Course Outline (Semester II)
Course Title: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Course Code: ENG-304
Credit Hours: 3 (3-0)
Course Type: Major
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
•
Basic Definitions
•
Phonetics: Branches
o
Articulatory Phonetics
o
Auditory Phonetics
o
Acoustic Phonetics
•
Phonology: Definition and Scope
•
Phoneme and Allophones
2. Speech Sounds
•
Vowels
•
Consonants
•
Diphthongs
•
Triphthongs
•
Voicing and Aspiration
•
Minimal Pairs
3. The Organs of Speech
•
Description and Function
•
Place and Manner of Articulation (Consonants)
•
Vowel Trapezium / Quadrilateral (Vowels)
•
Monophthongs, Diphthongs, and Triphthongs
4. Rules and Sound Patterns
•
Rules of Voicing
•
Rules of /t/
•
Rules of Any Sound
•
Practice of Phonemic Transcription
5. Word and Sentence-Level Phenomena
•
Homophones
•
Homographs
•
Homonyms
•
Homophenes
6. Connected Speech and Fluency Devices
•
Assimilation
•
Elision
•
Weak Forms and Strong Forms
•
Linking
•
Sound Values
•
Stress and Intonation
7. Applied Phonology
•
Practice of Phonemic Transcription
•
Common Phonological Problems Faced by Pakistani Learners of English
Chapter 1: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Key Concepts
1. Phonetics → The scientific study of speech sounds as physical entities—how they
are produced, transmitted, and heard.
2. Branches of Phonetics
o
Articulatory Phonetics: Studies how speech organs produce sounds.
o
Acoustic Phonetics: Examines the physical properties of sound waves.
o
Auditory Phonetics: Focuses on how the ear and brain perceive sounds.
3. Phonology → The study of how sounds function within a particular language.
4. Phoneme → The smallest unit of sound that can change meaning.
o
Example: /p/ vs /b/ → pat vs bat
5. Allophones → Slight variations of the same phoneme that do not change meaning.
o
Example: the aspirated /pʰ/ in pin vs the unaspirated /p/ in spin.
Key Terms
Term
Definition
Example
Articulation
Movement of speech organs to
produce sounds
Lips & tongue
positions
IPA (International Phonetic
Alphabet)
Universal system for sound
transcription
/θ/, /ʃ/, /ð/
Minimal Pair
Two words differing by one sound
only
ship / sheep
Short Questions and Answers
Q1. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?
A. Phonetics deals with how sounds are physically made and heard; phonology studies
how those sounds behave and pattern in a language.
Q2. Name the three branches of phonetics.
A. Articulatory, Acoustic, and Auditory Phonetics.
Q3. Define a phoneme with an example.
A. A phoneme is the smallest sound unit that can change word meaning; /b/ and /p/ in bat
vs pat.
Q4. What is an allophone?
A. A variant of a phoneme that doesn’t change meaning (e.g., aspirated /pʰ/ vs
unaspirated /p/).
Q5. Why do linguists use the IPA?
A. To represent speech sounds accurately and consistently across all languages.
Key Points Summary
•
Phonetics = physical study of sounds.
•
Phonology = functional study of sounds in a system.
•
Every language has its own set of phonemes.
•
Understanding articulation is the foundation for transcription and pronunciation
analysis.
Chapter 2: Speech Sounds
Key Concepts
1. Speech Sounds:
All the individual sounds we make when speaking a language. These are divided into
vowels and consonants.
2. Vowels:
o
Produced without obstruction of airflow.
o
The tongue and lips change position to create different vowel qualities.
o
Classified by tongue height (high, mid, low) and position (front, central,
back).
o
Examples: /iː/ (see), /ɪ/ (sit), /æ/ (cat), /uː/ (food), /ɒ/ (hot).
3. Consonants:
o
Produced by partial or complete closure of the vocal tract.
o
o
Classified by:
▪
Place of Articulation (where sound is made: lips, teeth, tongue, etc.)
▪
Manner of Articulation (how air passes: stop, fricative, nasal, etc.)
▪
Voicing (whether vocal cords vibrate or not).
Example: /p/ (voiceless bilabial plosive), /b/ (voiced bilabial plosive).
4. Diphthongs:
o
Combination of two vowel sounds in one syllable, where the tongue moves
from one position to another.
o
Example: /aɪ/ (my), /eɪ/ (day), /ɔɪ/ (boy), /aʊ/ (now), /əʊ/ (go).
5. Triphthongs:
o
Glide of three vowel sounds within one syllable.
o
Example: /aɪə/ (fire), /aʊə/ (hour).
6. Voicing:
o
Refers to whether the vocal cords vibrate during sound production.
o
Voiced sounds: /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /z/
o
Voiceless sounds: /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/
7. Aspiration:
o
A small burst of air that follows some voiceless plosive sounds like /p/, /t/,
/k/.
o
Example: pin → /pʰɪn/ (aspirated), but spin → /spɪn/ (unaspirated).
8. Minimal Pairs:
o
Two words that differ by only one sound and have different meanings.
o
Examples: pat / bat, ship / sheep, fan / van.
o
Used to show that two sounds represent different phonemes.
Key Terms
Term
Definition
Example
Vowel
Sound made with free airflow
/iː/ in see
Consonant Sound made with obstruction
/p/ in pen
Diphthong
/aɪ/ in my
Two vowel sounds in one syllable
Triphthong Three vowel sounds in one syllable
/aʊə/ in hour
Voicing
Vocal cord vibration
/b/ voiced, /p/ voiceless
Aspiration
Burst of air after some sounds
/pʰ/ in pin
Minimal Pair Two words differing by one phoneme ship / sheep
Short Questions and Answers
Q1. What are vowels?
A. Vowels are speech sounds made without blocking airflow; they depend on tongue and
lip position.
Q2. What are consonants?
A. Consonants are sounds produced by partially or fully blocking the airstream in the
vocal tract.
Q3. Define diphthong and give examples.
A. A diphthong is a glide from one vowel sound to another within a single syllable.
Examples: /aɪ/, /eɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/, /əʊ/.
Q4. What is voicing?
A. Voicing is the vibration of the vocal cords during sound production.
Q5. What is aspiration?
A. Aspiration is a puff of air released after certain voiceless sounds like /p/, /t/, /k/.
Q6. What is a minimal pair?
A. Two words that differ by only one sound (e.g., bat / pat) are called minimal pairs.
Key Points Summary
•
Speech sounds = vowels + consonants.
•
Vowels have free airflow, consonants involve obstruction.
•
Diphthongs and triphthongs involve glides between vowel sounds.
•
Voicing distinguishes many English sounds.
•
Aspiration and minimal pairs are key in identifying English phonemes.
Chapter 3: The Organs of Speech
Key Concepts
1. Organs of Speech
The human body parts used in producing speech sounds are called the organs of
speech.
These organs work together to control airflow, create vibrations, and shape
sounds into speech.
2. Main Categories of Speech Organs:
o
o
o
Respiratory System (Power Source)
▪
Lungs, diaphragm, trachea
▪
Function: provides air pressure for speech production.
Phonatory System (Voice Source)
▪
Larynx, vocal cords (vocal folds)
▪
Function: produces voiced and voiceless sounds.
Articulatory System (Sound Shaping)
▪
Tongue, lips, teeth, palate, alveolar ridge, velum, nasal cavity
▪
Function: shapes the airstream into specific speech sounds.
Description and Function of Major Organs
Organ
Description / Location
Function in Speech
Lungs
In the chest cavity
Provide air for sound production
Diaphragm
Muscle below the lungs
Controls airflow and breathing
Trachea
Air tube connecting lungs to
larynx
Passage for air to vocal cords
Larynx
Voice box in the throat
Contains vocal cords; produces voice
Vocal Cords
(Folds)
Two elastic folds in larynx
Vibrate for voiced sounds
Pharynx
Area behind the mouth and
nasal cavity
Resonates and modifies sound
Velum (Soft
Palate)
Soft area at the back of the roof
Opens/closes nasal passage
of the mouth
Hard Palate
Hard part of mouth roof
Helps form palatal sounds (/ʃ/, /ʒ/)
Alveolar Ridge Ridge behind upper teeth
For alveolar sounds (/t/, /d/, /n/, /s/)
Tongue
Most flexible organ
Shapes most speech sounds
Teeth
Hard edges in mouth
Used for dental sounds (/θ/, /ð/)
Lips
Front of the mouth
Form bilabial (/p/, /b/, /m/) and
labiodental (/f/, /v/) sounds
Nasal Cavity
Above the mouth
Produces nasal sounds (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/)
Place and Manner of Articulation (Consonants)
A. Place of Articulation → Where the airflow is blocked or restricted.
•
Bilabial: both lips — /p/, /b/, /m/
•
Labiodental: lower lip + upper teeth — /f/, /v/
•
Dental: tongue tip + teeth — /θ/, /ð/
•
Alveolar: tongue + alveolar ridge — /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
•
Palato-alveolar: tongue near hard palate — /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/
•
Palatal: tongue + hard palate — /j/
•
Velar: back of tongue + soft palate — /k/, /g/, /ŋ/
•
Glottal: produced at vocal cords — /h/
B. Manner of Articulation → How the airstream is modified.
•
Plosives (Stops): complete blockage → /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
•
Fricatives: partial blockage, friction → /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/
•
Affricates: stop + fricative combo → /tʃ/, /dʒ/
•
Nasals: air through nose → /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
•
Laterals: air around sides of tongue → /l/
•
Approximants: minimal obstruction → /r/, /w/, /j/
Vowel Trapezium / Quadrilateral
•
A diagram showing the position of the tongue during vowel production.
•
Main categories:
o
Front vowels: /iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/
o
Central vowels: /ʌ/, /ɜː/, /ə/
o
Back vowels: /uː/, /ʊ/, /ɔː/, /ɒ/, /ɑː/
•
Monophthongs: single pure vowels (e.g., /iː/, /ʌ/)
•
Diphthongs: glide between two vowels (e.g., /aɪ/, /eɪ/)
•
Triphthongs: glide among three vowels (e.g., /aɪə/, /aʊə/)
Short Questions and Answers
Q1. What are organs of speech?
A. The organs of the human body that produce speech sounds by controlling airflow and
articulation.
Q2. Name three systems involved in speech production.
A. Respiratory system, phonatory system, and articulatory system.
Q3. What is the function of the vocal cords?
A. They vibrate to produce voiced sounds and remain open for voiceless sounds.
Q4. Define place and manner of articulation.
A. Place = where in the mouth the sound is made; Manner = how the airflow is modified.
Q5. What are bilabial sounds? Give examples.
A. Sounds made using both lips, e.g., /p/, /b/, /m/.
Q6. What is the vowel quadrilateral?
A. A diagram that represents tongue position in vowel production (front–back, high–low).
Key Points Summary
•
Speech organs are divided into respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems.
•
Vocal cords determine whether a sound is voiced or voiceless.
•
Place and manner of articulation describe how consonant sounds are formed.
•
Vowel quadrilateral shows the tongue’s position during vowel production.
•
Mastery of these organs and movements is essential for accurate pronunciation and
transcription.
Chapter 4: Rules and Sound Patterns
Key Concepts
Phonology not only studies what sounds exist in a language but also how they behave and
change in different environments.
These patterns are governed by phonological rules that describe how sounds are
produced, modified, or replaced.
1. Rules of Voicing
Voicing = vibration of vocal cords during speech sound production.
English sounds can be voiced or voiceless, and voicing sometimes changes depending
on the sound’s position or neighboring sounds.
Examples of Voicing Rules:
•
•
Plural (-s) Rule:
o
After voiceless sounds → /s/ → cats /kæts/
o
After voiced sounds → /z/ → dogs /dɒgz/
o
After sibilants → /ɪz/ → buses /bʌsɪz/
Past Tense (-ed) Rule:
o
After voiceless sounds → /t/ → worked /wɜːkt/
o
After voiced sounds → /d/ → played /pleɪd/
o
After /t/ or /d/ → /ɪd/ → wanted /wɒntɪd/
Rule Summary:
Voicing harmony often occurs — suffixes adjust their voicing to match the preceding
sound.
2. Rules of /t/
The English sound /t/ changes its pronunciation in different contexts. These variations are
called allophones of /t/.
Common Allophonic Rules:
Context
Phonetic Form
Example
At word beginning
Aspirated [tʰ]
top, ten
After /s/
Unaspirated [t]
stop, stand
Between vowels (American English) Tapped [ɾ]
water, butter
Before nasal consonant
Unreleased [t̚]
button, kitten
Word-final position
Unreleased or weak [t̚] cat, sit
Rule Summary:
/t/ is not always pronounced the same way — its realization depends on position and
neighboring sounds.
3. Rules of “Any” Sound (General Sound Alternation Rules)
English sounds can undergo changes for ease of pronunciation or natural rhythm in
connected speech.
Common Phonological Rules:
•
Assimilation: One sound becomes similar to a neighboring sound.
o
•
Elision: A sound is omitted for smoother speech.
o
•
next day → /neks deɪ/ (t is dropped)
Insertion: An extra sound is added to ease pronunciation.
o
•
input → /ɪmpʊt/ (n → m before p)
film → /fɪləm/ (especially in non-native speech)
Flapping: /t/ or /d/ becomes a quick tap [ɾ] between vowels.
o
better, ladder → /beɾər/, /læɾər/
Rule Summary:
These rules reflect natural speech processes — they make connected speech faster and
more fluid.
4. Practice of Phonemic Transcription
Phonemic transcription represents the sounds (phonemes) of words rather than their
spelling, using IPA symbols.
Word
Phonemic Transcription
cat
/kæt/
dog
/dɒg/
Word
Phonemic Transcription
teacher
/ˈtiːtʃər/
nation
/ˈneɪʃən/
photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/
wanted
/ˈwɒntɪd/
language
/ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/
Tips for Transcription Practice:
•
Focus on sound, not spelling.
•
Learn IPA symbols for all English vowels and consonants.
•
Pay attention to stress marks (ˈ) before stressed syllables.
•
Listen and repeat words to improve accuracy.
Short Questions and Answers
Q1. What are phonological rules?
A. Rules that describe how sounds change in specific linguistic environments.
Q2. Give an example of a voicing rule in English.
A. The plural “-s” changes to /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats), and /z/ after voiced sounds
(dogs).
Q3. What are the main allophones of /t/?
A. [tʰ] (aspirated), [t] (unaspirated), [ɾ] (flapped), [t̚] (unreleased).
Q4. What is assimilation?
A. When one sound becomes similar to a neighboring sound (e.g., input → /ɪmpʊt/).
Q5. What is elision?
A. The omission of a sound in connected speech (next day → /neks deɪ/).
Q6. Why is phonemic transcription important?
A. It helps learners pronounce words correctly and understand real sound patterns
instead of confusing spellings.
Key Points Summary
•
Phonological rules govern sound changes in context.
•
Voicing rules affect plural and past tense endings.
•
/t/ has multiple pronunciations (allophones) depending on context.
•
Assimilation, elision, and insertion simplify speech.
•
Phonemic transcription bridges the gap between spelling and pronunciation.
Chapter 5: Word & Sentence-Level Phenomena
This chapter explores how pronunciation, sound, and meaning interact at the word and
sentence level — how words can sound the same, look the same, or confuse listeners
even though their meanings differ.
1. Homophones
🗣 Definition:
Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.
Examples
Word 1 Word 2 Meaning
sea
see
ocean / to look
two
too
number 2 / also
right
write
correct / to compose
flower flour
plant / baking powder
Key Point:
Homophones test listening comprehension, not spelling.
2. Homographs
Definition:
Words that look the same (spelling) but sound different and have different meanings.
Examples
Word Pronunciation Meaning
lead /liːd/ / lɛd/
guide / metal
tear /tɪə(r)/ / teə(r)/ cry / rip
wind /wɪnd/ / waɪnd/ air / turn
Key Point:
Homographs show how stress or vowel change alters meaning.
3. Homonyms
Definition:
Words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings.
Examples
Word Meaning 1
Meaning 2
bat
cricket stick
flying animal
bank financial institution river side
ring
circular band
sound of a bell
Key Point:
Homonyms demonstrate how context determines meaning.
4. Homophenes
Definition:
Words that look the same on the lips when spoken, even though they sound different.
Important for lip-reading and speech therapy.
Examples
Word 1 Word 2 Visible Similarity
man
ban
same lip pattern
pet
bet
similar mouth movement
fine
vine
indistinguishable visually
Key Point:
Homophenes affect visual speech perception (lip-reading).
5. Sentence-Level Phenomena
At sentence level, pronunciation changes for rhythm and fluency. These are natural
processes in connected speech.
a. Intonation
Rise and fall of pitch while speaking.
•
Rising tone (↗): Yes/No questions → Are you ready ↗?
•
Falling tone (↘): Statements → I’m ready ↘.
•
Falling-rising tone (↘↗): Uncertainty → Maybe ↘↗.
b. Stress
Emphasis on certain syllables or words.
•
PREsent (noun) vs preSENT (verb)
•
He WANTS to GO.
c. Elision & Linking
•
next day → /neks deɪ/ (t dropped)
•
go out → /gəʊ waʊt/ (w linking)
Key Point:
Sentence-level features make speech natural, connected, and expressive.
Short Questions & Answers
Q1. Define Homophones with examples.
A. Words that sound alike but differ in spelling and meaning (e.g., sea/see).
Q2. What is a Homograph?
A. A word with the same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning (lead/lead).
Q3. Define Homonyms with example.
A. Words spelled and pronounced the same but with different meanings (bank).
Q4. What are Homophenes?
A. Words that look the same on the lips but sound different (pet/bet).
Q5. What is the role of intonation in speech?
A. It conveys emotion, attitude, and sentence type (rising ↗ or falling ↘ tone).
Key Takeaways
•
Homophones: same sound, different meaning.
•
Homographs: same spelling, different sound.
•
Homonyms: same spelling + sound, different meaning.
•
Homophenes: same lip shape, different sound.
•
Intonation & stress bring rhythm and clarity to speech.
Chapter 6: Connected Speech and Fluency Devices
This chapter focuses on how sounds change in connected or fluent speech — when we
speak naturally, sounds are not isolated but merge, disappear, or influence each other.
1. Connected Speech — Overview
🗣 Definition:
Connected speech refers to the natural flow of spoken language, where sounds join,
overlap, or change for smoother and faster pronunciation.
Key Idea:
When speaking slowly → words are clear and separate.
When speaking naturally → sounds blend together.
Example:
“I want to eat it.” → /aɪ wɒn tə iːt ɪt/ → I wanna eat it.
2. Fluency Devices
Fluency devices are features that make speech natural, rhythmical, and easy to
pronounce.
a. Assimilation
Definition:
When a sound changes to become more like a neighboring sound.
Example Table:
Before After Example
Pronunciation
/n/ + /p/ /m/ green park → /ɡriːm pɑːk/
/t/ + /ʃ/ /ʃ/
don’t you → /dəʊnʃuː/
/d/ + /j/ /ʤ/ did you → /ˈdɪʤuː/
Types of Assimilation:
•
Progressive: sound affects the one after it.
•
Regressive: sound affects the one before it.
•
Coalescent: two sounds merge into a new one (/t/ + /j/ → /ʧ/).
b. Elision
Definition:
Omission (dropping) of a sound in fast speech.
Examples:
Careful Speech Natural Speech Example
/neks(t) deɪ/
/neks deɪ/
next day
/kəmfərtəbəl/
/kʌmf-təbəl/
comfortable
/ænd/
/ən/ or /n/
fish and chips → fish ’n chips
Purpose:
Makes speech quicker and smoother.
c. Linking
Definition:
Joining two words smoothly, especially when one ends in a consonant and the next begins
with a vowel.
Examples:
Written
Linked Form
Pronunciation
go out
go_wout
/gəʊ waʊt/
see it
see_yit
/siː jɪt/
law and order law_rand order /lɔː rænd ɔːdə/
Types of Linking:
•
Consonant-to-vowel (main type)
•
/r/-linking (British): far away → farraway
d. Weak Forms and Strong Forms
Definition:
Many short words (articles, prepositions, auxiliaries) are pronounced weakly in
connected speech unless emphasized.
Examples:
Word Weak Form Strong Form Used When
and /ən/, /n/
/ænd/
emphasis or contrast
of
/əv/, /v/
/ɒv/
when stressed
to
/tə/
/tuː/
before vowel or stressed
can
/kən/
/kæn/
negative or emphasis
Purpose:
Weak forms maintain rhythm in English — a stressed-unstressed pattern.
e. Sound Values
🎚 Definition:
Sound value refers to the exact pronunciation or phonemic identity of a letter or symbol.
Example:
Letter “a” → /æ/ in cat, /ɑː/ in father, /eɪ/ in name.
→ One letter can represent different sound values.
f. Stress and Intonation
Stress
Emphasis on a syllable or word in speech.
Examples:
•
PREsent (noun) vs preSENT (verb)
•
She WENT to the MARket.
Types:
•
Word Stress: emphasis within words.
•
Sentence Stress: emphasis within sentences for meaning.
Intonation
The rise and fall of pitch during speech.
Types:
Intonation Type Function
Example
Rising (↗)
Yes/No Questions
Are you coming ↗?
Falling (↘)
Statements, Wh-Questions I’m tired ↘.
Falling-Rising (↘↗) Uncertainty / Politeness
Maybe ↘↗.
Key Function:
Intonation conveys attitude, emotion, and meaning.
3. Summary Table
Process
Meaning
Assimilation
Sound becomes like neighbor handbag → hambag smoother
Elision
Sound is dropped
next day → neks day faster
Linking
Sounds join
go out → go_wout
fluent
Weak forms
Reduced function words
to → tə
rhythm
Stress & Intonation Emphasis and tone
Example
Result
He WENT ↘ home. meaning
Short Questions & Answers
Q1. What is connected speech?
A. It’s natural spoken language where sounds influence each other for fluency.
Q2. Define assimilation with example.
A. One sound becomes like a neighboring sound, e.g., green park → greem park.
Q3. What is elision?
A. The omission of a sound in rapid speech, e.g., next day → neks day.
Q4. What is a weak form?
A. The reduced pronunciation of small words like to → tə in normal speech.
Q5. What is linking?
A. The smooth connection between words, especially consonant-to-vowel.
Q6. Why is intonation important?
A. It expresses speaker’s mood, attitude, and the sentence type.
Key Takeaways
•
Connected speech = natural fluent pronunciation.
•
Assimilation, elision, and linking = essential fluency tools.
•
Weak forms maintain rhythm.
•
Stress & intonation shape meaning and expression.
Chapter 7: Applied Phonology
This chapter focuses on practical applications of phonetic and phonological concepts —
particularly phonemic transcription and the common pronunciation problems faced
by Pakistani learners of English.
1. Phonemic Transcription Practice
🗣 Definition
Phonemic transcription is the process of representing speech sounds using phonetic
symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
It shows how words are pronounced, not how they are spelled.
Example:
Word
Spelling
Phonemic Transcription
Cat
c-a-t
/kæt/
Through t-h-r-o-u-g-h /θruː/
Nation n-a-t-i-o-n
/ˈneɪʃən/
Word
Spelling
Phonemic Transcription
Doctor d-o-c-t-o-r /ˈdɒktə/
School s-c-h-o-o-l /skuːl/
Purpose:
To help learners pronounce words correctly and understand sound–symbol
relationships.
Types of Transcription
Type
Description
Example
Broad
Transcription
Only major phonemes are shown.
book →
/bʊk/
Narrow
Transcription
Shows detailed pronunciation features (like aspiration, pen →
nasalization).
[pʰɛn]
Tip:
Use slashes (/ /) for phonemic (broad) transcription, and brackets ([ ]) for phonetic
(narrow) transcription.
Common Practice Words (with IPA)
Word
Transcription Word Transcription
name
/neɪm/
this
/ðɪs/
teacher /ˈtiːtʃə/
judge /ʤʌʤ/
father /ˈfɑːðə/
mother /ˈmʌðə/
book
good
/bʊk/
/ɡʊd/
phone /fəʊn/
study /ˈstʌdi/
light
night
/laɪt/
/naɪt/
2. Common Phonological Problems Faced by Pakistani Learners
Because English is not the native language, Pakistani students often transfer sounds
from Urdu or regional languages, which creates pronunciation difficulties.
Problem 1: Confusion between /v/ and /w/
Sound Urdu Equivalent Example Error
/v/
doesn’t exist
very → /weri/
/w/
similar sound
west → /vest/
Correction:
/v/ = upper teeth touch lower lip (very),
/w/ = lips rounded (west).
Problem 2: Difficulty with /θ/ and /ð/
(“th” sounds as in think and this)
Sound
Urdu Replacement Example
/θ/ (think) /t/
think → tink
/ð/ (this) /d/
this → dis
Correction:
Place tongue between teeth and let air pass — no full contact.
Problem 3: Schwa /ə/ Sound Ignored
Urdu has no weak vowel sound like English /ə/.
Students pronounce all vowels equally strong.
Example:
teacher → /ˈtiːtʃər/ (correct)
Students say → /ˈtiːtʃar/ (incorrect)
Correction:
Relaxed tongue, neutral vowel — ə is weak.
Problem 4: Final Consonant Clusters
Many Urdu words don’t end with multiple consonants, so learners drop one sound.
Examples:
Word Common Error
past /pas/
asks /ask/
texts /teks/
Correction:
Practice final clusters slowly: past /pɑːst/, texts /teksts/.
Problem 5: Stress and Intonation Issues
Urdu uses flat intonation, while English depends on stress patterns.
Examples:
•
REcord (noun) vs reCORD (verb)
•
Students often speak in a monotone → sounds unnatural.
Correction:
Learn word stress rules and practice intonation rise/fall.
Problem 6: Substitution of /p/ and /b/
Some learners pronounce pen → ben, pair → bear.
Correction:
/ p / = voiceless (no vibration)
/ b / = voiced (vocal cords vibrate)
Problem 7: Lack of Weak Forms
Pakistani learners often pronounce to, of, and in strong forms always.
Example:
I want to go → /aɪ wɒnt tuː ɡəʊ/
Should be → /aɪ wɒn tə ɡəʊ/
Correction:
Learn weak forms for natural fluency.
Problem 8: Vowel Length Confusion
Long and short vowels are often mixed up.
Word Correct Common Error
ship /ʃɪp/
/ʃiːp/
seat /siːt/
/sɪt/
Correction:
Practice vowel pairs: /ɪ/ vs /iː/, /ʊ/ vs /uː/.
3. Teaching and Learning Tips
•
Use mirror practice to observe lip movement.
•
Listen to native audio (BBC Learning English, YouTube phonetics channels).
•
Practice IPA symbols daily.
•
Record your own speech and compare.
•
Focus on stress timing and weak forms.
4. Short Questions & Answers
Q1. What is phonemic transcription?
A. Writing sounds of words using phonetic symbols (IPA), e.g., book → /bʊk/.
Q2. What is the difference between broad and narrow transcription?
A. Broad shows only phonemes (/bʊk/), narrow shows extra details ([bʰʊk]).
Q3. Mention two common pronunciation problems faced by Pakistani learners.
A. (1) Confusion between /v/ and /w/, (2) Difficulty pronouncing /θ/ and /ð/.
Q4. Why do Pakistani students confuse vowel sounds?
A. Because Urdu has fewer vowel contrasts than English.
Q5. What is the schwa sound?
A. The weak, neutral vowel /ə/ found in unstressed syllables (teacher → /ˈtiːtʃər/).
Key Takeaways
•
Phonemic transcription helps master pronunciation.
•
Pakistani learners struggle with “th” sounds, stress, vowel length, and clusters.
•
Regular IPA and listening practice can improve fluency.
•
Understanding weak forms and intonation makes English speech sound natural.
PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY — FINAL REVIEW QUIZ
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
MCQs
1. The scientific study of speech sounds is called:
a) Grammar b) Phonetics c) Syntax d) Semantics
Ans: b) Phonetics
2. Which branch studies how sounds are produced?
a) Auditory b) Acoustic c) Articulatory d) Morphology
Ans: c) Articulatory
3. The smallest unit of sound that can change meaning is called:
a) Allophone b) Morpheme c) Phoneme d) Grapheme
Ans: c) Phoneme
Short Questions
1. Define Phonetics.
The study of speech sounds as physical entities.
2. Define Phonology.
The study of how sounds function in a language system.
3. Name the three branches of Phonetics.
Articulatory, Auditory, Acoustic.
CHAPTER 2 – Speech Sounds
MCQs
1. How many vowel sounds are there in English (RP)?
a) 5 b) 12 c) 20 d) 44
Ans: b) 12
2. Diphthongs are:
a) Two vowels together in one syllable b) Two consonants
None
c) One vowel d)
Ans: a) Two vowels together
3. The term voicing refers to:
a) Stress b) Vibration of vocal cords c) Airflow d) Tone
Ans: b) Vibration of vocal cords
Short Questions
1. What is a vowel?
A sound produced without any obstruction of airflow.
2. Define consonant.
A sound made with some obstruction of airflow.
3. What is aspiration?
A burst of air released after certain consonants like /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/.
CHAPTER 3 – Organs of Speech
MCQs
1. The organ that controls voicing is:
a) Tongue b) Larynx c) Lips d) Teeth
Ans: b) Larynx
2. The tongue is divided into:
a) Two parts b) Three parts
c) Five parts
d) Four parts
Ans: c) Five parts
3. The place of articulation for /p/ and /b/:
a) Dental b) Bilabial c) Alveolar d) Velar
Ans: b) Bilabial
Short Questions
1. What are the organs of speech?
Physical parts of the body that produce speech sounds.
2. Define place of articulation.
The point where airflow is obstructed in producing a consonant.
3. Define manner of articulation.
How airflow is modified to produce a sound.
CHAPTER 4 – Rules and Sound Patterns
MCQs
1. Rule of /t/ refers to:
a) Stress b) Aspiration
c) Position-based sound change d) Tone
Ans: c) Position-based sound change
2. Which word pair is a minimal pair?
a) ship–sheep b) read–reading c) go–going d) happy–happily
Ans: a) ship–sheep
Short Questions
1. What is a rule of voicing?
Sound changes depending on whether vocal cords vibrate.
2. Define minimal pairs.
Two words differing in one phoneme only, e.g., pin–bin.
3. What is phonemic transcription?
Writing words using IPA symbols showing pronunciation.
CHAPTER 5 – Word & Sentence Level Phenomena
MCQs
1. Sea and see are examples of:
a) Homographs b) Homophones
c) Homonyms d) Homophenes
Ans: b) Homophones
2. Lead (guide) and lead (metal) are:
a) Homonyms b) Homographs c) Synonyms d) Antonyms
Ans: b) Homographs
3. Words that look same on lips are:
a) Homonyms b) Homophenes c) Homographs d) Homophones
Ans: b) Homophenes
Short Questions
1. Define homophone.
Words that sound the same but differ in meaning/spelling.
2. Define homograph.
Same spelling, different pronunciation and meaning.
3. What is intonation?
The rise and fall of voice pitch in speech.
CHAPTER 6 – Connected Speech & Fluency Devices
MCQs
1. Handbag → hambag is an example of:
a) Elision b) Assimilation c) Linking d) Weak Form
Ans: b) Assimilation
2. Dropping of sounds is called:
a) Linking b) Stress c) Elision d) Intonation
Ans: c) Elision
3. Go out → go_wout shows:
a) Linking b) Elision c) Weak Form d) Stress
Ans: a) Linking
Short Questions
1. Define assimilation.
When one sound becomes like a neighboring sound.
2. What is elision?
The omission of a sound in rapid speech.
3. Define weak form.
Reduced pronunciation of small words like /tə/ for to.
CHAPTER 7 – Applied Phonology
MCQs
1. The study of representing sounds with symbols is:
a) Orthography b) Phonemic Transcription c) Semantics d) Syntax
Ans: b) Phonemic Transcription
2. Which pair of sounds causes confusion for Pakistani learners?
a) /v/ and /w/ b) /m/ and /n/ c) /p/ and /f/ d) /ʃ/ and /ʒ/
Ans: a) /v/ and /w/
3. The schwa sound is:
a) /ʃ/ b) /ə/ c) /eɪ/ d) /θ/
Ans: b) /ə/
Short Questions
1. What is phonemic transcription?
Writing pronunciation using IPA symbols.
2. Mention two common problems faced by Pakistani learners.
Confusion between /v/ & /w/ and mispronouncing “th” sounds.
3. What is the schwa sound?
Weak neutral vowel /ə/ used in unstressed syllables.
EXAM PREPARATION SUMMARY
Area
Focus
Phonetics
Physical study of sounds
Phonology
Functional use of sounds
Organs of Speech
How and where sounds are produced
Sound Patterns
Voicing, minimal pairs, transcription
Word-Level Phenomena Homophones, Homonyms
Connected Speech
Assimilation, Elision, Weak forms
Applied Phonology
Practice + Pakistani learners’ errors
GHAZI UNIVERSITY, DERA GHAZI KHAN
Final Term Examination (Affiliated Colleges)
Course Code: ENG-304
Phonology
Semester: 2nd
Total Time: 90 Minutes
Course Title: Introduction to Phonetics and
BS Program: English
Total Marks: 36
Name of Student: ___________________________
___________________________
Part–I: Objective
Spring 2023
Reg. No (GU):
(15 Minutes)
Question No. 1: Multiple Choice Questions
(10 Marks)
(Encircle the correct answer)
1. The initial sound in Pakistan is
(a) Bilabial
(b) Interdental
(c) Alveolar
(d) Plosive
2. /kju/ is a phonemic transcription of
(a) quay
(b) queue
(c) you
(d) knew
3. /tan/ is a phonemic transcription of
(a) ton
(b) tongue
(c) tone
(d) toy
4. What is the complete form of IPA?
(a) International Phonetic Alphabet
(c) International Phonetic Agreement
(b) Indian Phonetic Agreement
(d) Indian Phonetic Alphabet
5. What does the sign “/ /” represent?
(a) Alphabetic Transcription
(b) Phonetic Transcription
(c) Bilabial Plosive
(d) Fall–Rise Pitch
6. No word begins with more than ___ consonants.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
7. The study of the possible phoneme combinations of a language is called
(a) Phonotactics
(b) Phone
(c) Phoneme
(d) Morpheme
8. Semi-vowels are also called
(a) Vowels
(b) Phones
(c) Approximants
(d) Consonants
9. ________ are considered as phonological building blocks of words.
(a) Phoneme
(b) Morpheme
(c) Syllable
(d) All of these
10.
The number of nasal consonants in English is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Part–II: Subjective (75 Minutes)
Question No. 2: Short Questions
(2 × 5 = 10 Marks)
Answer the following briefly:
1. Write a short note on Assimilation.
2. Discuss the concept of Elision.
3. Explain the concept of Stress and Intonation.
4. Define the idea of Phonetics.
5. Write a note on Homophones with examples.
Question No. 3: Long Questions
(8 × 2 = 16 Marks)
Answer the following in detail:
1. Write a comprehensive note on the Place and Manner of Articulation.
2. Discuss phonological problems faced by Pakistani students while learning
English as a foreign language.
— End of Paper —
GHAZI UNIVERSITY, DERA GHAZI KHAN
Final Term Examination (Affiliated Colleges)
Course Code: ENG-304
Semester: 2nd
Total Time: 90 Minutes
Course Title: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
BS Program: English
Spring 2023
Total Marks: 36
Name of Student: ___________________________
___________________________
Reg. No (GU):
Part–I: Objective (15 Minutes)
Question No. 1: Multiple Choice Questions (10 Marks)
(Encircle the correct answer)
1. The initial sound in Pakistan is
(d) Plosive
2. /kju/ is a phonemic transcription of
(b) Queue
3. /tan/ is a phonemic transcription of
(a) Ton
4. The complete form of IPA is
(a) International Phonetic Alphabet
5. The sign “/ /” represents
(b) Phonetic Transcription
6. No word begins with more than ___ consonants.
(c) 3
7. The study of possible phoneme combinations of a language is called
(a) Phonotactics
8. Semi-vowels are also called
(c) Approximants
9. ________ are considered as phonological building blocks of words.
(d) All of these
10.
The number of nasal consonants in English is
(c) 3
(i.e., /m/, /n/, /ŋ/)
Part–II: Subjective (75 Minutes)
Question No. 2: Short Questions
(2 × 5 = 10 Marks)
1. Write a short note on Assimilation.
Answer:
Assimilation is a phonological process in which one sound becomes similar to a
neighboring sound in terms of place, manner, or voicing.
For example, in input → [ɪmpʊt], the /n/ changes to /m/ before the bilabial /p/.
It helps in making speech faster and more natural.
2. Discuss the concept of Elision.
Answer:
Elision means the omission or dropping of a sound in connected speech. It occurs to
make pronunciation easier and faster.
Example: next day → [neks deɪ] (the /t/ sound is dropped).
It is common in natural spoken English.
3. Explain the concept of Stress and Intonation.
Answer:
•
Stress refers to giving more emphasis to certain syllables or words through louder,
longer, or higher-pitched pronunciation.
Example: ‘Record (noun) vs. re‘cord (verb).
•
Intonation is the variation in pitch across a sentence that conveys attitude,
emotion, or sentence type.
Example: Rising tone in questions: “Are you coming?”
4. Define the idea of Phonetics.
Answer:
Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the physical properties of speech
sounds — how they are produced (articulatory), transmitted (acoustic), and heard
(auditory).
It provides the scientific basis for accurate pronunciation and speech analysis.
5. Write a note on Homophones with examples.
Answer:
Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and
spellings.
Examples: sea / see, right / write, pair / pear.
They illustrate how phonology affects meaning in spoken English.
Question No. 3: Long Questions
(8 × 2 = 16 Marks)
1. Write a comprehensive note on the Place and Manner of Articulation.
Answer:
Speech sounds are produced by modifying the airflow through the vocal tract. The place
of articulation tells where the airflow is obstructed, and the manner of articulation tells
how it is modified.
(A) Places of Articulation
1. Bilabial – both lips come together: /p/, /b/, /m/
2. Labiodental – lower lip + upper teeth: /f/, /v/
3. Dental – tongue tip + teeth: /θ/, /ð/
4. Alveolar – tongue tip + alveolar ridge: /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
5. Palato-alveolar – tongue + hard palate: /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/
6. Velar – back of tongue + soft palate: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/
7. Glottal – vocal cords: /h/
(B) Manners of Articulation
1. Plosives (Stops) – complete closure then release: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
2. Fricatives – narrow passage causes friction: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/
3. Affricates – stop + fricative combination: /ʧ/, /ʤ/
4. Nasals – air passes through nose: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
5. Lateral – air flows around the tongue sides: /l/
6. Approximants (Semi-vowels) – articulators come close without friction: /r/, /j/, /w/
Together, these describe how all English consonant sounds are produced.
2. Discuss phonological problems faced by Pakistani students while learning English
as a foreign language.
Answer:
Pakistani learners of English often face difficulties due to differences between Urdu and
English sound systems.
Common problems include:
1. Substitution of unfamiliar sounds – /θ/ and /ð/ (as in think, this) are replaced by /t/
and /d/.
2. Confusion between /v/ and /w/ – both pronounced the same by many learners.
3. Final consonant clusters – difficulty in words like tests or asks.
4. Vowel length and quality – trouble distinguishing between /ɪ/ and /iː/ (ship vs
sheep).
5. Stress and intonation errors – equal stress on all words or incorrect tone patterns,
leading to unnatural rhythm.
6. Aspirated sounds – lack of aspiration in words like pen /pʰen/ vs. Ben /ben/.
Conclusion:
To overcome these issues, students must be trained in listening discrimination,
pronunciation drills, and exposure to native speech models. Awareness of English
phonology helps them improve accuracy and fluency.
End of Paper
Chapter 1: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1. The study of speech sounds and their production is called
(a) Syntax (b) Morphology (c) Phonetics (d) Semantics
→ (c) Phonetics
2. The study of sound patterns and rules in a language is called
(a) Phonology (b) Syntax (c) Morphology (d) Grammar
→ (a) Phonology
3. The smallest distinctive unit of sound in a language is
(a) Syllable (b) Phoneme (c) Morpheme (d) Grapheme
→ (b) Phoneme
4. The practical use of phonetic symbols is called
(a) Transcription (b) Translation (c) Transformation (d) Transmission
→ (a) Transcription
5. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used for
(a) Writing grammar rules (b) Sound representation
Syntax rules
→ (b) Sound representation
(c) Word meanings (d)
6. The term phonetics comes from the Greek word meaning
(a) Sound (b) Voice (c) Speech (d) Language
→ (a) Sound
7. Which branch of phonetics studies how sounds are physically produced?
(a) Acoustic (b) Auditory (c) Articulatory (d) Psychological
→ (c) Articulatory
8. Which branch of phonetics studies sound waves and vibrations?
(a) Acoustic (b) Auditory (c) Articulatory (d) Orthographic
→ (a) Acoustic
9. The perception of sounds by the ear and brain is studied in
(a) Articulatory phonetics (b) Auditory phonetics (c) Acoustic phonetics
Descriptive phonetics
→ (b) Auditory phonetics
10.
The difference between phonetics and phonology is that
(a) Phonetics studies meanings (b) Phonology studies grammar
(d)
(c) Phonetics deals with sounds physically, phonology deals with them functionally
(d) None
→ (c)
11.
The term phoneme refers to
(a) Letter (b) Sound unit (c) Syllable (d) Phrase
→ (b) Sound unit
12.
The variant forms of a phoneme are called
(a) Morphemes (b) Allophones (c) Graphemes
→ (b) Allophones
(d) Lexemes
13.
[p] and [pʰ] in pin and spin are examples of
(a) Phonemes (b) Allophones (c) Morphemes (d) Graphemes
→ (b) Allophones
14.
In phonetics, symbols are usually written in
(a) Square brackets [ ] (b) Slashes / / (c) Parentheses ( ) (d) Curly braces { }
→ (a) Square brackets [ ]
15.
In phonology, phonemes are represented using
(a) [ ] (b) { } (c) / / (d) ( )
→ (c) / /
16.
The study of how speech sounds are organized in a language belongs to
(a) Phonology (b) Syntax (c) Morphology (d) Phonetics
→ (a) Phonology
17.
Which of the following is not a branch of phonetics?
(a) Acoustic (b) Auditory (c) Articulatory (d) Morphological
→ (d) Morphological
18.
Who developed the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?
(a) Linguistic Society (b) International Phonetic Association (c) Oxford Society
(d) British Academy
→ (b) International Phonetic Association
19.
The main focus of articulatory phonetics is
(a) Movement of air and speech organs (b) Sound waves (c) Hearing (d) Writing
system
→ (a)
20.
Which area of phonetics concerns itself with the physical properties of
sound?
(a) Acoustic phonetics (b) Auditory phonetics (c) Articulatory phonetics (d)
Comparative phonetics
→ (a)
21.
The organs involved in sound production are called
(a) Organs of speech (b) Sound makers (c) Vocal letters (d) None
→ (a)
22.
Phonetics is primarily concerned with
(a) Written symbols (b) Speech sounds (c) Grammar rules
→ (b)
(d) Vocabulary
23.
Which of the following studies the rules of combining sounds?
(a) Phonetics (b) Phonology (c) Syntax (d) Morphology
→ (b)
24.
Which one is not a level of linguistic analysis?
(a) Phonetics (b) Morphology (c) Syntax (d) Geometry
→ (d)
25.
The sound /p/ is
(a) Voiced bilabial plosive (b) Voiceless bilabial plosive
plosive (d) Voiceless dental
→ (b)
(c) Voiced alveolar
26.
What is the smallest sound difference that can change meaning?
(a) Grapheme (b) Phoneme (c) Syllable (d) Allophone
→ (b)
27.
/b/ and /p/ differ in
(a) Place of articulation (b) Voicing
→ (b)
(c) Manner of articulation
28.
Phonetic transcription of thing is
(a) /θɪŋ/ (b) /tɪŋ/ (c) /ðɪŋ/ (d) /tiŋ/
→ (a)
(d) Nasality
29.
Which of the following sounds is voiced?
(a) /p/ (b) /b/ (c) /t/ (d) /k/
→ (b)
30.
The study of speech production and sound perception is called
(a) Morphology (b) Phonology (c) Phonetics (d) Syntax
→ (c)
Chapter 2: Speech Sounds — Vowels, Consonants & Diphthongs (30 MCQs with
Answers)
1. Speech sounds are broadly divided into
(a) Words and phrases (b) Vowels and consonants
Morphemes and phonemes
→ (b) Vowels and consonants
2. Consonants are produced when
(a) Air passes freely (b) Airflow is obstructed
Tongue touches teeth
→ (b)
(c) Tones and tunes (d)
(c) Vocal cords vibrate only
3. Vowels are produced when
(a) Airflow is blocked (b) Air passes freely through the mouth
not vibrate (d) Lips are closed
→ (b)
(c) Vocal cords do
4. The total number of vowel sounds in English (RP) is
(a) 5 (b) 12 (c) 20 (d) 8
→ (b)
5. The total number of consonant sounds in English (RP) is
(a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 24 (d) 18
→ (c)
6. The total number of diphthongs in English (RP) is
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
→ (b)
7. The sound /p/ is
(a) Voiced bilabial (b) Voiceless bilabial plosive
(d)
(c) Voiced alveolar (d)
Voiceless dental
→ (b)
8. The sound /b/ differs from /p/ in
(a) Place (b) Manner (c) Voicing
→ (c)
9. The sound /f/ is a
(a) Voiceless fricative
→ (a)
(d) Nasality
(b) Voiced fricative
(c) Plosive
10.
The sound /v/ is a
(a) Voiced fricative (b) Voiceless fricative (c) Plosive
→ (a)
11.
/t/ and /d/ are
(a) Dental (b) Alveolar plosives
→ (b)
(d) Nasal
(d) Approximant
(c) Bilabial stops (d) Glottal sounds
12.
/k/ and /g/ are produced at the
(a) Velum (b) Alveolar ridge (c) Lips (d) Glottis
→ (a)
13.
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/ are
(a) Fricatives (b) Nasals
→ (b)
(c) Approximants
(d) Plosives
14.
/l/ and /r/ are classified as
(a) Liquids (b) Nasals (c) Fricatives (d) Plosives
→ (a)
15.
The sound /ʃ/ in she is a
(a) Voiced fricative (b) Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (c) Nasal (d) Stop
→ (b)
16.
The sound /ʒ/ in measure is
(a) Voiceless fricative (b) Voiced palato-alveolar fricative (c) Nasal (d) Plosive
→ (b)
17.
The sound /θ/ as in think is
(a) Voiceless dental fricative (b) Voiced dental (c) Voiceless alveolar (d) Voiced
alveolar
→ (a)
18.
The sound /ð/ as in this is
(a) Voiced dental fricative (b) Voiceless alveolar
Voiceless dental
→ (a)
19.
The sound /s/ is
(a) Voiceless alveolar fricative
Voiceless palatal
→ (a)
20.
The sound /z/ is
(a) Voiced alveolar fricative
Voiceless velar
→ (a)
(c) Voiced alveolar
(d)
(b) Voiced alveolar (c) Voiced palatal (d)
(b) Voiceless alveolar (c) Voiceless palatal
21.
Which sound is a glottal fricative?
(a) /h/ (b) /g/ (c) /ʧ/ (d) /j/
→ (a)
22.
/w/ and /j/ are called
(a) Plosives (b) Fricatives (c) Semi-vowels
→ (c)
(d) Nasals
23.
The sound /ŋ/ occurs in the word
(a) Sing (b) Song (c) Ring (d) All of these
→ (d)
24.
Which vowel is a high front unrounded vowel?
(a) /ɪ/ (b) /iː/ (c) /e/ (d) /æ/
→ (b)
25.
The vowel /uː/ as in food is
(a) High back rounded (b) Mid central (c) Low front (d) Mid front
→ (a)
26.
The vowel /ɒ/ in pot is
(a) Low back rounded (b) High front
→ (a)
(c) Mid central (d) High back
(d)
27.
A diphthong is
(a) A single pure vowel (b) A combination of two vowel sounds in one syllable
Two consonants together (d) A stressed vowel
→ (b)
(c)
28.
The diphthong in time is
(a) /aɪ/ (b) /eɪ/ (c) /ɔɪ/ (d) /əʊ/
→ (a)
29.
The diphthong in boy is
(a) /eɪ/ (b) /ɔɪ/ (c) /aʊ/ (d) /ɪə/
→ (b)
30.
The diphthong in go is
(a) /əʊ/ (b) /aʊ/ (c) /eɪ/ (d) /ɪə/
→ (a)
Chapter 3: The Organs of Speech & Articulation Process (30 MCQs with Answers)
Course: ENG-304 — Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Program: BS English (2nd Semester)
University: Ghazi University, D.G. Khan
1. The organs of speech are mainly responsible for
(a) Breathing (b) Producing sound (c) Digestion (d) Blood circulation
→ (b)
2. The lungs act as the
(a) Vibrator (b) Air-supplying organ (c) Resonator (d) Articulator
→ (b)
3. The vocal cords are located in the
(a) Lungs (b) Pharynx (c) Larynx
→ (c)
(d) Mouth
4. The opening between the vocal cords is called the
(a) Pharynx (b) Glottis (c) Velum (d) Epiglottis
→ (b)
5. The velum is also known as the
(a) Hard palate (b) Soft palate (c) Tongue
→ (b)
(d) Uvula
6. The uvula is located at the end of the
(a) Velum (b) Lips (c) Tongue (d) Alveolar ridge
→ (a)
7. The alveolar ridge lies between
(a) The teeth and hard palate (b) The tongue and velum
(d) The glottis and larynx
→ (a)
8. The tongue is the most important
(a) Passive articulator (b) Active articulator
→ (b)
(c) Breathing organ (d) Resonator
9. The teeth and lips are considered
(a) Passive articulators (b) Active articulators
→ (a)
10.
The pharynx connects the
(a) Nose and mouth (b) Mouth and larynx
and soft palate
→ (b)
(c) The lips and pharynx
(c) Resonators
(d) Vibrators
(c) Lungs and vocal cords
11.
The hard palate is the
(a) Front roof of the mouth (b) Back roof of the mouth
Upper lip
→ (a)
(c) Tongue surface (d)
12.
The soft palate controls the airflow between
(a) Oral and nasal cavities (b) Lungs and mouth (c) Tongue and teeth
cords
→ (a)
13.
The nose acts as a
(a) Resonator (b) Articulator (c) Vibrator
→ (a)
(d) Hard
(d) Sound stop
(d) Vocal
14.
Nasal sounds are produced when
(a) The soft palate is raised (b) The soft palate is lowered
(d) The tongue touches the alveolar ridge
→ (b)
(c) The glottis is closed
15.
/m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ are
(a) Oral (b) Nasal (c) Approximant (d) Fricative
→ (b)
16.
The place of articulation refers to
(a) Where airflow is stopped (b) How airflow is modified
None
→ (a)
(c) Both a and b (d)
17.
The manner of articulation means
(a) The way airflow is obstructed (b) The place where sound starts
vowel (d) The resonance area
→ (a)
18.
/p/ and /b/ are
(a) Bilabial plosives (b) Labiodental (c) Alveolar (d) Velar
→ (a)
19.
/f/ and /v/ are
(a) Bilabial (b) Labiodental
→ (b)
(c) Dental
(d) Alveolar
20.
/θ/ and /ð/ are
(a) Dental (b) Alveolar
→ (a)
(c) Palatal (d) Glottal
21.
/t/ and /d/ are
(a) Bilabial (b) Alveolar
→ (b)
(c) Palatal (d) Glottal
22.
/k/ and /g/ are produced at the
(a) Velum (b) Hard palate (c) Lips (d) Alveolar ridge
→ (a)
(c) The type of
23.
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are
(a) Palato-alveolar fricatives
→ (a)
(b) Dental (c) Velar (d) Glottal
24.
/ʧ/ and /ʤ/ are called
(a) Affricates (b) Fricatives
→ (a)
(c) Nasals (d) Plosives
25.
The sound /h/ is a
(a) Glottal fricative (b) Voiced glottal (c) Velar (d) Palatal
→ (a)
26.
The sound /l/ is known as a
(a) Lateral approximant (b) Central approximant
→ (a)
(c) Nasal (d) Stop
27.
The sound /r/ is a
(a) Retroflex (b) Trill (c) Approximant (d) Plosive
→ (c)
28.
In vowel trapezium, vowels are classified according to
(a) Tongue position and lip shape (b) Airflow (c) Pressure (d) Sound duration
→ (a)
29.
A monophthong is
(a) A pure vowel (b) A glide
→ (a)
(c) A plosive
30.
Triphthongs are
(a) Three vowels pronounced together
(d) Diphthongs
→ (a)
(d) A nasal
(b) Two vowels (c) Consonant clusters
Chapter 4: Rules and Sound Patterns (30 MCQs with Answers)
Course: ENG-304 — Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Prepared for: Kashish Zahra – BS English (2nd Semester)
University: Ghazi University, D.G. Khan
Rules of Voicing, /t/, and Phonemic Transcription
1. Voicing refers to
(a) Air pressure in lungs
rounding
→ (b)
(b) Vibration of vocal cords (c) Tongue position (d) Lip
2. A voiced sound is produced when
(a) Vocal cords vibrate (b) Vocal cords remain open
Nose is blocked
→ (a)
3. A voiceless sound is produced when
(a) Vocal cords vibrate (b) Vocal cords remain apart
Tongue touches teeth
→ (b)
4. The sound /b/ is
(a) Voiced (b) Voiceless
→ (a)
(c) Aspirated (d) Nasal
5. The sound /p/ is
(a) Voiced (b) Voiceless
→ (b)
(c) Nasal (d) Glide
6. The voicing rule helps distinguish between
(a) Vowels (b) Consonants (c) Pairs like /p/ and /b/
→ (c)
(c) Air passes silently
(c) Nasal cavity is open
(d) Diphthongs
7. The /t/ sound is generally
(a) Voiced (b) Voiceless (c) Nasal (d) Glide
→ (b)
8. In American English, /t/ often changes to a flap [ɾ] between
(a) Two vowels (b) Consonants (c) Word endings (d) Initial positions
→ (a)
9. The flapped /t/ sound occurs in words like
(a) Top (b) Butter (c) Tank (d) Tape
→ (b)
(d)
(d)
10.
When /t/ occurs at the end of a stressed syllable before a vowel, it may be
(a) Aspirated (b) Unreleased (c) Deleted (d) Voiced
→ (a)
11.
Aspiration is a small burst of
(a) Air (b) Sound (c) Voice (d) Tongue vibration
→ (a)
12.
Aspirated /p, t, k/ occur at
(a) Word beginning (b) Word middle (c) Word end
→ (a)
(d) Before nasal
13.
The unaspirated /p, t, k/ appear after
(a) /s/ (b) /r/ (c) /l/ (d) /w/
→ (a)
14.
In spot, the /p/ is
(a) Aspirated (b) Unaspirated
→ (b)
(c) Voiced
(d) Nasal
15.
In pat, the /p/ is
(a) Aspirated (b) Unaspirated
→ (a)
(c) Voiced
(d) Nasal
16.
Phonemic transcription uses
(a) Slashes / / (b) Brackets [ ] (c) Both (d) None
→ (a)
17.
Phonetic transcription uses
(a) Slashes / / (b) Brackets [ ] (c) Curly braces (d) None
→ (b)
18.
Broad transcription shows
(a) Small phonetic details (b) Only essential sounds
→ (b)
19.
Narrow transcription includes
(a) Minimal detail (b) Precise articulatory detail
notes
→ (b)
(c) Intonation (d) Stress
(c) No vowels
(d) Grammar
20.
The word bat is transcribed as
(a) /baet/ (b) /bæt/ (c) /bat/ (d) /bɛt/
→ (b)
21.
The word dog is transcribed as
(a) /dɒg/ (b) /dog/ (c) /dug/ (d) /dag/
→ (a)
22.
The word teacher in British English is transcribed as
(a) /tiːʧə/ (b) /tiːʧɜː/ (c) /tɪʧa/ (d) /taʧə/
→ (a)
23.
The word school is transcribed as
(a) /skuːl/ (b) /skul/ (c) /sukl/ (d) /ʃkuːl/
→ (a)
24.
The word phone is transcribed as
(a) /pɔːn/ (b) /fəʊn/ (c) /fan/ (d) /fun/
→ (b)
25.
The word thing is transcribed as
(a) /θɪŋ/ (b) /ðɪŋ/ (c) /tɪŋ/ (d) /fɪŋ/
→ (a)
26.
The rule of any sound means
(a) Sound changes by context (b) Sound stays fixed
Grammar change
→ (a)
(c) Random variation
27.
Coarticulation means
(a) One sound affects another (b) Sounds are isolated
rises
→ (a)
28.
Allophones are
(a) Variants of a phoneme (b) Distinct phonemes
Morphemes
→ (a)
(c) Stress shifts
(c) Minimal pairs
(d)
(d)
(d) Tone
29.
Pen vs. Ben shows a difference in
(a) Voicing (b) Nasality (c) Aspiration (d) Place
→ (a)
30.
Tip vs. Dip differ in
(a) Manner (b) Voicing (c) Place
→ (b)
(d) Length
.
Chapter 5: Word and Sentence-Level Phenomena (30 MCQs with Answers)
Course: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Semester)
University: Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan
Homophones are words that
(a) Sound the same but differ in meaning/spelling
(d) Have opposite meanings
→ (a)
Program: BS English (2nd
(b) Look the same
Sea and see are examples of
(a) Homographs (b) Homophones (c) Homonyms
→ (b)
(d) Synonyms
Write and right belong to the group of
(a) Homographs (b) Homophones (c) Antonyms
→ (b)
(d) Polysemes
Homographs are words that
(a) Have the same spelling but different meanings
meanings (d) Share roots
→ (a)
(b) Sound alike
(c) Mean the same
(c) Have opposite
Lead (metal) and lead (to guide) are
(a) Homographs (b) Homonyms (c) Homophones
→ (a)
Homonyms share
(a) Sound only (b) Spelling only
(d) None
→ (c)
(d) Synonyms
(c) Both sound and spelling but different meanings
Bear (an animal) and bear (to carry) are
(a) Homographs (b) Homonyms (c) Antonyms (d) Polysemes
→ (b)
Homophenes are words that
(a) Look same on lips when spoken
Are written alike
→ (a)
(b) Sound identical
(c) Have identical spelling
(d)
Pat and bat look same on lips for deaf viewers. They are
(a) Homophones (b) Homophenes (c) Homographs (d) Synonyms
→ (b)
A minimal pair differs by
(a) One sound only (b) Two sounds
→ (a)
(c) Word order
1
Pin / Bin is an example of
(a) Voicing contrast (b) Manner difference
→ (a)
(d) Stress pattern
(c) Vowel shift (d) Tone
1
Ship and Sheep illustrate a difference in
(a) Vowel length (b) Consonant place (c) Voicing (d) Aspiration
→ (a)
1
Polysemy means
(a) One word with multiple related meanings
(d) Same spelling
→ (a)
(b) Unrelated meanings (c) Same sound
1
Head of a company and head of a person show
(a) Homonymy (b) Polysemy (c) Synonymy (d) Antonymy
→ (b)
1
Lexical stress refers to
(a) Stress within a word (b) Sentence rhythm
→ (a)
(c) Pitch movement
(d) Tone variation
1
The stressed syllable in teacher is
(a) First (b) Second (c) None (d) Both
→ (a)
1
Present (noun) and present (verb) differ in
(a) Stress pattern (b) Sound (c) Spelling (d) Tone
→ (a)
1
Sentence stress highlights
(a) Important words in speech (b) All syllables equally
Punctuation
→ (a)
1
Contrastive stress shows
(a) Opposition or correction (b) Emotion (c) Volume
→ (a)
(c) Only vowels
(d)
(d) Speed
2
In She WENT to the market, emphasis on WENT shows
(a) Contrastive stress (b) Rising tone (c) Weak form (d) Pause
→ (a)
2
Intonation deals with
(a) Pitch variation in speech
rules
→ (a)
(b) Word formation
2
A rising tone usually indicates
(a) Question (b) Statement (c) Command
→ (a)
(c) Sound articulation
(d) Surprise
(d) Spelling
2
A falling tone often marks
(a) Question (b) Statement or completion
→ (b)
(c) Uncertainty (d) Pause
2
Tone unit means
(a) A stretch of speech with one main pitch movement
A pause
→ (a)
2
Rhythm in English speech depends on
(a) Stress timing (b) Syllable timing (c) Tone duration
→ (a)
(b) A vowel
(c) A consonant
(d) Breath length
2
English is a stress-timed language, meaning
(a) Stress occurs at regular intervals (b) All syllables equal (c) Pitch constant
fixed
→ (a)
2
Weak forms are used for
(a) Function words (b) Content words (c) Nouns
→ (a)
(d) Main verbs
2
The word to in going to school is pronounced / tə / in connected speech. It’s a
(a) Strong form (b) Weak form (c) Stress form (d) Tone form
→ (b)
2
Strong forms appear when
(a) A word is emphasized or isolated
Sentence ends
→ (a)
(b) Speech is fast
(d)
(c) Linking occurs (d)
3
Can / kən/ in “I can go” and /kæn/ in “I CAN go” show the difference between
(a) Weak and strong forms (b) Vowel change (c) Stress shift (d) Elision
→ (a)
Chapter 6: Connected Speech & Fluency Devices (30 MCQs with Answers)
(d) Tone
Course: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
Semester)
University: Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan
Program: BS English (2nd
Connected speech refers to
(a) Words spoken in isolation (b) Words linked together in natural speech
rules (d) Spelling differences
→ (b)
In connected speech, sounds often
(a) Remain unchanged (b) Change or disappear for smooth flow
(d) Follow spelling
→ (b)
Assimilation means
(a) A sound becoming similar to a neighboring sound
change (d) Stress shift
→ (a)
(c) Writing
(c) Become louder
(b) Sound omission
(c) Pitch
In input → imput, /n/ becomes /m/ before /p/. This is an example of
(a) Elision (b) Assimilation (c) Linking (d) Intrusion
→ (b)
Green park pronounced as /griːmpɑːk/ shows
(a) Assimilation (b) Elision (c) Insertion (d) Reduction
→ (a)
Elision means
(a) Addition of sound
→ (b)
(b) Omission of a sound
(c) Change of tone (d) Stress shift
The /t/ sound disappears in next day → /neks deɪ/. This is
(a) Elision (b) Linking (c) Intrusion (d) Assimilation
→ (a)
Linking refers to
(a) Joining final and initial sounds smoothly
(b) Adding new sounds
(c) Skipping words
(d) Repetition
→ (a)
In law and order /lɔːr ən ɔːdə/, /r/ is used for smooth connection — this is
(a) Linking /r/ (b) Elision (c) Assimilation (d) Reduction
→ (a)
Intrusion means
(a) Inserting a sound between vowels
(d) Voicing change
→ (a)
(b) Deleting a consonant
(c) Stressing a syllable
1
In I saw it → /aɪ sɔːr ɪt/, /r/ is added. This is an example of
(a) Intrusion (b) Assimilation (c) Elision (d) Reduction
→ (a)
1
Go on pronounced as /gəwɒn/ shows an inserted /w/ — this is
(a) Intrusion (b) Assimilation (c) Reduction (d) Stress
→ (a)
1
Juncture refers to
(a) The boundary between words or sounds
height
→ (a)
(b) Intonation (c) Tone variation (d) Pitch
1
Ice cream vs I scream differ in
(a) Juncture (b) Intonation (c) Stress (d) Tone
→ (a)
1
Weak forms appear when
(a) Words are unstressed in connected speech
isolated (d) Tone rises
→ (a)
(b) A word is emphasized
1
to pronounced as /tə/ in to go is a
(a) Weak form (b) Strong form (c) Linked vowel
→ (a)
1
Fluency devices include
(a) Linking, Elision, Assimilation, Intrusion
(c) Words are
(d) Assimilation
(b) Grammar rules
(c) Tone marking
(d)
Stress counting
→ (a)
1
Reduction means
(a) Vowel weakening (b) Stress increase
→ (a)
(c) Sound addition (d) Tone change
1
And → /ən/ or /n/ in bread and butter shows
(a) Reduction (b) Elision (c) Stress (d) Linking
→ (a)
2
In fluent English speech, function words are usually
(a) Reduced and unstressed (b) Fully pronounced (c) Paused
→ (a)
(d) Repeated
2
Catenation is another term for
(a) Linking (b) Stressing (c) Elision (d) Pitch change
→ (a)
2
Consonant-to-vowel linking example:
(a) Get it → /getɪt/ (b) Get it → /gedɪt/ (c) Get it → /ge tɪt/
→ (b)
(d) Get it → /gɛt ɪt/
2
Vowel-to-vowel linking often uses
(a) /r/, /j/, or /w/ (b) /t/, /d/ (c) /s/, /z/ (d) /p/, /b/
→ (a)
2
The idea of it → /ðiː aɪdɪər əv ɪt/ shows
(a) Intrusive /r/ (b) Elision (c) Reduction (d) Stress shift
→ (a)
2
Coarticulation refers to
(a) Overlapping of articulatory movements
variation (d) Breath control
→ (a)
(b) Separate word pronunciation
2
Coarticulation makes speech sound
(a) Natural and fluent (b) Broken (c) Robotic
→ (a)
(d) Hesitant
(c) Tone
2
Assimilation, elision, and linking help achieve
(a) Natural fluency (b) Monotone speech (c) Emphasis only
→ (a)
(d) Artificial accent
2
Don’t know → dunno is an example of
(a) Elision (b) Reduction (c) Assimilation (d) All of these
→ (d)
2
Going to → gonna and want to → wanna show
(a) Reduction and linking (b) Elision (c) Assimilation only
→ (a)
(d) Stress
3
Connected speech processes are important because they
(a) Make speech natural and fluent (b) Confuse listeners (c) Break grammar (d) Slow
communication
→ (a)
Chapter 7 – Applied Phonology / Suprasegmental Features
(Stress · Intonation · Rhythm · Tone · Pitch · Common Phonological Problems)
Total MCQs: 30
Program: BS English (2nd Semester)
University: Ghazi
University, D.G. Khan
Suprasegmental features deal with
(a) Single sounds (b) Larger speech units like stress & intonation
Grammar
→ (b)
The main suprasegmental features are
(a) Stress, Intonation, Rhythm (b) Vowels & consonants
rules
→ (a)
(c) Morphology
(c) Morphemes
(d)
(d) Spelling
Stress means
(a) Louder or more forceful pronunciation of a syllable
Tone drop
→ (a)
Primary stress is marked with
(a) ˈ before stressed syllable (b) ˌ after syllable
→ (a)
(c) –
(b) Silence
(c) Whisper (d)
(d) * mark
In record (noun) and record (verb), stress change shows
(a) Intonation (b) Word stress difference (c) Elision (d) Juncture
→ (b)
The stress pattern in photograph, photographer, photographic changes because of
(a) Derivational change (b) Spelling (c) Tone (d) Weak form
→ (a)
Sentence stress refers to
(a) Emphasis on key words (b) Equal stress on all
→ (a)
Intonation is
(a) The rise and fall of voice
→ (a)
(c) No stress (d) Rapid speech
(b) Pronunciation error
(c) Grammar rule (d) Nasal sound
Falling intonation usually shows
(a) Completion or certainty (b) Doubt (c) Question (d) Hesitation
→ (a)
1
Rising intonation is used in
(a) Yes/no questions (b) Statements
→ (a)
(c) Commands (d) Exclamations
1
Tone unit means
(a) A stretch of speech with one pitch movement
phoneme
→ (a)
(b) A sentence
(c) A vowel
(d) A
1
Pitch means
(a) Highness or lowness of voice
→ (a)
(b) Loudness
(c) Stress (d) Length
1
Rhythm refers to
(a) Regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
only (d) Spelling rule
→ (a)
(b) Loudness
1
English is a stress-timed language, meaning
(a) Stressed syllables occur at regular intervals (b) Every syllable equal
(d) Tone language
→ (a)
1
Syllable-timed languages (e.g., French) have
(a) Equal syllable duration (b) Unequal rhythm (c) Irregular stress
→ (a)
1
Pitch range varies according to
(a) Emotion & sentence type (b) Grammar
→ (a)
(c) Spelling
(c) Intonation
(c) Free timing
(d) No intonation
(d) Syllable count
1
Intonation patterns help express
(a) Attitude and emotion (b) Tense (c) Number (d) Gender
→ (a)
1
A high-fall tone conveys
(a) Strong finality (b) Doubt (c) Questioning
→ (a)
1
A low-rise tone often shows
(a) Politeness or uncertainty (b) Anger
→ (a)
(d) Surprise
(c) Command
(d) Stress shift
2
Contrastive stress is used to
(a) Emphasize one word over another (b) Omit sounds (c) Pause speech (d) Lower
tone
→ (a)
2
He didn’t steal the money (stress on steal) means
(a) He borrowed it (b) He didn’t take anything (c) He didn’t spend (d) He was rich
→ (a)
2
Strong forms of function words appear when
(a) They are emphasized or isolated (b) Unstressed
→ (a)
(c) Reduced
2
Weak forms of words like and, of, to are used when
(a) Unstressed in connected speech (b) Written only (c) Paused
→ (a)
(d) Linked
(d) Capitalized
2
The IPA indicates stress with
(a) ˈ and ˌ symbols (b) Accent marks (c) Capital letters (d) Italics
→ (a)
2
Common Pakistani pronunciation problems include
(a) Confusion of /v/ and /w/ (b) Ignoring weak forms (c) Misplaced stress
these
→ (d)
2
Pakistani learners often pronounce /p/ and /b/
(a) Without aspiration difference (b) Over-aspirated (c) As /f/
→ (a)
(d) All of
(d) With nasal sound
2
Many learners replace /θ/ (think) with
(a) /t/ (b) /s/ (c) /d/ (d) /f/
→ (a)
2
Confusion between ship /ɪ/ and sheep /iː/ is due to
(a) Vowel length problem (b) Intonation (c) Stress (d) Consonant cluster
→ (a)
2
Proper practice of stress and intonation helps in
(a) Natural and intelligible speech (b) Fast reading (c) Grammar (d) Writing
→ (a)
3
Applied phonology aims to
(a) Apply sound rules to real pronunciation
(b) Study letters
(c) Change spelling
(d)
Ignore speech
→ (a)
GHAZI UNIVERSITY, DERA GHAZI KHAN
Final Term Examination – (Expected / Guess Paper)
Course Code: ENG-304
Course Title: Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
BS English (2nd Semester)
Total Marks: 36
Time Allowed: 1 Hour 30 Minutes
Part–I: Objective (10 Marks)
(Encircle the correct answer)
The smallest unit of sound that can change meaning is called
(a) Phone (b) Phoneme (c) Syllable (d) Grapheme
→ (b)
The word “think” begins with which sound?
(a) /t/ (b) /θ/ (c) /ð/ (d) /s/
→ (b)
/p/ and /b/ differ mainly in
(a) Place of articulation (b) Manner of articulation
→ (c)
(c) Voicing
The study of sound patterns in a language is called
(a) Phonetics (b) Phonology (c) Morphology (d) Syntax
→ (b)
(d) Aspiration
The IPA stands for
(a) International Phonetic Alphabet (b) International Pronunciation Agreement
Indo–Phonetic Articulation (d) None
→ (a)
(c)
Ship /ɪ/ and Sheep /iː/ differ in
(a) Length (b) Stress (c) Tone (d) Voicing
→ (a)
/tʃ/ as in church is a
(a) Plosive (b) Fricative (c) Affricate (d) Nasal
→ (c)
Which of the following is a bilabial plosive?
(a) /t/ (b) /p/ (c) /f/ (d) /k/
→ (b)
Weak forms are used in
(a) Careful speech (b) Connected speech (c) Reading aloud
→ (b)
(d) Writing
1
Stress and intonation are examples of
(a) Segmental features (b) Suprasegmental features (c) Morphological features
None
→ (b)
Part–II: Short Questions (5 × 2 = 10 Marks)
Attempt any FIVE.
Define Phonetics and its main branches.
Differentiate between Vowels and Consonants.
What is Aspiration? Give an example.
Explain Assimilation in connected speech.
Write a short note on Weak forms and Strong forms.
What are Minimal pairs? Give two examples.
Define Stress and Intonation briefly.
(d)
Part–III: Long Questions (2 × 8 = 16 Marks)
Attempt any TWO.
Write a comprehensive note on the Place and Manner of Articulation with examples.
Discuss the Phonological problems faced by Pakistani learners of English and
suggest remedies.
Explain the Rules of Voicing, /t/, and other sound changes in connected speech with
examples.
— End of Paper —