Name: _____________________________________________________________ Date: ____ Period: ______ NOTES
Notes: Geology Chapter 1
How did Earth
•
________ billion years ago, bits of material collided and __________ together
form?
•
________ from impacts heated the material up and Earth ___________ into ball of rock
•
___________ “heavier” materials/elements (_________, nickel) sank toward __________
•
___________________ “lighter” materials/elements stayed on ____________
•
Formed _____ main layers: the ________ (heavy stuff), the ___________, the __________ (light stuff)
What are the 3
•
The ________: _____________ “heaviest” region in the _________ of Earth. Made of 2 parts:
layers of the
– Inner core: ball of very hot _________ metals—high ___________ keeps metals from melting
Earth?
– Outer core: ________ metals surrounding the inner core—lower ________ allows metals to be liquid
•
The Mantle
– ______________ layer (1700 miles thick), less _________ (“lighter”) than the core
– the very top is cool and ________ (doesn’t move), but right below that the mantle rock is
________ and soft enough to move _________ slowly
•
The _____________: _________, cool; surrounds Earth like a __________ surrounds an egg
– ranges in ________________ (different depending on where you are)
– 2 types of crust
•
________________ crust (land, thick, but less dense)
•
_____________ crust (ocean floors, thin, but more dense)
– The crust is where ALL ________ on Earth lives
How do we know •
Study the _________ from ____________________ or underground _________________ that scientists
how the Earth’s
set off. Energy moves ___________ through less dense materials and __________, and faster through
interior looks?
___________ dense materials and _____________.
What are the
•
Lithosphere = Earth’s __________ + _________ top of ____________—most rigid layer
lithosphere and
•
Asthenosphere = right under the lithosphere; upper ___________—soft enough to _______ like hot tar
asthenosphere?
•
Lithosphere is ____________ into large pieces, called _____________ plates
– Can be ___________ or small. Contain both continental and ______________ crust
– Plates fit together like jigsaw _____________
What is
•
Alfred _____________ (German) proposed continental drift hypothesis in ________
continental drift?
– Says that continents were once ____________, but gradually drifted ___________
•
Continents were once joined in a supercontinent called ______________
– Pangaea split apart over the last ______ million years.
•
People didn’t believe him at first because he didn’t know __________ they moved.
What evidence
•
EVIDENCE from ___________, ____________, and rocks
do we have that
– Same __________:
continents
•
Example: In both South America and _________, a small, ancient reptile’s
move?
____________ were found, but _____________ else in the world. Could be explained if
S. America and Africa were once _____________.
– ___________ changes
•
Example1: Greenland is near the __________ circle (near north pole), but it has fossils
of _____________ plants. Example2: South Africa is very ________, but its rocks have
scratches made by ________ sheets.
– Same __________ types in Brazil and West Africa. Also, _______________ layers in the Appalachian
Mountains of North America were exactly like the limestone in ________________ Highlands.
Evidence in
•
Ocean floor was studied in ________—found ________________ ridges. Found in __________ ocean.
Oceans:
Sea-Floor _________________ occurs at MORs. MORs form along __________ in the crust
– Molten (_________) rock oozes through the cracks and cools to form new _____________
– _________ of the sea floor:
•
Rock samples show that ______________ rock is ___________ to the ridge, while
__________ rocks are ____________ away.
•
Ocean floor __________ and moves ____________ from mid-ocean ridges like a
conveyor belt, moving the ______________ plates and their continents with them.
– Ocean Trenches:
•
Oceanic crust __________ into the Asthenosphere at ocean ____________. _______
crust is destroyed at the same ________ that new crust is forming.
Why do plates
•
Plates move because of ___________________. Rock in the Asthenosphere follows a
move?
_________________ current—a motion that transfers __________ energy in materials.
•
Rock is _____________ close to the _________Rock becomes ________ dense (“lighter”)
Rock _________ upRock _________ down (away from the core)Rock becomes _________
dense (“heavier”)Rock _________
What is the
•
_____________________ is made of huge plates that move over the surface of the Earth
Theory of Plate
•
Lithosphere is moved by:
Tectonics?
– ______________ Currents: Plates are carried on the Asthenosphere by convection currents
circulating—happens __________ (over millions of years, plates move _____________ of kilometers)
– Slab ________: where ____________ pulls the edge of a cool, dense plate into the
Asthenosphere—the entire plate is ___________ along.
Ridge _______: material from a _________________ ridge slides downhill from the ridge—the
material ___________ the rest of the plate.
There are ____ major tectonic plates: African, Antarctic, Australian, _____________, _____________,
Nazca, _________________________, South American, and Pacific plates.
Plates affect each other as they _________. They can:
– Move _________—Example: South American and ___________
– __________ together—Example: Indian and ________________
– ______________ past each other—Example: North American and ____________
Tectonic plates have ________________ boundaries.
– ________________: where the _________ of 2 plates meet
– There are _______ types of boundaries.
________________: plates move _____________
– most are found in the _____________. Also called __________________ centers
________________: plates push __________________
________________: plates __________ past each other
Divergent boundaries: plates move ____________ ( ← →)
– Sea floor _________ at these boundaries and forms _________________________:
•
plates move apart, forming a _______ in the center (called a ______ valley)
•
___________ material rises from the crack, _________ ocean water cools the rock until
it becomes ___________—forms new sea __________.
•
Ex. Mid-____________ Ridge—longest in the world (6214 miles)
– Continents move apart at divergent boundaries
•
Plates move _________; cracks form in Earth’s crust (forms a ______ valley)
•
___________ rock (hot!) oozes into these cracks
•
Rift valley gets _________ and lower as the continents move farther __________; water can
fill in the valley to form a __________ or lake: Ex. Great Rift Valley in _____________
__________________ boundaries: plates move _________________ (→ ←)
– Plates _________ together; crust is ___________ or crumbled (destroyed)—forms ______________
– Subduction: when 2 plates _________ together and one is __________ dense (“heavier”) than
the other, so it ________ under the ______ dense (“lighter”) plate.
•
______________ form in subduction zones as magma rises where the plate is melting
as it __________ into the hot Asthenosphere
Continental-continental collision: 2 plates with _______________ crust push ____________
– plates have _________ density, so _________ SUBDUCTION
– plates will crumble and _______ (destroying crust), forming ___________________
– Ex. Himalayas (Mt. Everest), Alps—still ____________ today
Oceanic-oceanic subduction: ___________ plate (more dense) with oceanic crust sinks below
___________ plate. Forms ocean ________________
Oceanic-continental subduction: plate with oceanic crust is __________ dense so it _______ below plate
with continental crust, which is __________ dense
– 2 main features: ocean _________________ and coastal _________________
– As ocean crust sinks under a continent, continental crust ____________ and forms a range of mtns—
some of the mountains are ____________, as ____________ oceanic crust rises through the plate.
Transform Boundaries: plates __________ past each other
– Crust is neither ____________ nor destroyed—plates move past each other in ___________ directions
– As they move, their edges __________ and grind against each other, causing _______________
– Mostly occur near ________________ ridges, but also occur on __________, where they are clearly
visible as __________ along the surface.
– Can __________ rivers and roads so they look ____________.
– Example: San Andreas Fault in California—where N. American plate and __________ plate are moving
in opposite directions—it’s why CA has lots of ________________.
______________: hot rock that rises in thin ____________ from the ___________. They can track plate
_______________ in oceans
– Causes underwater ____________ that may become tall enough to form an ______
– Hot spots never _________—the ___________ moves ___________ the hot spot
– Used to measure ___________ and ______________ of plate movement
– Ex. Hawaiian Islands—formed as __________ plate moves over a ______ spot. The largest
island, Hawaii, is _________ over the hot spot.
Fault: a ___________ in Earth’s crust.
Faults generally occur at _____________ plate boundaries where plates are ___________
2 main types of faults:
– _____________: 2 pieces of land move ______________ to each other, so one side of the fault
is ______________ than the other.
– ________________: 2 pieces of land move ________________
–
What are the
major tectonic
plates?
•
What are plate
boundaries?
•
•
•
What is a
divergent
boundary?
•
•
•
What is a
convergent
boundary?
•
What are the 3
types of
convergent
boundaries?
•
•
•
What are
transform
boundaries?
•
What are hot
spots?
•
What are faults?
•
•
•
Name: _____________________________________________________________ Date: 3/12/14 Period: ______ NOTES
Geology Chapter 1 Notes Questions
Questions:
***Draw the layers of the Earth (pg. A10). Label the words inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, lithosphere,
Asthenosphere, less dense, more dense.
1.
When do scientists believe that the Earth formed?
2.
What happened to the heavier materials when Earth formed?
3.
What happened to the lighter materials when Earth formed?
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The three main layers of the Earth are the ___________, ___________, & ____________.
The _____________ is the Earth’s thickest layer. The ______________ is the Earth’s thinnest layer.
The two basic types of crust are _________________ and ________________.
The two sections of the core are the _________________ & the ________________.
The ____________________ is the section of the core that is liquid.
The ____________________ is the section of the core that is solid.
_______________________ crust is thicker than ____________________ crust.
Why is the inner core solid while the outer core is liquid?
12. Which portions of the Earth form the lithosphere?
13. Which portions of the Earth form the asthenosphere?
14. What are tectonic plates? Where are they found?
15. How do plates move?
16. Name 2 plates that are moving together.
17. Name 2 plates that are pulling apart.
18. Name 2 plates that are sliding past each other.
19. What is subduction?
20. What commonly causes earthquakes?
21. What forms in the ocean at divergent
boundaries?
22. What forms at oceanic-continental plate boundaries?
23. What are the 2 types of faults? _________________________________________ Draw each one:
24. Draw the Hawaiian Islands; draw an arrow showing which way the plate is moving (pg. A27):
Name: _____________________________________________________________ Date: 3/12/14 Period: ______ NOTES
Geology Chapter 1 Notes Questions
Questions:
***Draw the layers of the Earth (pg. A10). Label the words inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, lithosphere,
Asthenosphere, less dense, more dense.
1.
When do scientists believe that the Earth formed?
2.
What happened to the heavier materials when Earth formed?
3.
What happened to the lighter materials when Earth formed?
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The three main layers of the Earth are the ___________, ___________, & ____________.
The _____________ is the Earth’s thickest layer. The ______________ is the Earth’s thinnest layer.
The two basic types of crust are _________________ and ________________.
The two sections of the core are the _________________ & the ________________.
The ____________________ is the section of the core that is liquid.
The ____________________ is the section of the core that is solid.
_______________________ crust is thicker than ____________________ crust.
Why is the inner core solid while the outer core is liquid?
12. Which portions of the Earth form the lithosphere?
13. Which portions of the Earth form the asthenosphere?
14. What are tectonic plates? Where are they found?
15. How do plates move?
16. Name 2 plates that are moving together.
17. Name 2 plates that are pulling apart.
18. Name 2 plates that are sliding past each other.
19. What is subduction?
20. What commonly causes earthquakes?
21. What forms in the ocean at divergent
boundaries?
22. What forms at oceanic-continental plate boundaries?
23. What are the 2 types of faults? _________________________________________ Draw each one:
24. Draw the Hawaiian Islands; draw an arrow showing which way the plate is moving (pg. A27):