CH 1

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Why Europeans came to N. America.
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AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
HOMESTEADS
LOYALISTS

• UPPER CLASS/FAMILY
COMPACT
– Snobbish - Wanted life to be like Britain.
– Made up the Executive Council
(budgets & appointments)
• Problem - people needed their neighbors.
– Servants hard to come by.
– Resentment of the wealthy.
– Barter economy.

• Good land already taken.
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– False advertisement.
• Land Speculators
Advertised
– Blocked development.
• Clergy & Crown
Reserves
– Also blocked development.
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Reality

• First Nations land issues.
• Coffin Ships
– Deadly Journeys.
– Ships Made for cargo.
– Steerage = poor immigrants.
– Over a month per voyage.
• Illness - In 1832 half immigrants arrived ill.
• Multiculturalism in pioneer Canada - racism
• Black Canadians - Loyalists brought slavery.
– Banned by 1833 - land for loyalty.
– Underground Railway.

HARRIET
TUBMAN
THOMAS
GARRETT

• Expectations, lifestyle, prejudices, and beliefs depended on class.
• Did not own property.
• Worked at home.
• Marriage = status.
– Spinsters.
– Love?????
• Hard workers - Home and
Garden.
• Hazardous childbirth.

KEY TERMS
Representative Government - representatives are elected by the people to make laws on their behalf.
Responsible Government if representatives don’t deliver they can be voted out.
Democratic Government - For the people by the people. Both representative and responsible.
Oligarchy - power is put in the hands of a small group of rich people. ie Colonial Government of 1791.

KEY ISSUES
• Divided Upper and
Lower Can.
• Councils are appointed
• Assemblies are elected
• Councils were wealthy
• Councils could veto any laws proposed by the assemblies.

LOWER CANADA UPPER CANADA
• The assembly wanted $ spent on ordinary people.
(ie.schools, roads,)
– Council spent $ on wealthy issues (ie canals and ignored land use issues)
• Land Speculators /
Clergy Reserves.
-Still upset with English domination.
-Language and cultural issues.
-Wanted democracy like the
U.S.A.
-Power structure still based on old seigneurial system.
-Eng =80 000 Fr. = 420 000
-English immigration hurt
French culture.
-French farming taxes increased

LOWER CANADA
UPPER CANADA
Joseph Papineau - leader
Robert Gourlay - made a of the radical French list of grievances and was reformers.
arrested and sent out of country.
RADICAL
William Lyon Mackenzie took on fight against the
Family Compact. Fierce competitor.
James Craig - anti-French governor. Tried to unite
Upper and Lower Canada so
French would become a minority.
-quashed by French.
Leader of reform movement.
MODERATES
Ryerson & Baldwin wanted to fight also but encouraged debate and negotiations.
By 1832, Papineau’s reformers submitted “ 92
Resolutions”.
Its was refused and Patriotes would rebel.

– Democracy
– Republic
– Boston Tea Party
– Quartering Act
– “Shot heard around the world”
– Patriotes vs. Loyalists
– George Washington
– Declaration of
Independence

Approved by:

Upper and Lower reformers joined forces.
- strength in numbers.
Attempts from within failed and revolts were planned.
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LOWER CANADA
The Fils de la Liberte (Sons of Liberty) attacked first in Lower Can.
- the Catholic Church backed Britain and attack fizzled.
- Papineau escaped to the U.S.A.
Papineau
UPPER CANADA
Mackenzie armed & trained men but lacked experience. He attacked when soldiers went to defend Lower Canada but again the rebellion failed.
Mackenzie escaped to the U.S.A, dressed as a woman.
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Mackenzie

Floggings
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Hangings
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7 YEARS IN BERMUDA/TASMANIA
- Convict Ships (conditions)
- Slave Labour in plantations
- Starvation rations.

– Join colonies together.
– Responsible government .
FYI
Wanted to pardon rebels but was denied.
Disliked by French as his goal was for the
English to overrun the French culture.
In 1840, the Act of Union united Upper and
Lower Canada.

1791 Constitution
Act
In 1840 no Upper & Lower Canada as seen here
UPPER & LOWER CANADA NOW = ONE ASSEMBLY
The French felt this was an attack on their culture.

1840
1848