Biology Chapter 8 study guide 1. an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different 2. having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci 3. having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci 4. In genetics, a recessive gene is an allele that causes a phenotype that is only seen in a homozygous genotype and never in a heterozygous genotype. Every person has two copies of every gene on autosomal chromosomes, one from mother and one from father 5. The law of independent assortment applies only to genes that not linked or that are not on the same chromosome 6. the two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed 7. hair color, eye color 8. sex linked traits are the traits that the 23rd chromosome carries 9. the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders. 10. The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach, and is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring's having a particular genotype 11. X 12. P1 stands for parent generation F1 stands for first filial (daughter) generation F2 stands for second filial (daughter) generation 13. X 14. It has many traits that have two clearly different forms that are easy to tell apart 15. Gregor Mendel 16. To allow the F1 generation to self pollinate 17. X 18. Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of a single gene, in which one allele masks the phenotypic expression of another allele at the same gene locus. In the simplest case, where a gene exists in two allelic versions 19. Huntington’s disease, sialuria, 20. Your inheritance from your parents and your DNA 21. That it is more likely to get that disorder 22. genetic counseling focuses on empowering patients with knowledge. As a genetic counselor, you can spend a great deal of time interacting with your patients to ensure that they fully understand the ways genetics affect their lives 23. the father of genetics 24. X 25. X 26. Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of a single gene, in which one allele masks the phenotypic expression of another allele at the same gene locus. In the simplest case, where a gene exists in two allelic versions, three combinations of alleles are possible. In genetics, a recessive gene is an allele that causes a phenotype that is only seen in a homozygous genotype and never in a heterozygous genotype. Every person has two copies of every gene on autosomal chromosomes, one from mother and one from father 27. She crossbred pea plants 28. the genetic constitution of an individual organism. 29. the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment 30. fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another 31. the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant 32. A true breeding organism, sometimes also called a pure-bred, is when 2 organisms with identical genotypes procreate an organism for the same traits. In other words, to "breed true" happens when two organisms with a particular, inheritable phenotype produce only offspring with that phenotype 33. Polygenic traits are traits that are controlled by a group of nonallelic genes. The genes controlling Polygenic traits are at least two 34. A recessive allele on the X chromosome will always produce the trait in a male 35. Darkened skin, height 36. It’s a mutated gene, symptoms: coughing nonstop, skin is very salty, wheezing 37. Inherited characters, inherited two genes from each parent. Alleles differ one is fully expressed, then the effect 38. The first part states that alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.The second law states that for each character trait an organism inherits two genes one from each parent. The third law says that if the two alleles differ then one is fully expressed in the organism's appearance and the other has no noticeable effect on the organism's. 39. Mendel concluded from his experiments that each pea has two separate "heritable factors" for each trait-one from each parent. 40. Breathing, fatigue, lack of development of growth