PHIL 1 Exam 3
Student Copy
1. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
If
you are rich, then your car is something like a Mercedes or a Bentley. Oh! Is that
your Bentley, you rich old thing, you?
a. Genetic fallacy
b. Straw man
c. False dilemma
d. Ad hominem.
e. Perfectionist fallacy
2. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
If
Shelley has read the Republic, then she’s bound to know who Thrasymachus is. And,
since she clear does know who Thrasymachus is, we can conclude that she must
have read the Republic.
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Denying the antecedent
c. Misplacing the burden of proof
d. Line-drawing fallacy
e. Wishful thinking
3. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
"If
you just realized what I just realized, then we'd be perfect for each other and we'd
never find another. But you didn't just realize what I just realized." -Colby Calait
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Denying the antecedent
c. Undistributed middle
d. Line-drawing fallacy
e. Wishful thinking
4. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
If
Global Warming is for real, then the mean global temperature would have risen over
the past ten years. Global Warming is not for real. Therefore the mean global
temperature didn’t rise over the past ten years.
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Denying the antecedent
c. Undistributed middle
d. Line-drawing fallacy
e. Wishful thinking
5. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following
passage.
Otterhounds are crazy about water, just like that dog. That dog therefore
is an Otterhound.
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Denying the antecedent
c. Undistributed middle
d. Line-drawing fallacy
e. Wishful thinking
6. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
All
German Shepherds are dogs, and some dogs are not trained to attack people.
Therefore some German Shepherds are not trained to attack people.
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Denying the antecedent
c. Undistributed middle
d. Line-drawing fallacy
e. Wishful thinking
7. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following
passage:
Professor Stooler wants to conserve clean air and water. If that doesn’t
make him a Conservative, I don’t know what does.
a. Poisoning the well
b. Syntactic ambiguity
c. Ad hominem
d. Emotional appeal
e. Equivocation
8. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
The
sign says "No individuals without identification may pass." So that must mean that
all individuals with identification may pass, right?
a. Loaded question
b. Confusing contraries with contradictories
c. Overlooking prior probabilities
d. Equivocation
e. Amphiboly
9. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
Of
course the girl was carrying binoculars! The witness said he saw her with
binoculars.
a. Loaded question
b. Confusing contraries with contradictories
c. Overlooking prior probabilities
d. Equivocation
e. Amphiboly
10. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
The
angles of a triangle equal 180 degrees. Therefore each angle equals 180 degrees.
a. Fallacy of division
b. Fallacy of composition.
c. Confusing contraries with contradictories
d. Miscalculating probabilities
e. Equivocation
11. (10 points)
To think that what holds true of a group automatically holds true of the individuals
in the group is known as the fallacy of a. composition.
b. division.
c. accident.
d. hasty generalization.
12. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage:
If
you didn’t take the final, you didn’t pass the course. However, you did take the final.
So you passed the course.
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Denying the antecedent
c. Undistributed middle
d. Line-drawing fallacy
e. Perfectionist fallacy
13. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not every product that’s
organic is actually a chemical-free product.
a. All organic products are not chemical-free products.
b. No organic products are chemical-free products.
c. Some organic products are chemical-free products.
d. Some organic products are not chemical-free products.
14. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The only organic products
are chemical-free products.
a. All organic products are chemical-free products.
b. No organic products are chemical-free products.
c. Some organic products are chemical-free products.
d. Some organic products are not chemical-free products.
15. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free products
are the only organic products.
a. All organic products are chemical-free products.
b. No organic products are chemical-free products.
c. Some organic products are chemical-free products.
d. Some organic products are not chemical-free products.
16. Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only organic products
are chemical-free products.
a. All chemical-free products are organic products.
b. No chemical-free products are organic products.
c. Some chemical-free products are organic products.
d. Some chemical-free products are not organic products.
17. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free products
are not the only organic products.
a. All chemical-free products are organic products.
b. No chemical-free products are organic products.
c. Some chemical-free products are organic products.
d. Some chemical-free products are not organic products.
18. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: It’s not only chemicalfree products that are organic.
a. All organic products are chemical-free products.
b. No organic products are chemical-free products.
c. Some organic products are chemical-free products.
d. Some organic products are not chemical-free products.
19. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free
products are not the only organic products.
a. All organic products are chemical-free products.
b. No organic products are chemical-free products.
c. Some organic products are chemical-free products.
d. Some organic products are not chemical-free products.
20. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Nobody in the
middle school did better on the exam than Lauren.
a. All students in the middle school are people who did better on the exam than
Lauren.
b. No students in the middle school are people who did better on the exam than
Lauren.
c. Some students in the middle school are people who did better on the exam than
Lauren.
d. Some students in the middle school are not people who did better on the exam
than Lauren.
21. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not all savings
institutions are banks.
a. All savings institutions are banks.
b. No savings institutions are banks.
c. Some savings institutions are banks.
d. Some savings institutions are not banks.
22. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Banks are the only
savings institutions.
a. All savings institutions are banks.
b. No savings institutions are banks.
c. Some savings institutions are banks.
d. Some savings institutions are not banks.
23. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Banks are not the only
savings institutions.
a. All savings institutions are banks.
b. No savings institutions are banks.
c. Some savings institutions are banks.
d. Some savings institutions are not banks.
24. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only banks can be
savings institutions.
a. All savings institutions are banks.
b. No savings institutions are banks.
c. Some savings institutions are banks.
d. Some savings institutions are not banks.
25. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People always leave when
Tony plays the accordion.
a. When Tony plays the accordion, people leave.
b. Whenever Tony plays the accordion, people leave.
c. Any time Tony plays the accordion, people leave.
d. All times Tony plays the accordion are times people leave.
26. (10 points)
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The morning star is
actually the evening star.
a. What you call the morning star is the evening star.
b. All things that are the morning star are identical to things that are the evening
star.
c. All stars referred to as the morning star are evening stars.
d. All things called the evening star are things called the morning star.
27. (10 points)
Determine which of the following claims say the same as which others.
a. If you
haven’t been tested, then you cannot give blood.
b. If you can give blood, then you
haven’t been tested.
c. You can give blood only if you’ve been tested.
d. Nobody
who’s been tested cannot give blood.
e. Everybody who has not been tested cannot give
blood.
a. Only claims a and b are equal.
b. Only claims b and c are equal.
c. Only claims b, c, and d are equal.
d. Only claims c, d, and e are equal.
e. Only claims a, b, c, and d are equal.
f. Only claims a, b, c, and e are equal.
28. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise and indicate whether the argument is valid. It may
help to first translate the argument into standard form: Anyone who wants
recordings of music that are faithful to the original will find that CDs cannot be
surpassed; so, you, too, will find that CDs cannot be surpassed.
a. You are a person who wants recordings of music that are faithful to the original;
valid.
b. You are a person who wants recordings of music that are faithful to the original;
invalid.
c. You are a person who finds that CDs cannot be surpassed; valid.
d. You are a person who finds that CDs cannot be surpassed; invalid.
29. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is valid. It
may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism:
Whoa, don’t enroll in
that class, man. That’s a physics class; all those people must be brains.
a. All the people in that class are physics students; valid.
b. All the people in that class are physics students; invalid.
c. All people in a physics class are brains; valid.
d. All people in a physics class are brains; invalid.
30. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is valid. It
may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism:
Anyone who missed
class failed the course. Therefore, Cecile missed class.
a. Cecile is a person who failed; valid.
b. Cecile is a person who failed; invalid.
c. All people who missed class are people who failed; valid.
d. All people who missed class are people who failed; invalid.
31. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is valid. It
may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism:
Some family men are
not gamblers, since no gamblers are prudes.
No gamblers are prudes; [some family men are prudes]; therefore, some family men
are not gamblers. Valid.
a. All family men are prudes; valid.
b. All family men are prudes;
c. Some family men are prudes; valid.
d. Some family men are prudes; invalid.
32. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is valid. It
may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism:
Nobody gets
married around Christmas except people who don’t care about making their friends
fight the holiday travel rush, and she couldn’t care less about her friends.
a. All people who get married around Christmas are people who don’t care about
their friends; valid.
b. All people who get married around Christmas are people who don’t care about
their friends; invalid.
c. She is a person who doesn’t care about her friends; valid.
d. She is a person who doesn’t care about her friends; invalid.
33. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is valid. It
may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism:
It seems like
everyone who goes to lots of movies loves Julia Roberts; I guess Becky must go to
lots of movies.
a. Becky loves Julia Roberts; valid.
b. Becky loves Julia Roberts; invalid.
c. Becky is just like everyone; valid.
d. Becky is just like everyone; invalid.
34. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is valid. It
may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism:
Nobody can fall off a
bike like that and not be injured, so he’s injured.
a. All persons who fall off bikes in that manner are injured persons; valid.
b. All persons who fall off bikes in that manner are injured persons; invalid.
c. He is a person who fell off a bike in that manner; valid.
d. He is a person who fell off a bike in that manner; invalid.
35. (10 points)
Identify the unstated premise or conclusion and indicate whether the argument is
valid. It may be useful to first translate it into a standard-form syllogism: All comets
that are easily visible are taken as supernatural appearances by religious cults, and
the Hale-Bopp comet was the brightest, easiest-to-see comet of a generation.
a. Religious cults regarded the Hale-Bopp comet as a supernatural appearance;
valid.
b. Religious cults regarded the Hale-Bopp comet as a supernatural appearance;
invalid.
c. Religious cults believe in the supernatural; valid.
d. Religious cults believe in the supernatural; invalid.
36. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
For
sure, if the test drive had gone well, Dwayne would have bought the car. But the test
drive did not go very well, so he’ll pass up the purchase.
a. False dilemma.
b. Equivocation.
c. Affirming the consequent.
d. Denying the antecedent
37. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
If
walking out of class seems right to you, then obviously it’s your right to do it.
a. Straw man.
b. Amphiboly.
c. False dilemma.
d. Equivocation
38. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following
passage.
Anna Karenina is the best novel every written; therefore each chapter is
the best ever written.
a. Fallacy of accident.
b. Fallacy of division.
c. Fallacy of composition.
d. Hasty generalization.
39. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
The
average family has two-and-a-half children. The Hansons, next door, are an average
family, so they must have two-and-a-half children. I don’t know, maybe a stepson or
something.
a. Equivocation.
b. Fallacy of division.
c. Fallacy of composition.
d. False dilemma.
40. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage.
Ohoh! The alarm went off! We must have a burglar.
a. Fallacy of division.
b. Fallacy of composition.
c. Fallacy of accident.
d. Hasty generalization.
41. (10 points)
Which statement follows validly from the premises: All business executives have
accounting experience, and some business executives are not economists.
a. Some economists do not have accounting experience.
b. Some people with accounting experience are not economists.
c. All people with accounting experience are business executives.
d. More than one of the above.
e. None of the above.
42. (10 points)
Which statement must be added to this syllogism to make it valid: Coffee is
stimulant, since coffee contains caffeine.
a. All substances that contain caffeine are stimulants.
b. All stimulants are substances that contain caffeine.
c. Neither of the above makes it valid.
d. Both of the above make it valid.
43. (10 points)
Which of the statements follows validly from these premises: All musicians can read
music; all College of the Redwoods music majors can read music.
a. Anyone who can read music is a musician.
b. All College of the Redwoods music majors are musicians.
c. Neither of the above.
d. Both of the above.
44. (10 points)
What statement must be added to this syllogism to make it valid: All CEOs are
college grads. Therefore, some college grads are not economists.
a. Some CEOs are not economists.
b. Some economists are not CEOs.
c. Neither makes it valid.
d. Both make it valid.
45. (10 points)
What statement must be added to this syllogism to make it valid: Some economists
are historians; therefore, some radicals are not historians.
a. No economists are radicals.
b. Some economists are not radicals.
c. Some radicals are not economists.
d. None of the above.
46. (10 points)
Identify the premise that makes this syllogism a valid, standard-form categorical
syllogism: Premise #1: All A are B; Premise #2: ???; Conclusion: Therefore, all A are
C.
a. All B are A.
b. All B are C.
c. All C are A.
d. All C are B.
47. (10 points)
Identify the premise that makes this syllogism a valid, standard-form categorical
syllogism: Premise #1: All B are C; Premise #2: ???; Conclusion: Therefore, no B are
D.
a. All C are D.
b. All B are D.
c. No C are D.
d. No C are B.
48. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following
passage:
Anybody who is well-informed must read at least one newspaper every day,
and Murray reads two newspapers daily. So we can agree that Murray is a well-informed
person.
a. Affirming the consequent.
b. Amphiboly.
c. Undistributed middle.
d. False dilemma.
49. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage:
The last
four races have been won by horses whose jockeys were wearing pink. I think there’s
something about colors going on here—I’d bet on whatever horse has a jockey in pink for
the next race.
a. False dilemma.
b. Gambler’s fallacy.
c. Overlooking false positives.
d. Post hoc.
e. Cum hoc.
50. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following
passage:
There was not one exercise in Don’s program that should have caused
him back pain. So I can’t see how his back trouble is the result of his exercise
program.
a. Fallacy of division.
b. Fallacy of composition.
c. Cum hoc.
d. Post hoc.
51. (10 points)
Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following
passage:
Stockton has the lowest credit rating of any city in the region. My cousin
lives in Stockton, so I’m betting his credit is down the tube.
a. Fallacy of division.
b. Fallacy of composition.
c. Cum hoc.
d. Post hoc.