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ABPSYCH
MODELS OF ABNORMALITY
Describe and explain are one of the focuses in abpsych
CASE STUDY – need to look at multiple concepts to identify if
they suffer from mental conditions
DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
➢ DIATHESIS – also called “risk factor”
– susceptible/vulnerable to developing a disorder
– a predisposition toward developing a disorder that can
derive from biological, psychological, or sociocultural
causal factors
– more can be predisposed (still no sufficient cause), and
only one stressor need to trigger and fully develop the
disorder
• andiyan siya pero hindi pa lumalabas (lalabas lang
kapag may stressor)
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STRESS – the response or experience of an individual
demands that he or she perceived as taxing or exceeding
his or her personal resources
– triggers the abnormality
– proximal factor
PROXIMAL FACTOR
DISTAL FACTOR
– stress itself
– nandiyan pero hindi
– immediate/pinakamalapit pa lumalabas
na trigger
– needs proximal para
– the trigger
lumabas
e.g. pinagtripan ng
e.g. inipon inis sa
kapatid, nabwiset, sa
kaklase
kanya lumabas yung galit
• But if the person was raised in a nurturing, warm
environment– NO DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSION
• Diathesis na lagi naga away parents- hindi ka close sa
kanila-rigid family- not open for communication=
stressors= can develop a disorder
A combination of predisposition and stress produces
psychological problems
HIGHLY POTENT – trigger agad
LOW POTENT – need bigger stress to trigger
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
➢ Decrease the likelihood of negative outcomes among those
at risk
• Family – first one to influence
• Peers – social support
• Positive experiences
• Stress – motivation, use as a lesson,
– enhances: problem-solving, creativity, resilience,
social skills
– “inoculation” or “steeling” – immunizing
PERSPECTIVES ON UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL VIEWPOINT
➢ Acknowledges that biological, psychological, and social
factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology
and treatment
➢ Further explain why there is an illness
TRANSDIAGNOSTIC RISK FACTOR
➢ Makikita in a lot of the viewpoints
➢ Factors that cause a lot of disorder (there’s comorbidity)
e.g. child abuse (social factor)
– affects NS and influences behavior and mental
process
– can develop: PTSD, DID, PD, Anxiety
BIOLOGICAL MODEL
➢ Neural disorder – viewed as a problem (disorder of the
brain)
➢ Influences abnormal behavior
e.g. Alzheimer's (organic – means biological)
BRAIN DYSFUNCTION AND NEURAL PLASTICITY
➢ genetic programs for brain development are not so rigid
and deterministic as was once believed
➢ all are interactive:
• Environmental physical, social, cultural)
• Behavior
• Neural activity
• Genetic activity
✓ All are highly interactive
e.g. (1) Mice mother- raising her child in a high enriched
environment sufficient na pagkain, nakakpractice ng cognitive
skills- lesser predisposition to stressors- resilient
(2) intelligent mom → can provide for her kid → mas tatalino
anak
NEURAL PLASTICITY
➢ Flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization
and function in response to pre- and postnatal
experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and
so forth
➢ e.g. Phineas Gage – his brain was able to organize or
adapt after his accident
• Brain organization – can still function but not as much
as before
• “PREMORBID FUNCTIONING” – before the accident
➢ Neurogenesis – the formation of new neurons
– happens near the hippocampus
– doing physical exercise helps to create new neurons
GENETIC VULNERABILITIES
➢ Chromosomes are the chain-like structures within a cell
nucleus that contain the genes.
• There are 23 pairs of chromosomes (23rd houses sex)
• “trisomy 21” or down syndrome (prob in 21st chromo)
• Genes are very long molecules of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) that are present at various
locations on chromosomes.
• Genes don’t fully determine whether a person
develops a mental disorder
o Its nature and nurture
o substantial evidence that most mental disorders
show at least some genetic influence.
o E.g., monopsychotic – identical twins (one does have
schizo)
48% chance if the same environment
17% chance if different environment
o “CONCORDANCE STATE” – probability of the
twin to develop a disease
• POLYMORPHISMS – influenced by abnormalities in
some of the genes or by naturally occurring variations
of genes (there’s a mutation)
• POLYGENIC – interaction of multiple genes or
multiple polymorphisms
– interaction of multiple genes to develop disorder
• Hence, it is a product of the organism’s interaction
with the environment.
GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATIONS
➢ Genes can actually shape the environmental experiences a
child has
• the person creates their environment
• “GENE RECIPROCAL ENVIRONMENT” – gene relates
itself to an environment para magpromote siya ng
behavior
– shaping your own environment where you can
facilitate your own behaviors
o E.g., extroversion genes – they will create an
environment that expresses their extroversion (they
need a high threshold to be psychologically
aroused, and this will enhance their social skills)
o E.g., aggressive gene – find groups that are also
aggressive
IMBALANCES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES
➢ Abnormally sensitive/insensitive → excessive/not ang
response
e.g. pinalo > does not react (insensitive)
pinalo > OA (sensitive)
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Number of receptors: varies every person
Overly receptor → excessive response
Not overly receptor → not overly response
e.g. matagal effect ng gamot = different ang effect base
sa bilang
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Excessive/deficient production and release of the
neurotransmitter substance into the synapses
• Not a determinant of disorder, but it can be addressed
using drugs
• REUPTAKE – reabsorbs the NT/goes back to
presynaptic neurons
– kulang pag bialik
• DEGRADATION – breaks down the NT into other
biochemicals (by releasing enzymes)
– nawawala (hindi nakuha ng receptor)
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Neurotransmitters (common na binabalik ni reuptake):
• Serotonin – emotional well-being (mood)
• Dopamine – rewards (in substantia nigra), muscle
system
• Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) – emergency
response (fight or fight)
• GABA – tranquilizing effect (calming, main
inhibitory)
• Glutamate – main excitatory
* higher serotonin = good mood (euthymic) ; low serotonin =
bad mood (depression, aggression)
* Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor – pinipigilan para mas
marami ang neuro sa serotonins sa synaptic (to address
depression)
* higher dopamine = schizo ; lower dopamine = Parkinson’s
* Levodopa – the only drug that can pass through the bloodbrain barrier and treats parkinson’s
* high GABA = relax ; low GABA = anxiety
* Psychopharmacology – drugs affect the mind, brain, and
behavior (tiga correct)
2 TYPES OF DRUGS
AGONIST
ANTAGONIST
– facilitate the effects of NT – inhibits the effects of NT
– enhance the release of NT – inhibits the release of NT
(mas marami tig release)
– blocks reuptake (marami
ex. If naging drunk—galing sa synapse)
mag english
– SSRI blocking serotonin
– mimics or increases the
reuptake, stay sa synaptic,
– release alcohol is an
improves your mood
agonist of GABA (not a
stimulant- bumababa
inhibitions)
Low
Therapy
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Severe
Drugs
High severity
Therapy and drugs
HORMONES are chemical messengers secreted by a set
of endocrine glands in our bodies.
• hormo: fight-or-flight reactions, sexual responses,
physical growth, and many other physical expressions
of mental state (mas matagal aksi sinesend siya sa
bloodstream)
• endo: influence human behavior and certain moods,
states
• Hypothalamus → pituitary gland
o Pineal gland – may function sa ano about sa
light— kaya if masleep ka na no screentime
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
• Messages in the form of corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH) travel from the hypothalamus to the
pituitary.
• In response to CRH, the pituitary releases
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates
the cortical part of the adrenal gland (located on top
of the kidney) to produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and
the stress hormone cortisol
• Cortisol in turn provides negative feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary.
o excessive release of cortisol damages the
hippocampus kaya nagkakaroon ng memory dahil
sa trigger
PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL
➢ emphasized the role of unconscious motives and thoughts
and their dynamic interrelationships in the determination of
both normal and abnormal behavior
SIGMUND FREUD’S DIVISION OF PERSONALITY
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES:
1. Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3. Phallic stage
4. Latency period
5. Genital stage
DEFENSE MECHANISM
➢ Anxiety is a painful emotion that warns the ego to quell
the threat and protect the organism
BEHAVIORAL MODEL
➢ LEARNING—the modification of behavior as a
consequence of experience—is the central theme of the
behavioural approach.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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pairing; immediately; contingent para massaociate agad
na this in repsonse to this behavior
involunatry
ex. After mjo hugas- 2 hours after- nabigyan ka 2k-para
saan yan
ex. Pavlov’s dog
EXTINCTION – if hindi mo na ippair hindi mo na gagawin,
nawawala na yung contingency
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY – nawawala pero
nagbabalik ulit (ex. naalala memories pag naririnig song)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
➢ GENERALIZATION is when a response is conditioned to
one stimulus or set of stimuli, it can be evoked by other,
similar stimuli.
➢ DISCRIMINATION occurs when a person learns to
distinguish between similar stimuli and to respond
differently to them based on which ones are followed by
reinforcement
➢ voluntary
PUNISHMENT (decreasing)
Positive: add na ayaw mo
para madecrease ang
behavor
Negative: aalis na gusto mo
para amdecrease ang ang
behavior
REWARD (increasing)
Positive: add na na gusto
mo para amincrease ang
behavior
Negative: tatangalin na
ayaw para maicnrease
behavior
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORALMODEL
➢ focuses on how thoughts and information processing can
become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and
behavior
SCHEMAS AND COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
➢ SCHEMA is an underlying representation of knowledge
that guides the current processing of information.
➢ Individuals who are depressed show memory biases
favoring negative information over positive or neutral
information.
➢ Nonconsciously
➢ ASSIMILATION - work new experiences into our existing
cognitive framework.
➢ ACCOMMODATION – changing our existing frameworks
to make it possible to incorporate new information that
doesn’t fit
ATTRIBUTIONS, ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE, AND
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
➢ ATTRIBUTION is simply the process of assigning causes to
things that happen.
• Internal or external
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ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE is a characteristic way in which
an individual tends to assign causes to bad events or good
events.
• For example, people with depression tend to attribute
bad events to internal, stable, and global causes (“I
failed the test because I’m stupid” as opposed to “I
failed the test because the teacher was in a bad mood
and graded it unfairly”).
• Self-serving bias –internal, stable, and global
attributions
SOCIAL MODEL
➢ focuses on influences that social institutions and other
people have on a person’s mental health.
COMMUNITIES
➢ ex. Squatter area- cannot promote mental health- stressmaslow needs hindi satisfied ang physiological and
security
GENDER
➢ Gender differences may be explained by differences in
biology, gender identity, socialization, and social situations
in which women and men find themselves (Stewart &
McDermott, 2004).
• BULIMIA occurs almost entirely in young females
FAMILY
➢ Many theorists believe that positive family relationships
decrease risk for psychological problems but that family
conflict can increase risk
DEPRIVATION/TRAUMA
➢ INSTITUTIONALIZATION
• ignificantly less warmth and physical contact
• significant reductions in both gray and white matter
volume
➢ PARENTAL NEGLECT/ABUSE
• associated with many negative effects on children’s
emotional, intellectual, and physical development
• significant problems in behavioral, emotional, and
social functioning, including conduct disorder,
depression and anxiety, and impaired relationships
with peers
FAMILY SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE
➢ assumes each family to have its own rules and
organizational structure, or hierarchy of authority and
decision making (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2004).
➢ certain family systems are particularly likely to produce
abnormal functioning in individual member
➢ Ex. enmeshed structure; disengaged family
PARENTING STYLES
➢ AUTHORITATIVE - high on warmth and moderate on
control
➢ AUTHORITARIAN - low on warmth and high on control
➢ PERMISSIVE - high on warmth and low on control
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NEGLECTFUL/UNINVOLVED - low on both warmth and
control
CULTURAL MODEL
➢ Culture refers to the unique behavior and lifestyle shared
by a group of people (Smedley & Smedley, 2005; Tseng,
2003).
➢ might serve as a distant but direct cause of mental
disorders.
➢ Culturally shared beliefs and ideas can lead to particular
forms of stress that, in turn, lead to specific forms of
disorders called culture-bound syndromes.
• KORO – culture down syndrome related to chinese or
east asian men
– nagreretract penis in response to stress
• DHAT – nocturnal emmisisions kapag nasstres
➢ influence the way individuals cope with stressful situations.
• AMOK – violence, biglaang violence with no reason
• FAMILY SUICIDE – response ng family itself to stress
or may isang identified
➢ Western societies, depression was a frequent reaction to
individual stress.
➢ In China, the effects of stress were more typically
manifested in physical problems such as fatigue, weakness,
and other complaints