If you touch a hot stove, youre going to get burned,
Instrumental conditioning Learning the contingency between bahvoiur and consequences
Rope pulling behavior stamped in and random behaviours stamped out
Law of effect: Behaviours with positive consequences are stamped in Those with negative
consequences are stamped out
Instrumental conditioning also known as operant conditioning
Reinforcer: Any stimulus that is present after a response impacts the frequency that the
response is performed
Increase in behaviour and decrease of behaviour can be positive and negative reinforcers
Reward training presents a positive reinforcer to encourage a behaviour Presenatitioon of a
negative reinforcer is to discourage a behavoiur
Pusnishment training may rish being unethical or distressing
Removal of a positive reinforcer is omission training, discouraging a behaviour. Imagine little
billy wants loves teasing and bullying, turning off the tv would remove the positive reinforcer
hopefully preventing the bullying
Punishment and omission training achieve the same goa, however it is only meant for the
negative reinforcer
Escape training removes a negative reinforcer to encourage behaviour: Floor of one side
delivers a constant electric shock, it can be avoided if they are on the other side. Doing
homework to avoid chores
Cumulative recorders visulize the response rate of a behaviour
Autoshaping is learning without direct guidance pecking a keyhole, gives food. They will
eventually learn the contingency of receiving food every time they peck the hole
Food reward when it performs a backflip, complex behaviours are shaped over successive
approximation
Shaping can be used to rain animals to perform unusual task (Pidgeons playing table tennis)
Shapinging by successive approximation. Pigeons first learned to peck at the table to receive
food, then a ball, then move a ball, then peck the ball across the table.
Chaining: A technique used to develop a sequence of behaviours, each behaviour is reinforced
with the opportunity to perform the next behaviour of a sequence
Shaping Vs Chaining
Shaping: Reinforced for improvement
Chaining: Reinforced for correct order
The S+ indicates when a contingency is valid; The s- indicated when its invalid
S+ response reinforcement
S- Response does not give the reinforcement
Classicla conditioning, CS+ elicits a reflexive involuntary response
S+ in Instrumental, Sets the occasion for a voluntary response
CS- Absence
S- Not valid
Partial reinforcmenant can either follow a ratio or interval schedule
Ratio: Response
Interval: Time
Fixed or Constant
Fixed: conditioned are helped constant
Varible: Provided by a variable amount of work or time
Fixed Ratio: Pigeon must peck 3 times to receive a reward. A schedule that is too stingy would
lead to ineffective Pause and run pattern (Pause an activity before going again) A lack of
motivation leads to procrastinating
Varible Ratio: Reinforcement a slot machine in a casino. Can support high response rate
behavoiur Although the payout is random, the only way to get a reward is to continue playing
VR-10 would have a steeper slop than VR-40
Fixed Interval: Course with weekly quizzes, Study behavoiur response would ramp up before
the quiz, and pause for a period after the quiz Following reinforcement, there is a low period and
then peaking before the next reinforcement window
Varible interval: Pop quizzes, Study behavoiur would continue at a steady rate
f