Europe (pages 192-198)
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Terrorism and Guerilla Warfare
o When institutions attack vulnerable states because it is impossible to attack a
stronger military and police force. Sudden and surprised attacks.
Basques ETA
o Wanted freedom from the northern Basque region of Spain, they tried a revolt,
but all of their leaders eventually died.
IRA (Irish Republican Army)
o Wanted to end British rule in Northern Ireland and wanted unification with the
republic of Ireland
Good Friday Agreement
o Realized there was no military way to solve the problem in Northern Ireland, so
they left it up to the people to decide if they wanted to stay in the UK
Al Qaeda
o Formed by members of the Mujahedeen, wanted to get rid of foreign armies on
Arab land, free Muslim world form western influence, and establish an Islamic
fundamentalist regime.
Osama bin Laden
o Saudi Al Qaeda leader whose goals are stated above which carried over into the
creation of Al Qaeda
General System of Preference
o Created in 2001 to eliminate all tariffs on imports from the 49 poorest countries,
which are mostly in Africa
Social Democracy
o Supports economic and social intervention to promote social justice within a
liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.
Why is Europe important?
o They have the largest free trade area in the world, common internal tariff,
General System of Preference, and they are dependent on foreign energy
sources.
Similarities and Differences of US and EU
o They share basic beliefs in democracy and capitalism. Disagree on tariffs,
subsidies, social issues like the death penalty, lack of universal healthcare system
in the US, higher cost of education in the US, and the environment.
Geography (Chapter 2)
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What is geography?
o It is a detailed description of the earth and its identifiable patterns, the study of
activities of people on earth, answers the question of where, analyzes the
arrangement of people on the earth.
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Physical Geography
o Focuses on the environment such as climate, soil, animals, and plants. Ex.
Location of natural resources, deserts and mountains, lakes and rivers.
Human Geography
o Focuses on human activities and their impact on the environment such as, why
people move and where they move. It is an ancient field of study and would
have disappeared without the roman and Persian roads.
Concepts of Geography
Space
o Composed of location, spatial interaction, and spatial organization.
 Location: Nominal is a name attached to a place like oxford, relative
reveals a direction relative to other locations (NSEW) like west of NY and
absolute expresses mathematical precision like latitude and longitude.
o Spatial Interaction
 Why and how do people, resources and ideas move.
o Spatial Organization
 How people define territory, borders, and boundaries. Where do the
areas stop and start? Ocean rules, arguing over reefs
Region
o Concept used to differentiate one area from another. There are two types,
formal and functional.
 Formal consists of languages communities, the Midwest, the middle east,
Europe, area codes, zip codes. Human and physical characteristics. Select
physical and human characteristics are present in regions.
 Functional consists of hunting territories, river basins, commuter areas,
and newspaper readership areas. An area where an activity has a focal
point.
Environment
o Environmental determinism is that climate and environments effect the way
people act. Outdated and rejected because of current studies.
o Human determinism is that humans control the environment. Ex. Building dams
and clearing forests and redirecting rivers.
o Environmental possibilism says that we can produce more from the environment
but there is a limit on production and we have to adapt to the physical
environment. Renewable and nonrenewable resources
Population issues in developing countries
o High population rates because of poverty, inadequate education, low rates of
contraceptive usage, cultural norms like child prefrences, the need for labor in
subsistence economics, and the need to have children to support parents.
Population issues in developed countries
o There I a small population in Europe because it started with a smaller
population, geogrpgy and climate kept people away, abstinence and birth
control, industrialization kept people from having large families, has 0 pop
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growth rate. Has challenges like people living longer so a need to care for the
elderly and an aging population.
Demographic Transition Theory
o The transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a
country develop from a pre-industrialized economic system.
Maps
o Mercator – navigation only with straight long and lat lines
o Robinson – most accurate to how things actually look.
Global Population Projections
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Asia has 55.9% of the world’s population
down to 49.1%
Africa – 16.4%
up to 25.6%
Europe – 10%
down to 7.4%
Latin America – 8.79%
down to 7.8%
Middle East – 7.8%
up to 12.7%
N America – 4.9%
down to 4.5%
Oceania – less than 0.5%
no real change
5 of the most populous countries are in Asia
Half of the population live in cities
Europe has a 0% pop growth rate now
84% of the population lives in the developing world
Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter
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Legacy of Colonialism
o Ended in 1950 with Ghana leaving. Most of the African boarders were drawm by
European imperialists leasding to conflict.
Corrupt leadership
o Made the African infrastructure fail due tro lack of funds and had neopatrimonial which is leaders funneling countries money to their own
constituencies.
Globalization
o Africans are optimistic about globalization, cellphones and the internet is
growing faster in africca and economic growth has been rising greatly
Primary Commodoties
o 1/3 of the worlds resources comes from Africa
Geographic disadvantages
o There are few natural harbors and navigable rivers, rain is seasonal, large
portions of Africa are desert and savanah a d deforestation
Issue of borders
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o Borders are disputed because European imperialsits created them, they do not
follow ethnic or physical boundaries and many wars have been fought
Identity crisis
o There is no one African culture because multiple African identities have been
created. Africans usually have a stromger allegiance to their ethnic group then to
the government unless the ethnic group controls the government. This leads to
civil wars.
Languages
o There are 1500 different languages in Africa and are divided into Afro Asiatic,
Niger Congo, Nilo Saharan, Khoisan, maslagasy