.-L., D. Ronveaux, and R. D. Lorrain, 1993: Low salinity frazil ice generation at the base of a small
Antarctic ice shelf. Antarctic Sci., 5 (3), 309-322. (sjøis)
Toggweiler, J. R., 1993: Carbon overconsumption. Nature, 363, 210-211. (Redfield)
Toggweiler, J. R., and J. L. Sarmiento, 1985: Glacial to interglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide: the
critical role of ocean surface water in high latitudes. In: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural
Variations Archean to Present, E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker (Eds), Geophysical Monograph 32,
American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C, pp. 163-184. (Klima)
Tomczak, M. Jr., 1981: A multi-parameter extension of temperature/salinity diagram techniques for the analysis
of non-isopycnal mixing. Prog. Oceanogr., 10, 147-171. (OMP)
Tomczak, M. Jr., 1981: An analysis of mixing in the frontal zone of South and North Atlantic Central Water off
North-West Africa. Prog. Oceanogr., 10, 173-192. (OMP)
Tomczak, M., 1999: Some historical, theoretical and applied aspects of quantitative water mass analysis. J Mar.
Res., 57, 275-303. (OMP)
Tomczak, M., 1999: Potential vorticity as a tracer in quantitative water mass analysis. International WOCE
Newsletter, 36, 6-10. (OMP)
Tomczak, M., and J. S. Godfrey, 1994: Arctic oceanography: the path of the North Atlantic Deep Water. In:
Regional Oceanography: An Introduction (Chapter 7). Pergamon, pp. 89-111. (Arktis-fysikk)
Tomczak, M., and D. G. B. Large, 1989: Optimum Multiparameter analysis of mixing in the thermocline of the
Eastern Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16141-16149. (OMP)
Tomczak, M., D. G. B. Large, and N. Nancarrow, 1994: Identification of diapycnal mixing through optimum
multiparameter analysis 1. Test of feasibility and sensitivity. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25267-25274. (OMP)
Toole, J. M., K. L. Polzin, and R. W. Schmitt, 1994: Estimates of diapycnal mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science,
264, 1120-1123. (cosmos)
Top, Z., F. Bignami, and T. Hopkins, 1997: Tritium- 3He ages of deep waters in the NEW Polynya. J. Mar. Syst.,
10, 175-184. (NEWP)
Topham, D. R., R. G. Perkin, S. D. Smith, R. J. Anderson, and G. den Hartog, 1983: An investigation of a
polynya in the Canadian Archipelago, 1, introduction and oceanography. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2888-2899.
(Canadian Archipelago)
Topp, R., and M. Johnson, 1997: Winter intensification and water mass evolution from yearlong current meters
in the Northeast Water Polynya. J. Mar. Syst., 10, 157-173. (NEWP)
Toudal, L., 1999: Ice extent in the Greenland Sea 1978-1995. Deep-Sea Res.II, 46, 1237-1254. (Grønlandshavet)
Tremblay, J. E., M. I. Lucas, G. Kattner, R. Pollard, V. H. Strass, U. Bathmann, and A. Bracher, 2002:
Significance of the Polar Frontal Zone for large-sized diatoms and new production during summer in the
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.II, 49, 3793-3811. (Primær Produksjon)
Tsuchiya, M., L. D. Talley, and M. S. McCartney, 1994: Water-mass distribution in the western South Atlantic;
A section from South Georgia Island (54S) northward across the equator. J. Mar. Res., 52, 55-81. (Antarktis)
Tsunogai, S., and N. Tanaka, 1980: Flux of oxygen across the air-sea interface as determined by the analysis of
dissolved components in sea water. Geochemical Journal, 14, 227-234. (Oksygen)
Tsunogai, S., M. Kusakabe, H. Iizumi, I. Koike, and A. Hattori, 1979: Hydrographic features of the seep water of
the Bering Sea - The Sea of Silica. Deep-Sea Res., 26, 641-659. (Silikat)
Tsurikov, V. L., 1979: The formation and composition of the gas content of sea water. J. Glaciol., 86, 67-81.
(Cosmos)
Tsurushima, N., Y. Nojiri, K. Imai, and S. Watanabe, 2002: Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide system and
nutrients in the surface mixed layer at station KNOT (44ºN, 155ºE) in the subarctic western North Pacific.
Deep-Sea Res.II, 49, 5377-5394. (Karbon)
Tucker, W. B. III, A. J. Gow, and J. A. Richter, 1984: On small-scale horizontal variations of salinity in first-year
sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6505-6514. (sjøis)
Tunnicliffe, M. D., 1985: An investigation of the waters of the East Greenland Current. Ph.D Thesis, Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. (EGC)
Turrell, W. R., G. Slesser, R. D. Adams, R. Payne, and P. A. Gillibrand, 1999: Decadal variability in the
composition of Fareo Shetland Channel bottom water. Deep-Sea Res., 46, 1-25. (Overflow water)
Tyrrell, T., and C. S. Law, 1997: Low nitrate: phosphate ratios in the global ocean. Nature, 387, 793-796.
(Redfield)
Untersteiner, N., 1961: On the mass and heat budget of Arctic sea ice. Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol.,
Ser. A, 12, 151-182. (Cosmos)
Untersteiner, N., 1964: A nomograph for determining heat storage in sea ice. J. Glaciol., 5, 352. (sjøis)
Untersteiner, N., 1968: Natural desaliniation and equilibrium salinity profile of perennial sea ice. J. Geophys.
Res., 73, 1251-1257. (Cosmos)
Untersteiner, N., 1988: On the ice and heat balance in Fram Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 527-531. (Framstredet)
Vacarro, R. F., 1963: Available Nitrogen and Phosphorous and the Biochemical Cycle in the Atlantic Off New
England. J. Mar. Res., 21, 284-301. (Nitrogen)
van Aken, H. M., 2001: The hydrography of the mid-latitude Northeast Atlantic Ocean – Part III: the subducted
thermocline water mass. Deep-Sea Res.I, 48, 237-267. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
van Aken, H. M., and C. J. de Boer, 1995: On the synoptic hydrography of intermediate and deep water masses
in the Iceland Basin. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 165-189. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
van Aken, H. M., G. Budéus, and M. Hähnel, 1995: The anatomy of the Arctic Frontal Zone in the Greenland
Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 100, C8, 15999-16014. (Grønlandshavet)
van Bennekom, A. J., and W. Salomons, 1981: Pathways of nutrients and organic matter from land to ocean
through rivers. In: River inputs to ocean systems. Martin, J. M., J. D. Burton, and D. Eisma (Eds.),
Proceedings of SCOR ??????????????????????????????, pp 33-51 (elver)
van Scoy, K. A., R. A. Fine, and H. G. Ostlund, 1991: Two decades of mixing tritium into the North Pacific
Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S191-S219. (Stillehavet)
van Scoy, K., and K. Coale, 1994: Pumping iron in the Pacific. New Scientist, 3. Dec., 32-35. (Diverse - kjemi)
Vedernikov, V. I., and A. A. Solov’yeva, 197?: Primary production and chlorophyll in the coastal waters of the
Barents Sea. Oceanology, 12, 559-565. (primær produskjon i Arktis)
Venrick, E. L., 1991: Mid-ocean ridges and their influence on the large-scale patterns of chlorophyll and
production in the North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 38, Suppl. 1, S83-S102. (produksjon)
Verjbinskaya, N., 19??: Observations on the nitrite changes in the Barents Sea. ??47-52. (nitrogen)
Vézina, A. F., and T. Platt, 1987: Small-scale variability of new production and particulate fluxes in the ocean.
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 198-205. (produksjon)
Vézina, A. F., C. Savenkoff, S. Roy, B. Klein, R. Rivkin, J.-C. Therriault, L. Legendre, 2000: Export of biogenic
carbon and structure and dynamics of the pelagic food web in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Part 2. Inverse
analysis. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47, 609-635. (DOC)
Vilhjálmsson, 1994: The environmental conditions of Icelandic water. Rit Fiskideildar, 13, 1, 3-48.
(Islandshavet)
Vinje, T. E., 1984: Frequency distribution of sea ice, ridges and water openings in the Greenland and Barents
Seas. - A preliminary report on the «Birds Eye» observations. ??. 27 pp. (Sjøis)
Vinje, T., T. B. Løyning, and I. Polyakov, 2002: Effects of melting and freezing in the Greenland Sea. Geophys.
Res. Lett, 29, NO 23, 2129, doi:10.1029/2002GL015326. (Grønlandshavet)
Volkmann, G., 1962: Deep current observations in the Western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 9, 493-500.
(Nordlige Atlanterhav)
von Quillfeldt, C. H., 1997: Distribution of diatoms in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland. J. Mar. Syst., 10,
211-240. (NEWP)
Vowinckel, E., and S. Orvig, 1962: Water balance and heat flow of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic, 15, 205-223.
(Arktis - Generelt)
Wadhams, P., 1983: Sea ice thickness distribution in Fram Strait. Nature, 305, 108-111. (Framstredet)
Wadhams, P., A. E. Gill, and P. F. Linden, 1979: Transects by submarine of the East Greenland Polar Front.
Deep-Sea Res., 26, 1311-1327. (EGC)
Wadhams, P., J. Holfort, E. Hansen, and J. P. Wilkinson, 2002: A deep convective chimney in the winter
Greenland Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, NO. 10, 1434, 10.1029/2001GL014306. (Grønlandshavet)
Wafar, M.V.M., P. Le Corre, and S. L`Helguen, 1995: f-Ratios calculated with and without urea uptake by
phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1669-1674. (Nitrogen)
Wallace, D. W. R., 1987: Ventilation of the deep Arctic Ocean examined with a suite of anthropogenic
halocarbon tracers. EOS, 68, 1768. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Wallace, D. W. R., 1995: Monitoring Global Ocean Carbon Inventories. Ocean Observing System Development
Panel, Backgroung Report Number 5, 50 pp. (karbon 13 og 14)
Wallace, D. W. R., and J. R. N. Lazier, 1988: Anthropogenic chlorofluoromethanes in newly formed Labrador
Sea Water. Nature, 332, 61-63. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Wallace, D. W. R., and J. R. N. Lazier, 1989: Anthropogenic chlorofluoromethanes in newly formed Labrador
Sea water. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 188, 79. (Labrador sea)
Wallace, D. W. R., and R. M. Moore, 1985: Vertical profiles of CCl3F (F-11) and CCl2F2 (F-12) in the central
Arctic Ocean basin. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 1155-1166. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Wallace, D. W. R., and C. D. Wirick, 1992: Large air-sea gas fluxes associated with breaking waves. Nature,
356, 694-696. (Flukser, bobler)
Wallace, D. W. R., R. M. Moore, and E. P. Jones, 1987: Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean cold halocline: rates of
diapycnal and isopycnal transport, oxygen utilization and primary production inferred using
chlorofluoromethane distributions. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1957-1979. (Halocline)
Walsh, J. E., W. I. Wittmann, L. H. Hester, and W. S. Dehn, 1986: Seasonal prediction of iceberg severity in the
Labrador Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9683-9692. (Labrador havet)
Walsh, J. J., 19??: Concluding remarks: Marine Photosynthesis and the global carbon cycle. ???, 497-506. (Rosa
mappe, primær prod.)
Walsh, J. J., 1989: Arctic carbon sinks: present and future. Global Biogeochem. Cycl., 3, 393-411. (karbon)
Walsh, J. J., G. T. Rowe, R. L. Iverson, and C. P. McRoy, 1981: Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the
global CO2 cycle. Nature, 291, 196-201. (CO2)
Walsh, J. J., et al., 1989: Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering/Chukchi Seas: Source regions for
organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 22, 277-359. (Arctic Ocean kjemi, blå perm)
Walsh, J. J., et al., 1989: The role of Bering Strait in the carbon/nitrogen fluxes of polar marine ecosystems. In:
Proceedings of the 6th conference of the Comité Arctique International, L. Rey and V. Alexander (Eds.), E. J.
Brill, Leiden, 90-120. (Arctic Ocean - kjemi, blå perm)
Warner, M. J., and R. F. Weiss, 1992: Chlorofluoromethanes in South Atlantic Antarctic Intermediate Water.
Deep-Sea Res., 39, 2053-2075. (Antarktis)
Wang, D.-P., 1984: Mutual intrusion of a gravity current and density front formation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14,
1191-1199. (Grønn perm, tokt juni 91, nederste skuff)
Wangersky, P. J., 1976: Particulate organic carbon in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. . Deep-Sea Res., 23, 457465. (POM/DOM)
Waniek, J. J, 2003: The role of physical forcing in initiation of spring blooms in the northeast Atlantic. J. Mar.
Syst., 39, 57-82. (produksjon)
Wanninkhof, R., 1992: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97,
7373-7382. (flukser hav/atm)
Wanninkhof, R., and W. R. McGillis, 1999: A cubic relationship between air-sea CO2 exchange and wind speed.
Geophys. Res. Lett., ?? (manuscript) (flukser)
Wanninkhof, R., J. R. Ledwell, and W. S. Broecker, 1985: Gas exchange-wind speed relation measured with
Sulfur Hexafluoride on a lake. Science, 227, 1224-1226. (flukser, bobler)
Wanninkhof, R., E. Lewis, R. A. Feely, and F. J. Millero, 1999: the optimal carbonate dissociation constants for
determining surface water pCO2 from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon. Mar. Chem., 65, 291-301. (CO2)
Wanninkhof, R., W. Asher, R. Weppering, H. Chen, P. Schlosser, C. Langdon, and R. Sambrotto, 1993: Gas
transfer experiment on Georges Bank using two volatile deliberate tracers. J. Geophys. Res., 98, C11, 2023720248. (Flukser)
Warren, B. A., 1983: Why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific. J. Mar. Res., 41, 327-347. (Stillehavet)
Wassmann, P., 1990: Relationship between primary and export production in the boreal coastal zone of the North
Atlantic. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 464-471. (Primær produksjon)
Wassmann, P., and D. Slagstad, 1993: Seasonal and annual dynamics of particulate carbon flux in the Barents
Sea. Polar Biol., 13, 363-372. (Barentshavet)
Wassmann, P., R. Peinert, and V. Smetacek, 1991: Patterns of production and sedimentation in the boreal and
polar Northeast Atlantic. Polar Res., 10, 209-228. (produksjon)
Watson, A. J., R. C. Upstill-Goddard, and P. S. Liss, 1991: Air-sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas
measured by a dual-tracer technique. Nature, 349, 145-147. (Flukser, bobler)
Watson, A. J., J. E. Robinson, and R. D. Ling, 1993: Air-sea exchange of CO2 and its relation to primary
production. In: Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change, R. Wollast, F. T.
Mackenzie, and L. Chou (Eds.), NATO ASI Series, Vol. 14, pp. 249-257. (Flukser)
Watson, A. J., C. Robinson, J. E. Robinson, P. J. le B. Williams, and M. J. R. Fasham, 1991: Spatial variability
in the sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the North Atlantic. Nature, 350, 50-53. (CO2)
Weatherly, J. W., 200?: Decreasing Arctic sea ice: Greenhouse gases versus variability and natural forcing. ???.
(AO)
Weaver, A. J., 1993: The oceans and global warming. Nature, 364, 192-193. (Global oppvarming)
Weaver, A. J., 1995: Driving the ocean conveyor. Nature, 378, 135-136. (diverse-oseanografi)
Weber, J. E., 1977: Heat and salt transfer associated with formation of sea-ice. Tellus, 29, 151-160. (Sjøis)
Weber, J. R., 1979: The Lomonosov Ridge experiment: Lorex 79. EOS, 60, 715-721. (Arktis - Generelt)
Weber, J. R., 1989: Physiography and bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean seafloor. In: The Arctic Seas:
Climatology, oceanography, geology, and biology, Y. Herman (Ed.), Van Nostrand Reinold Company, New
York, 797-828. (Arktis - Generelt/Sedimenter)
Webster, P.J., and T.N. Palmer, 1997: The past and the future of El Niño. Nature, 390, 562-564. (Klima)
Weeks, W. F., and O. S. Lee, 1958: Observations on the physical properties of sea ice at Hopedale, Labrador.
Arctic, 11, 134-155. (Cosmos)
Weeks, W. F., and A. J. Gow, 1978: Preferred crystal orientation in the fast ice along the margins of the Arctic
Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5105-5121. (Cosmos)
Weeks, W. F., and A. J. Gow, 1980: Crystal alignments in the fast ice of Arctic Alaska. J. Geophys. Res., 85,
1137-1146. (Cosmos)
Weidemann, H., and H. Sender, 199?: Dilution and dispersion of pollutants by physical processes. ??, 115-121.
(Diverse kjemi)
Weingartner, T.J., D. J. Cavalieri, K. Aagaard, and Y. Sasaki, 1998: Circulation, dense water formation, and
outflow on the northeast Chukchi shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7647-7661. (Beringhavet)
Weiss, R. F., 1970: The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 721735. (Flukser)
Weiss, R. F., 1974: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem., 2, 203215. (Diverse kjemi))
Weiss, R. F., J. L. Bullister, R. H. Gammon, and M. J. Warner, 1985: Atmospheric chlorofluoromethanes in the
deep equatorial Atlantic. Nature, 314, 608-610. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Welander, P. 1961: Coupling between Sea and Air. In: Oceanography, M. Sears (Ed.), Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci.,
Washington, D. C., pp. 401-410. (Flukser, bobler)
Weller, R. A., and D. M. Farmer, 1992: Dynamics of the ocean mixed layer. Oceanus, 35, 46-55. (diverseoseanografi)
Wenk, T., and U. Siegenthaler, 1985: The high-latitude ocean as a control of atmospheric CO2. In: The Carbon
Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker
(Eds), Geophysical Monograph 32, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C, pp. 163-184. (CO2)
Wesely, M. L., 1986: Response to «Isotopic versus micrometeorologic Ocean CO2 fluxes: a serious conflict» by
Broecker et al.. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10533-10535. (Flukser)
Weslawski, J. M., J. Wiktor, J. Koszteyn, M. Zajaczkowski, P. Wieczorek, and L. Kotwicki, 1997: The coastal
edge of the Northeast Water polynya in spring 1993. J. Mar. Syst., 429-444. (NEWP)
Wettlaufer, J. S., 1991: Heat flux at the ice-ocean interface. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7215-7236. (Sjøis)
Wettlaufer, J. S., M. G. Worster, and H. E. Huppert, 2000: Solidification of leads: Theory, experiment, and field
observations. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1123-1134. (cosmos)
Wheeler, P. A., 1997: Preface: The 1994 Arctic Ocean Section. Deep-Sea Res., 44, 1483-1485. (Tracer i arktiske
havområder)
Wheeler, P. A., J. M. Watkins, and R. L. Hansing, 1997: Nutrients, organic carbon and organic nitrogen in the
upper water column of the Arctic Ocean: implications for the sources of dissolved organic carbon. Deep-Sea
Res., 44, 1571-1592. (POM/DOM)
Wheeler, P.A., M. Gosselin, E. Sherr, D. Thibault, D. L. Kirchman, R. Benner, and T. E. Whitledge, 1996:
Active cycling of organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean. Nature, 380, 697-699. (DOC)
Whitman, W. G., 1923: The two-film theory of gas absorption. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, 29, No.
4, 146-148. (Diverse kjemi)
Whitworth III, T., 1983: Monitoring the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at Drake Passage. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 2045-2057. (Antarktis)
Whitworth III, T., and W. D. Nowlin Jr., 1987: Water masses and currents of the Southern Ocean at the
Greenwich meridian. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6462-6476. (Antarktis)
Whitworth III, T., and R. G. Peterson, 1985: Volume transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from bottom
pressure measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 810-816. (Antarktis)
Whitworth III, T., W. D. Nowlin Jr., R. D. Pillsbury, M. I. Moore, and R. F. Weiss, 1991: Observations of the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Deep Boundary Current in the Southwest Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 96,
15105-15118. (Antarktis)
Widell, K., S. Østerhus, and T. Gammelsrød, 2003: Sea ice velocity in the Fram Strait monitored by moored
instruments. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, NO. 19, doi:10.1029/2003GL018119. (Framstredet)
Williams, J. M., F. Doehring, and I. W. Duedall, 19??: Heavy weather in Florida. Oceanus, ??, 19-26. (Oceanus
- tynn rød perm)
Williams, P. J. le B., and N. W. Jenkinson, 1982: A transportable microprocessor-controlled precise Winkler
titration suitable for field station and shipboard use. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 576-584. (Oksygen titrering)
Williams, P. J. le B., and C. S. Yentsch, 1976: An examination of photosynthetic production, excretion of
photosynthetic products, and heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic compounds with reference to
results from a coastal subtropical sea. Mar. Biol., 35, 31-40. (POM/DOM)
Williams, P. J. le B., K. R. Heinemann, J. Marra, and D. A. Purdie, 1983: Comparison of 14C and O2
measurements of phytoplankton production on oligotrophic waters. Nature, 305, 49-50. (Karbon 13 og 14)
Williams, R. G., and M. Follows, 1998: The Ekman transfer of nutrients and maintenance of new production over
the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 461-489. (Ekman)
Williams, R. G., A. J. McLaren, and M. Follows, 2000: Interannual variability in export production implied by
changes in convection over the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Submitted. (Produksjon)
Wilson, C., and D. W. R. Wallace, 1990: Using the nutrient ratio NO/PO as a tracer of continental shelf waters in
the Central Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22193-22208. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Wolf-Gladrow, D., 1995: Dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity and all that stuff. Manuscript. (alkalinitet)
Wong, C. S., and S. Hirai, 1997: Ocean Storage of Carbon Dioxide; A review of oceanic carbonate and CO2
hydrate chemistry. IEA Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme, Cheltenham, UK, 90 pp. (Hvitt hefte)
Woodgate, R. A., and E. Fahrbach, 1999: Benthic storms in the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 2109-2127.
(cosmos)
Woodgate, R. A., and K. Aagaard, 2005: Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021747. (Beringhavet)
Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, R. D. Muench, J. Gunn, G. Björk, B. Rudels, A. T. Roach, and U. Schauer, 2001:
The Arctic Ocean Boundary Current along the Eurasian slope and the adjacent Lomonosov Ridge: Water
mass properties, transports and transformations from moored instruments. Deep-Sea Res. I, 48, 1757-1792.
(Arktis, generelt)
Woolf, D. K., 1993: Bubbles and the air-sea transfer velocity of gases. Atmosphere-Ocean, 31, 517-540.
(Flukser, bobbler)
Woolf, D. K., and S. A. Thorpe, 1991: Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions. J.
Mar. Res., 49, 435-466. (Flukser, bobler)
Worthington, L. V., 1954: A preliminary note on the time scale in North Atlantic circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 1,
244-251. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Worthington, L. V., 1962: Evidence for a two gyre circulation system in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 9,
51-67. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Worthington, L. V., 1970: The Norwegian Sea as a mediterranean basin. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 77-84.
(Norskehavet)
Worthington, L. V., 1977: Intensification of the Gulf Stream after the winter of 1976-77. Nature, 270, 415-417.
(Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Worthington, L. V., 1982: North Atlantic circulation and water mass formation. J. Mar. Res., 40, Supplement,
xiii-xxii. (Nordlige Atlanterhav)
Wu, J., 1981: Bubble populations and spectra in near-surface ocean: Summary and review of filed measurements.
J. Geophys. Res., 86, 457-463. (Flukser, bobler)
Wu, J., 1988: Bubbles in the near-surface ocean: A general description. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 587-590. (Flukser,
bobler)
Wunsch, C., 1970: On oceanic boundary mixing. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 293-301. (Turbulens)
Wunsch, C., 1976: Geographical variability of the internal wave field: A search for sources and sinks. J Phys.
Oceanogr., 6, 471-485. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Wunsch, C., 1977: Determining the general circulation of the oceans: A preliminary discussion. Science, 196,
871-875. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Wunsch, C., 1997: The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem. Book Review. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Wunsch, C., and S. Webb, 1979: The Climatology of Deep Ocean Internal Waves. J Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 235243. (Diverse-oseanografi)
Wyman, J. Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, and I. Irving, 1952: On the stability of gas bubbles in sea water.
J. Mar. Res., 11, 47-62. (Flukser, bobbler)
Wyrtki, K., 1962: The oxygen minima in relation to ocean circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 9, 11-23. (Oksygen)
Yager, P. L., D. W. R. Wallace, K. M. Johnson, W. O. Smith Jr., P. J. Minnett, and J. W. Deming, 1995: The
Northeast Water Polynya as an atmospheric CO2 sink: A seasonal rectification hypothesis. J. Geophys. Res.,
100, 4389-4398.
Yaglom, A. M., and B. A. Kader, 1974: Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and turbulent fluid flow at
high Reynolds and Péclet numbers. J. Fluid Mech., 62, 601-623. (Cosmos)
Yao, W., and R. H. Byrne, 1998: Simplified seawater alkalinity analysis: Use of linear array spectrometers.
Deep-Sea Res., 45, 1383-1392. (Oksygen titrering)
You, Y., 1996: Dianeutral mixing in the thermocline of the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 43, 291-320. (OMP)
You, Y., 1998: Intermediate water circulation and ventilation of the Indian Ocean derived from water-mass
contributions. J. Mar. Res., 56, 1029-1067. (OMP)
You, Y., and T. J. McDougall, 1990: Neutral surfaces and potential vorticity in the world’s ocean. J. Geophys.
Res., 95, 13235-13261. (OMP)
You, Y., and M. Tomczak, 1993: Thermocline circulation and ventilation in the Indian Ocean derived from water
mass analysis. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40, 13-56. (OMP)
Yentsch, C. S., 19??: phytoplankton growth in the sea, a coalescence of disciplines. ???, 17-32. (Rosa mappe,
biologi)
Zeebe, R. E., D. A. Wolf-Gladrow, and H. Jansen, 1999: On the time required to establish chemical and isotopic
equilibrium in the carbon dioxide system in seawater. Mar. Chem., 65, 135-153. (CO2)
Zheng, Y., P. Schlosser, J.H. Swift, and E. P. Jones, 1997: Oxygen utilization rates in the Nansen Basin, Arctic
Ocean: implications for new production. Deep-Sea Res., 44, 1923-1943. (Oksygen)
Østerhus, S., and T. Gammelsrød, 1999: The abyss of the Nordic Seas is warming. J. Climate, 12, 3297-3304.
(Nordiske hav)
Østerhus, S., W. R. Turrell, S. Jónsson, and B. Hansen, 2005: Measured volume, heat, and salt fluxes from the
Atlantic to the Arctic Mediterranean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07603, doi:10.1029/2004GL022188.
(Norskehavet2)
Østerhus, S., W. R. Turrell, B. Hansen, P. Lundberg, and E. Buch, 2001: Observed transport estimates between
the North Atlantic and the Arctic Mediterranean in the Iceland-Scotland region. Polar Res., 20, 169-175.
(Norskehavet2)
Östlund, H. G., 1982: The residence time of the freshwater component in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 87,
2035-2043. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Östlund, H. G., and G. Hut, 1984: Arctic Ocean water mass balance from isotope data. J. Geophys. Res., 89,
6373-6381. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Östlund, H. G., G. Possnert, and J. H. Swift, 1987: Ventilation rate of the deep Arctic Ocean from carbon 14
data. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 3769-3777. (Arktis - Res.tid etc.)
Ådlandsvik, B., 1989: Wind-driven variations in the Atlantic inflow to the Barents Sea. ICES C.M./C:18.
(Barentshavet)
Ådlandsvik, B., and H. Loeng, 1991: A study of the climatic system in the Barents Sea. Polar Research 10, 4549. (Barentshavet)
Aagaard, K., 19??: The Norwegian Sea: Convenor’s review. Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S. No. 215.
(Norskehavet)
Aagaard, K., 1970: Wind-driven transports in the Greenland and Norwegian seas. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 281-291.
(Grønnlandshavet)
Aagaard, K., 1979: Polar oceanography I: Arctic Ocean. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 17, 15761578. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., 1981: On the deep circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 28, 251-268. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., 1989: A synthesis of the Arctic Ocean circulation. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 188,
11-22. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., 199?: Contamination of the Arctic: Ocean Processes. ??, 26 pp. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., and A. T. Roach, 1990: Arctic Ocean-Shelf exchange: Measurements in Barrow Canyon. J.
Geophys. Res., 95, 18163-18175. (Marginal seas)
Aagaard, K., and E. C. Carmack, 1989: The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the arctic circulation. J.
Geophys. Res., 94, 14485-14498. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., and E. C. Carmack, 1994: The Arctic Ocean and climate: A perspective. In: The Polar oceans and
their role in shaping the global environment, Geophysical Monograph 85. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., and L. K. Coachman, 1968: The East Greenland Current north of Denmark Strait: Part I. Arctic, 21,
181-200. (EGC)
Aagaard, K., and L. K. Coachman, 1968: The East Greenland Current north of Denmark Strait: Part II. Arctic,
21, 267-290. (EGC)
Aagaard, K., and L. K. Coachman, 1975: Towards and ice-free Arctic Ocean. EOS, 56, 484-486. (Arktis Generelt)
Aagaard, K., and P. Greisman, 1975: Toward new mass and heat budgets for the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.,
80, 3821- 3827. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., and R. Reed, 1987: Fram Strait: Exchange and dynamics. EOS, ?(March 3) ?(2 pp). (Framstredet)
Aagaard, K., L. K. Coachman, and E. C. Carmack, 1981: On the Halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.,
28, 529-545. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., C. Darnall, and P. Greisman, 1973: Year-long current measurements in the Greenland-Spitsbergen
passage. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 743-746. (Framstredet)
Aagaard, K., A. Foldvik, and S. R. Hillman, 1987: The West Spitsbergen Current: Disposition and water mass
transformation. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 3778-3784. (Framstredet)
Aagaard, K., J. H. Swift, and E. C. Carmack, 1985: Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas. J.
Geophys. Res., 90, 4833-4846. (Arktis - Generelt)
Aagaard, K., E. Fahrbach, J. Meincke and J. H. Swift, 1991: Saline outflow from the Arctic Ocean: Its
contribution to the Deep Waters of the Greenland, Norwegian, and Iceland Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2043320441. (Framstredet)
Aagaard, K., A. Foldvik, T. Gammelsrød, and T. Vinje, 1983: One-year records of current and bottom pressure
in the strait between Nordaustlandet and Kvitøya, Svalbard, 1980-81. Polar Res., 1, 107-113. (Barentshavet)
Aagaard, K., L. A. Barrie, E. C. Carmack, C. Garrity, E. P. Jones, D. Lubin, R. W. Macdonald, J. H. Swift, W. B.
Tucker, P. A. Wheeler, and R. H. Whritner, 1996: U. S., Canadian researchers explore Arctic Ocean. EOS,
77, 209 and 213. (Arktis, generelt, sedimenter)
Aarkrog, A., H. Dahlgaard, L. Hallstadius, H. Hansen, and E. Holm, 1983: Radiocaesium from Sellafield
effluents in Greenland waters. Nature, 304, 49-51. (Tracers i arktiske havområder)
Polarstern Shipborn Scientific Party, 1988: Breakthrough in Arctic Deep-Sea Research: The R/V Polarstern
Expedition 1987. EOS, 69,No. 25, June 21, 5pp. (Arktis generelt)
Download