词的选择与增补(点击下载)

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词义的正确选择首先取决于
对原文的确切理解,而对原
文词义的确切理解又取决于
对原文上下文的推敲。有些
词看起来很简单,翻译时一
下子就会想到常用的对应词。
但又是最常用的对应词却不
能准确地表达原作的意思。
还要 努力 读一点历史
和小说。
We
should also
find time to read
some history books
and novels.
他的英语水平比我的高。
 He knows more English than I.
 2.要奋发图强,把我军的军政
素质提高到一个新的水平……。
 We must work hard to raise
to a new height the military
and political quality of our
army…
 1.
各级领导干部必须
提高领导水平。
Cadres at all levels
should
improve
their
art
of
leadership.
3.
(一)
注意词的广义与狭义
1. 农业 是国民经济的基础。
Agriculture
is
the
foundation
of
the
national economy.
2.他从不喝酒。
He never touches wine.
 (二)注意词义的强弱
 3.反动派的暴行激起了人民的
极大愤怒。
 The
atrocities
of
the
reactionaries
roused
the
people to great indignation.
 4.孙中山是个好人。
 Dr. Sun Zhongshan was a
man of integrity.
(三)
注意词义的褒贬
由于人们对事物的态度
不同,就会使用含有不
同感情色彩的词,或肯
定、赞扬、或否定、鄙
视。这种感情色彩应相
应地在译文中表达出来。
5. 我们 应该 从这 里得
出一条 经验 ,就是不要
被假象所迷惑。
We should draw a
lesson here: Don’t be
misled
by
false
appearances.
6. 他 们 讲 唯 心 论 ,
我们讲唯物论。
They
preach
idealism
whereas
we
advocate
materialism.
 (四)
注意词的语体色彩
 7.别了,司徒雷登!
 Farewell, Leighton Stuart!
 8.禁止赌博。
 Gambling is prohibited.
 9.这小伙子干活真冲。
 This young fellow does his
work with vim and vigor.
(五)注意词的政治含
义
10.“农民”
peasant
farmer
11.“侵略”
invasion
aggression
12.“自主”
autonomy
initiative
13.打得赢就打,打不赢就 走 。
Fight
when you can win,
move away when you cannot.
比较:
Fight when we can win and
run away when we cannot.
(六)
注意词的搭配
汉英两种语言在长期使用
过程中形成了各自的固定
词组和搭配用法,翻译时
必须注意两者的不同,不
能把汉语词的搭配用法生
搬硬套到英语译文中。
战火扩大:
the
flames
of
war
expand
(应为spread)
实现自给自足:
achieve self-sufficiency
(应为reach)
学习知识:
learn
knowledge
(应为 acquire)
违反他的意图:
violate his intention
(应为go against)
严密控制:
close
control
(应为strict/rigid)
“啊,好票!”:
Ah, good ticket!
(应为seat)
有资格打世界大战:
qualified
to fight a
world war
( 应 为 capable
of
fighting/can
afford
to/powerful enough to)
西方舆论纷纷预测:
The
public opinion in
the West predicts one
after another
( 应 为 The Western
press has much to
say in prediction)
强硬政策:
Strong
policy
(应为tough)
ground
breaking
theory
(创新的理论)
mental gymnastics
 (硬性推销)
student
friend
(同窗学友)
covert capability
(搞情报的能力)
1.我家的猫昨天晚上捉了一只大老鼠。
 2.那个小孩闯到马路中间,一个警察赶
紧抓住他的手,把他拉到安全的地方。
 3.次日清晨五时许,有风下了几点雨。
 4.从那间小屋里传来了微弱的呻吟声。
 5.那个瘦惊的小孩紧紧地抓住他母亲的
手。

6.他的儿子对数学很感兴趣。
7.他因犯伪造罪而被逮捕。
8.他把自己的一生献给为人
民服务的事业。
9.班长命令战士上刺刀。
10.有什么事,告诉我一声。
11.不许他给我们集体脸上
抹黑。
12.新生儿需要细心护理。
13.该委员会由十五人组成。
14.党组织是由无产阶级先
进分子组成的。
15.空气是由多种气体混合
组成的。
16.他醉心于医学研究。
17.那个人醉心于名利。
18.我借一下你的自行车
好吗?
19.我接一下你的电话好
吗?
20.借光、借光。
 1.Our
cat caught a very big rat
last night.
 2.The child ran into the street,
but a policeman hurried up to
seize him by the arm and pulled
him back to safety.
 3.About five o’clock the next
morning there were a few drops
of rain in the wind.
. Weak groans came
from the little room.
5.The
frightened child
gripped his mother’s hand.
6.His son takes a great
interest in mathematics.
7.He was apprehended
on a charge of forgery.
4
 8 . He
dedicated his whole
life to serving the people.
 9.The squad leader ordered
the men to fix bayonets.
 10.Let me know if anything
happens.
 11.We’re not going to let
him bring shame on our
collective.
12.Newborn
babies need
careful nursing.
13.The
committee
consists of 15 members.
14.The Party organization
is
composed
of
the
advanced elements of the
proletariat.
15. Air
is made up of a
mixture of gases.
16.He
is
deeply
engrossed
in
medical
research.
17.That
chap
is
infatuated with fame and
gain.
18.May
I borrow your bike?
19.May
I
use
you
telephone?
20.Excuse me, excuse me!
Or: Would you mind stepping
to one side, please. Or: Out
of the way, please. Or:
Please let me pass.
第二章
词的增补
 汉译英中的增词现象很多,尤其在
译古代汉语或诗词时,由于汉语用
词十分经济,译为英语时,如不增
加必要的词语而逐字直译,便很令
人费解。
“山雨欲来风满楼”
The
wind swept through
the tower heralds a rising
storm in the mountain.
(一)代词
1.“凭舟极目望去,远处是
黛色青山和五彩斑斓的田
野。”
Leaning against the boat,
you can see dark green
mountains and gorgeous
fields in the far distance.
2.接到你的来信,非常高兴。
I
was very glad to have
received your letter.
3.孩子们天天带午饭到学校
去吃。
The children take their
lunches to school every
day.
4. 她 用 手 蒙 住 脸 ,
好像是为了保护眼睛。
She covered her
face with her hand,
as if to protect her
eyes.
5.把这些故事看完以后,
用你自己的话讲一遍。
After you have read
these stories, tell them
in your own words.
6.请原谅,打断你一下。
Excuse
me
for
interrupting you.
 (二)连词
 汉语中的词、词组、分句或句子
之间的关系往往通过上下文及语
序来表示,较少用连词。英语通
常需要用连词来表明词与词、词
组与词组以及句与句的逻辑关系。
因此在汉译英时,需要增补连词
的情况会很多,有时是并列连词,
有时是从属连词。
7.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人
落后。
Modesty helps one go
forward, whereas conceit
makes one lag behind.
8. 姐姐在等我,我得走了。
My sister is expecting me,
so I must be off now.
9.
男女老少都参加了战
斗。
Men and women, old
and young, all joined in
the battle.
10.他不来我不走。
I shall not go until he
comes.
(三)介词
介词是英语中最活跃的词类
之一,英语句子十有八九都
少不了介词。汉语中不需用
介词的地方,在英语中却常
用介词。因此在汉译英时,
增补介词的情况是屡见不鲜
的。
11.我们应当逐步消灭
城乡差别。
We should gradually
eliminate
the
differences between
town and country.
12.你是白天工作还是夜间
工作?
Do
you work in the
daytime or at night?
13.这些图片你们四个人分。
Divide
these
pictures
among the four of you.
 (四)冠词
 汉译英时往往需要增补必要的冠词
 13.耳朵是用来听声音的器官,鼻
子是用来嗅气味,舌头用来尝滋味。
 The ear is the organ which is
used for hearing. The nose is
used for smelling. The tongue is
used for tasting.
14.我们对问题要作全面
的分析,才能解决得妥当。
We
must
make
a
comprehensive analysis
of a problem before it
can be properly solved.
增补技巧中的另外一个问
题即使原文中暗含而无需
明言的词语,在译文须增
补适当的词。这一技巧又
叫“增益”或“上下文增
益”。大体可分为四个方
面。
(一)为了语法上的需要。
“白头宫女在,闲坐说玄宗”
 Some
white-haired
palace
chambermaids are chattering
about the dead gone Hsuan
Chung regime.(林语堂译)
 比较:
 One white-haired dame,
 An Emperor’s flame,
 Sits down and tells of bygone
hours. (Giles译)

要提倡顾全大局。
We
should
advocate the spirit
of taking the whole
situation
into
consideration.
(二)为了沟通不同的文化。
“下中农”和“上中农”
“lower-middle-peasants”
“upper-middle-peasants”,
lower-middle-income-
peasants
The
House Ways and
Means Committee rejiggered tax legislation
to give middle and upper
middle
income
taxpayers more relief
than Carter wanted.
 (三)概括性词语。汉语里有时
不用表明事物范畴的概括性词语,
译成英语时却往往需要增补进去。
 结婚大办酒席,实在可以免去了。
 The practice of giving lavish
feasts at weddings can well
be dispensed with.
 (四)注释性词语。汉语中的典
故、谚语以及在一定历史、政治
条件下形成的某些名词、术语和
简化说法,汉语读者熟悉,一看
就明白了,但是英语读者不见得
能懂。因此在翻译时要适当地添
加一些注释性词语,又称加注
( annotation), 基 本 上 分 为 两
种形式:
音译附加注释或说明
性译文。
气功 qigong (a system of
deep
breathing
exercises)
太极拳 taiji quan (a kind
of traditional Chinese
shadow boxing)
1.
直译加注
1) 翻译经典著作或学术
著作时,需要保存原文的
多重意义,包括字面意义,
因而采用加注的办法来补
偿直译带来的意义损失。
例如我国外文出版社出版
的毛泽东选集英译本。
2.
如果原语词具有多重意义,
而其中意义与上下文相呼应,一
般也只能保留原语词的字面形式,
附加注释。例如:
 三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
 Three cobblers with their wits
combined equal Zhuge Liang
the master mind.
 2)
班门弄斧
Show
off one’s
proficiency with the
axe before Lu Ban
the
master
carpenter.
 练习题
 翻译下列各句,根据需要增补适当
的词语:
 1.海外侨胞常说:“我们的心永远
向着祖国”。
 2.有人来电话,你就说我十二点回
来。
 3.他尽着嗓门向我们呼喊。
 4.比他技术高明一点的人,他叫人
家老师傅。
5.所有公民在法律面前一
律平等。
6.中国总是要前进的。
7.他虽是初次登台演出,
却演得很自然。
8.这真是俗话说的,“旁
观者清”。
9.请把这张表填一下,填
完给我。
10.下午六点开晚饭。
11.他们一听说有新任务,
就坐不住了。
12.你想看这本书,就先
看吧。
13.这件事咱们回头再详谈。
14.在全国开创新局面的各
项任务中,首要的任务是把
现代化经济建设推向前进。
15.只要中国人民积极奋斗,
这个宏伟的战略目标是能够
达到的。
1.
The overseas Chinese
usually say “Our hearts
are always towards our
motherland.”
2.
Whoever telephones,
tell them I shall be back by
12 o’clock.
3.
He shouted to us at
the top of his voice.
4 . Those
whose technical
level was higher than his
own he addressed as
“Masters.”
5. All citizens are equal
before the law.
6.Whatever
happens,
China will march on.
 7.
His acting was very natural
though it was the first time he
appeared on the stage.
 8.It is just as the proverb goes,
“The onlooker sees most of the
game.” (Or: The spectator is in a
better position to judge.)
 9.Please fill in this form, and give
it to me when you have finished.
 10.
Supper is served at 6 p.m..
 11.When they learnt that they’d
been given a new task, they just
couldn’t sit still any longer.
 12.You may read the book first,
since you are anxious to read it.
 13.We shall discuss it in detail
when we meet again.
 1 4 . Of
the various tasks in
bringing about an all-round
new situation, the most
important one is to push
forward the modernization of
China’s economy.
 15. If the Chinese people
work hard, they can definitely
attain this grand strategic
objective.
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