BMOC 111- ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC: ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 14
Munopaishe Ndhlovu
PMBCHB24227686
Jasmine Muteba
2026108591
Timboke Tumelo
2026109006
Beress .T. Chipuka
2026115364
Suwilanji E. M. Simwaba BMS24229803
Mwape Katandula
2026131718
Tafaranashe Munyeza
2026119490
Mable Siame
2026139096
Margie Chella
MBCHB25171163
Natasha Mangala
PMBCHB24122246
Beverly Mukombe
⁠
BMS24228006
Bwalya Nonde
PMCHB24232495
Abigail Chiyasa
2025279249
Stacey Jane Jones
PMBCHB20118940
• This presentation focuses on Organic Acids and Bases
drawing its focus on acid anhydrides and amines as
neurotransmitters.
OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the presentation, we will be able to:
1. Define what an acid anhydride is.
2. Show the reactions of anhydride and the pharmaceutical
synthesis applications.
3. Define what amines are.
4. Show the structure of the neurotransmitters such as
Dopamine, Serotonin and DNA bases.
5. Show the properties of amines.
INTRODUCTION:
• Amines; these are organic compounds derived from
ammonia(NH3), they contain the Nitrogen atom. For
example;
ACID ANHYDRIDES
• Acid Anhydrides are chemical compounds formed by the
removal of water from two acid molecules
• They are characterized by having two acyl groups (RCO) that
are connected by an oxygen atom
• Examples of organic acid anhydrides include acetic anhydride,
sulfonic anhydride, phosphoric anhydride
REACTIONS OF ACID ANHYDRIDES
• Common acid anhydride reactions include:
i. Acetylation of alcohols
ii. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
iii. Hydrolysis
iv. Pharmaceutical synthesis of drugs like aspirin and acetaminophen
PHARMACEUTICAL SYNTHESIS OF DRUGS USING ACID ANHYDRIDES
• Acid anhydrides are widely used in the synthesis of various
drugs and pharmaceuticals including aspirin and
acetaminophen (paracetamol)
• During the production of aspirin, salicylic acid is acetylated with
acetic anhydride forming acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and acetic
acid as a by product
• The synthesized aspirin is then purified by recrystallization,
separating it from impurities like unused starting materials and
acetic acid by product
• The synthesis of acetaminophen includes the reaction between
p-aminophenol and acetic anhydride forming acetaminophen
and acetic acid
• The acetaminophen formed undergoes further refinement
through recrystallization
AMINES
• Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, where
one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl
groups.
• Hence they can be classified as the following according to the
number of hydrogen atoms replaced:
i.
primary amines- one hydrogen atom replaced
ii. secondary amines- two hydrogen atoms replaced
iii. tertiary amines- all three hydrogen atoms replaced
PROPERTIES OF AMINES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• State and odor: lower aliphatic amines are gases with a
characteristic fishy smell; higher amines are liquids or solids
• Boiling and melting points: amines have higher boiling and
melting points that nonpolar compounds of similar mass due to
hydrogen bonding, but lower than alcohols.
Boiling point order; primary, secondary, tertiary
• Solubility: lower amines are soluble in water due to hydrogen
bonding.
Solubility decreases with increasing hydrophobic alkyl groups. Tertiary amines are less
capable of hydrogen bonding and thus less soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
such as, ether and alcohol.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Basicity: amines are basic due to the lone pair of electrons on
the nitrogen atom.
• Alkyl groups enhance basicity, while aryl groups reduce it.
• Order of basicity: secondary, primary, tertiary
• Reactivity: amines act as nucleophiles and can participate in
reactions such as alkylation, acylation and formation of
ammonium salts
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF AMINES
• Amines, particularly monoamines, play crucial roles as neurotransmitters in
the nervous system, influencing mood, behavior and various physiological
functions.
• Monoamines include serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine.
• Monoamines are characterized by their chemical structure which includes
one amine group connected to an aromatic ring by a two carbon chain
• Dopamine regulates reward and motor control and consists of a
benzene ring with two hydroxyls and a ethylamine chain
• Serotonin regulates mood and sleep and features a fused indol system
• Amines are also found in DNA bases such as adenine, guanine,
cytosine and thymine.
CONCLUSION:
• In conclusion, Acid anhydrides are important in drug
synthesis while amines function as neurotransmitters in
the nervous system and are seen to influence mood e.g
Serotonin, pleasure or reward system i.e dopamine.
REFERENCES:
1. Organic Chemistry by John McMurryMcMurry, J. (2016)
2. Organic chemistry (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
3. Lehninger Principles of BiochemistryNelson, D. L., & Cox, M.
M.(2021).
4. Lehninger principles of biochemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman.
THE END,
THANK YOU!