Lean Software Development

LEAN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT James Manning Outline      Lean History of Lean Lean Manufacturing Lean Software Development Where to start What is Lean?  Process of eliminating waste from within a project, process, or company. History       Toyota Production System – 1948 - 1975 Developed by Taiichi Ohno, Shigeo Shingo and Eiji Toyoda Toyoda – produce automobiles for the general public of Japan. Very similar to Henry Ford – 30 years later Utilized Ford and W Edwards Deming JIT production History    Toyota became one of the top 10 companies in the world 2007 - became the largest car manufacturer TPS Focused on eliminating three kinds of waste  Muri  Mura  Muda Muri   Overburdened/Unreasonable/Absurdity Employees  Safety, Ergonomic - standard of work  Searching for tools – having required tools  Waiting for help – empowering the team  Equipment  Overuse  Ford – Muri and not production line Mura     Unevenness – lacking flow Utilize resources, materials, and machinery as efficiently as possible JIT Pull system  Piggly Wiggly (1916)  JIT inventory Muda    Wastefulness Broad term Anything that Does not directly add value to the end user  Unneeded processes or steps  Unneeded equipment  Unneeded employees  Ect. Lean Manufacturing  Seven Types of Waste  Defects  Over-production  Transportation  Waiting  Inventory  Motion  Processing Implementing Lean Techniques Can this be applied to Software?  Lean Software Development  Mary Poppendieck & Tom Poppendieck  Term introduced in The Poppendiecks’ book  Titled Lean Software Development The Poppendieck’s Mary Poppendieck   MS, Mathematics University of Maryland BS, Mathematics Marquette University Tom Poppendieck   PhD, Physics UW – Madison BS, Physics UW - Madison Principles of Lean Software Development        Eliminate Waste Amplify Learning Delay Commitment Deliver Fast Empower the Team Build Integrity In See the Whole Eliminate Waste Lean Software Development        Partially Done Work Extra Processes Extra Features Task Switching Waiting Motion Defects Lean Manufacturing        Inventory Processing Overproduction Transportation Waiting Motion Defects Partially Done Work        Tendency to become obsolete Gets in the way No idea if it will even work with the system Bottle Neck Ties up resources No value to customer Disrupts Flow Extra Processes   Do all forms of required paperwork add value? If required  Keep it short  Keep it high level  Do it off line   Good Test – Someone is eager to use for coding, testing, or writing manuals Strive for most efficient, effective way of transmitting information Extra Features    Feature creep Extra features “just in case” the customer will use them Each extra feature need to be:       Tracked Compiled Integrated Tested Maintained Every extra feature:    Increases complexity of code Is a possible failure point Could be obsolete before it is used Extra Features Extra Features  Frode L. Ødegår – List for quantifying value What percentage of functionality in your products goes mostly unused?  What percentage of functionality serves mostly to sell the product?  How much of your development budget was expended on developing these features?  Quantify performance characteristics of your product and relate these numbers to impact on the customer's performance.  Rank candidate product features and design ideas by their quantifiable impact on customer value.  Task Switching    Assigning multiple people to multiple projects A significant amount of time is wasted in the transition of tasks More teams and projects = more interrupts  More  task switching Fastest to finish multiple projects  Do them one at a time Waiting  Common delays:  Email responses  Climbing leadership chains  Starting a project  Excessive requirements documentation  Problems:  Customer  cannot visualize value early Commitment – not waste Motion    How readily available are others to answer developer questions Motion to walk to answer get a question answered Lean development offices can help eliminate this waste. Defects     A defective product has little to no value to an end user AmtWaste = (DefectImpact)(TimeUndetected) (Large Defect)(3Hours) < (Small Defect)(3Wks) Ways of eliminating waste:  Find defects quick  Test immediately  Integrate often  Release to production soon Eliminate Waste Principles of Lean Software Development        Eliminate Waste Amplify Learning Delay Commitment Deliver Fast Empower the Team Build Integrity In See the Whole Amplify Learning  4 Tools to Amplify Learning  Feedback  Iterations  Synchronization  Set Based Development Feedback   Most effective way of dealing with troubled software projects Types of feedback:  Run tests asap  Check out ideas by writing code (spike solution)  Prototype instead of more requirements  Create web front to legacy system to try it out Iterations  Full Iteration:  Designed  Programmed  Tested  Integrated  Delivered   Facts > Forecasts More feedback from customer Synchronization   Communication with other subsystems or devices Develop interfaces first Set Based Development Point-Based scheduling Set Based Scheduling Set-Based Development  Apply set based development to software  Develop multiple options  Communicate Constraints  Let solutions emerge Principles of Lean Software Development        Eliminate Waste Amplify Learning Delay Commitment Deliver Fast Empower the Team Build Integrity In See the Whole Delay Commitment    Delay = waste? Procrastinating = waste? Idea:  Wait until the last moment to make a critical decision  Make decision on fact rather than forecast  Large commitment not left to chance  Not always going to be easy – Customer generally wants commitment Delay Commitment  Methods of delaying commitment Share partially complete design information.  Organize for direct, worker-to-worker collaboration.  Develop a sense of when decisions must be made.  Develop a sense of how to absorb changes  Avoid Repetition  Separate Concerns  Encapsulate Variation  Defer Implementation of Future Capabilities  Commit to Refactoring  Use Automates Test Suites  Principles of Lean Software Development        Eliminate Waste Amplify Learning Delay Commitment Deliver Fast Empower the Team Build Integrity In See the Whole Deliver Fast     Just In Time Feedback Prototyping Create value as soon as possible Empower the Team  Eliminates waste from:  Waiting  Climbing  management chains Firefighter  Prepared  No  time to ask remote commanders Anti-pattern  Empowering  Employee employees who are not trained being blamed for when things go wrong Build Integrity In Perceived Integrity   Pleases the user without user asking Google Conceptual Integrity   All parts of the system work together – smooth well functioning Cash vs. Credit card Build Integrity in  Boeing 777 “Working Together” Program  Fuel  tank out of reach of fuel trucks caught early Methods:  Test early  Test often  Test exhaustively  Automated tests delivered See the Whole   Look at the whole process Mary Poppendieck  “Lean thinking suggests that optimizing individual parts almost always leads to sub-optimized overall system”  80% of defects – how the system is developed Where to Start   Start as soon as possible Can be applied to a project or process in progress Road Map  Marry Poppendieck Begin Where you are  Find your biggest constraint  Envision your biggest threat  Evaluate your culture  Train  Solve the Biggest Problem  Remove Accommodations  Measure  Implement  Repeat  Conclusion  Lean Software Development  Elimination of waste  Improve:  Productivity  Efficiency  Bottom line References      Abilla, P., & Poppendieck, M. (2007, June 9). Lean for Software. shmula. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.shmula.com/lean-for-software/401/ Ladas, C. (2009, June 15). Introduction to Lean Software Development. Shaping Software . Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://shapingsoftware.com/2009/06/15/introduction-to-lean-softwaredevelopment/ Fiore, C. (2005). Accelerated product development: combining lean and Six sigma for peak performance. New York, NY: Productivity Press. Layton, R. (2010, August 12). 80-20 Rule: 80 percent of Product Features Are Never Used. Klean. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.klean.dk/weblog/80-20-rule-80-percent-of-product-features-arenever-used Poppendieck, M. (2003, April, 25). Lean Software Development. LeanEssays. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.leanessays.com/2003/04/leansoftware-development.html References       Poppendieck, M. (2001, May 1). Lean Programming. LeanEssays. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.leanessays.com/2010/11/lean-programming.html Poppendieck, M. (2004, June 24). An Introduction to Lean Software Development. LeanEssays. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.leanessays.com/2004/06/introduction-to-lean-software.html Principles of Lean. lean.org - Lean Enterprise Institute| Lean Production | Lean Manufacturing | LEI | Lean Services |. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.lean.org/WhatsLean/Principles.cfm Shalloway, A. (2007, August 8). Lean Anti-Patterns and What to Do About Them. Agile Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.agilejournal.com/component/content/553?task=view Ødegår, F. (2007, December 30). Lean Execution: Six Questions for Software Executives. Lean Software Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from www.leansoftwareinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/Lean-Execution-SixQuestions-for-Software-Executives.pdf Poppendieck, Mary , and Tom Poppendieck. Lean software development: an agile toolkit. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 2003. Print. Thanks for you time  Questions?

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