Memory
Chapter Nine
What is Memory?

Maintenance of learning over time
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What good is remembering if you can’t recall
it?
Declarative, Procedural, Episodic


Flashbulb Memories
Information Processing

Encoding  Storage  Retrieval

Sensory Memory  Short-Term Memory  Long-Term Memory
Encoding

Automatic (Implicit) vs. Effortful (Explicit)
Processing
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Rehearsal Effects

Maintenance Rehearsal
 Interference

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Elaborative Rehearsal
Ebbinghaus
 Forgetting Curve
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How we encode

Distributed Rehearsal
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Spacing Effect
Serial Position Effect

Primacy and Recency Effect
 Graph
What we encode

Semantic Encoding

Organizing

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Chunking
Hierarchies
Acoustic Encoding
 Visual Encoding


Mnemonics

Peg Word Mnemonic
Storage

Sensory Memory

Iconic Memory

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Echoic Memory
Short-Term Memory

Miller’s Magic Number 7+2


Eidetic Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Long-Term Memory

Effectively Limitless
Retrieval

Recognition vs. Recall

Retrieval cues

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Context Effects

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Tip-of-the-Tongue
Semantic priming
Context Dependent Memory
State Effects

State Dependent Memory
 Mood Congruent Memories

Stroop Effect
Biology of Memory

“Memory is Reconstructive Not Reproductive”
 Lashley (1950)


Penfield (1969)


Motor Cortex stimulation
Doty (1998)


Removed cortex of rat’s who had learned a maze
Memory “defies comprehension”
Synaptic Changes


Aplysia – release of serotonin
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

more receptors more NT
More Bio

Stress Hormones

Release of these hormones improves memory
 Flashbulb memory

Implicit (Procedural) & Explicit
(Declarative) Memories

Oliver Sacks
 Jimmie & Anterograde Amnesia
 These people can learn procedures, but not recall
learning them!!
 Yes, this is Memento!
 Retrograde Amnesia
Brain Structures and Memory

Hippocampus

Lateralized like the Hemispheres!!
Amygdala
 Frontal Lobes

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Coordinate various structures
Cerebellum

Thompson et al
 Found path from Cerebellum to brainstem for creating
an association
Forgetting

Schacter’s Seven Principles

Forgetting
 Absent-Mindedness (Inattention)
 Transience (Decay)
 Blocking (Tip of the Tongue)

Distortion
 Misattribution
 Suggestibility (Loftus)
 Bias

Intrusion
 Persistence (NOT being able to block out a painful
memory)
Forgetting

Encoding Failure

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Storage Decay

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Pennies, Letters on the Phone etc. ..
Ebbinghaus (1885)
Retrieval Failure
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Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference
Repression?
Memory Construction

Memory Is Reconstructive NOT Reproductive
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Misinformation Effect
Imagination Effect
False Memory Syndrome (FMS)

False Memories actually “light up” different parts of the
brain!!
 Hippocampus lights up equally – actual memories light up the
left temporal lobe, but false memories did not!!
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
Eileen Franklin
Children and Memory Accuracy