AP Biology: Cell Biology
Unit 2 Learning Objectives and Lecture Outline
J. Miller
Learning Objectives:
2.6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which
cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion.
2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of
nutrient uptake and rate of waste elimination.
2.10 The student is able to use representations and models to pose scientific questions
about the properties of cell membranes and selective permeability based on molecular
structure.
2.11 The student is able to construct models that connect the movement of molecules
across membranes with membrane structure and function.
2.12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve
problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is
maintained by the active movement of molecules across a membrane.
2.13 The student is able to explain how internal membranes and organelles contribute to
cell functions.
2.14 The student is able to use representations and models to describe differences in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4.1 The student is able to explain the connection between the sequence and the
subcomponents of a biological polymer and its properties.
4.2 The student is able to refine representations and models to explain how the
subcomponents of a biological polymer and their sequence determine the properties of
that polymer.
4.3 The student is able to use models to predict and justify that changes in the
subcomponents of a biological polymer affect the functionality of the molecule.
4.4 The student is able to make a prediction about the interactions of subcellular
organelles.
4.5 The student is able to construct explanations based on scientific evidence as to how
interactions of subcellular provide essential functions.
4.6 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations
qualitatively to describe how interactions of subcellular structures which possess
specialized functions, provide essential functions.
Lecture Outline:
I.
Organic compounds
A. General nature of organic compounds
B. Classes of organic compounds
1. functional groups
a. hydroxyl
II.
b. carbonyl
i.
ketone
ii. aldehyde
c. carboxyl
d. amino
e. sulfhydryl
f. phosphate
g. methyl
C. Structure and Function of Macromolecules
1. Macromolecules
2. Hydrolysis
3. Dehydration synthesis
D. Carbohydrates
1.General characteristics
2.Monosaccharides
3.Disaccharides
4.Polysaccharides
E. Lipids
1.General characteristics
2.Phospholipids
3.Steroids
4.Cholesterol
F. Proteins
1.General characteristics
2.dipeptides
3.polypeptides
4.Proteins as polymers of amino acids
5.Structure – form is important to function
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
e. denaturation
G. Nucleic Acids
1.General Characteristics
a. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
b. polymers of DNA and RNA
c. subunits of nucleotides
2.Nucleotides
3.DNA – Watson-Crick model
Tour of the Cell
A. Cell Size
1. Measurements
a. Micron – 1 millionth of a meter (micrometer) μm
b. Nanometer – 1 thousandth of a micron, 1 billionth of a
meter- nm
B.
C.
D.
E.
c. Angstrom – Å, 1/10th of a nm, (10 billion in a meter)
2. Most are very small, few size of a bird eggs yolk
Surface to Volume Ratio
Tools of Biochemistry
1. Light microscope
2.Electron microscopes
a. Transmission
b. Scanning
3.Cell fractionation
4.Centrifuges
General Characteristics
1.Organization of the cell
a. Plasma Membrane
b. Nucleus or nucleoid
c. Cytoplasm
2.Unity and diversity as key principles of biology
a. changing from one generation to another
b. prokaryotes to eukaryotes
i.
Prokaryotic Cell
ii. Eukaryotic cell
iii. Viruses
c. mutations, natural selection, endosymbiosis
Organelles
1.Nucleus (nucleoid in prokaryotes)
a. General Structure
b. Nucleolus
c. Double Membrane
d. Nuclear pores
2.Endoplasmic reticulum
a. RER
b. SER
3.Ribosomes
4.Golgi bodies
5.Lysosomes
6.Vacuoles
7.Endosymbiotic Theory
a. Mitochondria
b. Chloroplasts
8.Cytoskeleton –cell movement, stability and division
a. Microfilaments
b. Microtubules
c. Intermediate fibers – provide tensile strength (keratin)
9.Centrioles
10. Flagella and Cilia
11. Plant vs. Animal Cells
12. Physical Connections between animal cells
III.
IV.
a. Desmosome
b. Tight junctions
c. Gap junctions(plasmodesmata in plants)
Cell (Plasma) Membrane Structure and Function
A. Functions of the cell membrane
B. Danielli model of cell membrane
C. Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
D. Evolution of phospholipids
E. Protein Types - embedded
1.Cell receptor sites (peripheral 0
2.Channel (integral)
F. Membrane Carbohydrates – cell recognition
1. glycolipid
2. glycoproteins
G. Cell Wall
H. Porosity of Cell Membrane
Movement of Materials in and out of Cell (handout)
A. Diffusion
1.membranes are permeable to non-polar molecules and some ions
2.movement of molecules and ions
3.Osmosis
4.produced by KE present
5.Tonicity (measure of osmotic pressure): Isotonic, hypotonic,
hypertonic
6.Methods
a. through lipid bilayer
b. Transport Proteins
i.
Channel
i. aquaporins
ii. ions
ii. Carrier
iii. Facilitated diffusion
B. Active transport
C. Endocytosis, Exocytosis