Fundamentals of Nursing - Semester
Final Study Guide
� Comprehensive Study Guide
The Nursing Process (ADPIE)
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Assessment: Collect subjective (patient-reported) and objective (observable) data.
Diagnosis: Formulate nursing diagnoses using NANDA-I taxonomy.
Planning: Set SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)
and prioritize care.
Implementation: Execute nursing interventions, which can be independent, dependent,
or collaborative.
Evaluation: Determine if goals are met and adjust the care plan as needed.
Nursing Diagnosis
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Types:
- Problem-focused (e.g., Acute Pain)
- Risk (e.g., Risk for Infection)
- Health Promotion (e.g., Readiness for Enhanced Nutrition)
- Syndrome (e.g., Post-Trauma Syndrome)
Each diagnosis includes:
- Diagnostic Label: Name of the diagnosis
- Related Factors: Underlying cause or contributor
- Defining Characteristics: Observable signs and symptoms
Therapeutic Communication
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Techniques:
- Active Listening: Fully concentrate, understand, respond, and remember what the
patient says.
- Empathy: Understand and share the feelings of the patient.
- Open-Ended Questions: Encourage detailed responses.
- Silence: Allow time for reflection.
- Clarification: Ensure understanding.
Avoid barriers like giving advice, false reassurance, or changing the subject.
Cultural Competence
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Key Concepts:
- Cultural Awareness: Recognizing one's own cultural influences.
- Cultural Knowledge: Learning about different cultures.
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- Cultural Skill: Ability to collect culturally relevant data.
- Cultural Encounter: Engaging with diverse cultures.
- Cultural Desire: Motivation to become culturally aware.
Avoid ethnocentrism and strive for cultural humility.
Safety and Infection Control
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Standard Precautions: Hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory hygiene, safe injection
practices.
Transmission-Based Precautions:
- Contact: Gloves and gown.
- Droplet: Mask.
- Airborne: N95 respirator.
Vital Signs
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Temperature: 97°F to 99°F (36.1°C to 37.2°C)
Pulse: 60-100 beats per minute
Respiration: 12-20 breaths per minute
Blood Pressure: Systolic <120 mmHg and Diastolic <80 mmHg
Oxygen Saturation: 95%-100%
Legal and Ethical Considerations
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Principles:
- Autonomy: Respecting patient's right to make decisions.
- Beneficence: Acting in the best interest of the patient.
- Nonmaleficence: Do no harm.
- Justice: Fairness in care delivery.
- Fidelity: Keeping promises.
Patient Education
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Teaching Strategies:
- Assess Readiness: Determine if the patient is ready to learn.
- Set Goals: Define clear, achievable objectives.
- Use Appropriate Methods: Visual aids, demonstrations, discussions.
- Evaluate Understanding: Teach-back method.
Tailor education to patient's literacy level and cultural background.
� Practice Quiz
1. 1. Which step of the nursing process involves setting measurable and achievable shortand long-term goals?
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A) Assessment
B) Diagnosis
C) Planning
D) Evaluation
2. 2. A patient reports, 'I feel like I'm burning up.' This is an example of:
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A) Objective data
B) Subjective data
C) Diagnostic data
D) Secondary data
3. 3. Which of the following is a risk nursing diagnosis?
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A) Impaired Physical Mobility
B) Risk for Falls
C) Chronic Pain
D) Ineffective Coping
4. 4. The most effective method to evaluate a patient's understanding of a taught skill is:
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A) Verbal explanation
B) Written test
C) Return demonstration
D) Group discussion
5. 5. The ethical principle that involves being truthful and avoiding deception is:
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A) Autonomy
B) Veracity
C) Fidelity
D) Justice
6. 6. Standard precautions are applied to:
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A) Only patients with known infections
B) All patients regardless of diagnosis
C) Patients in isolation
D) Surgical patients only
7. 7. The nurse's role in informed consent includes:
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A) Explaining the procedure in detail
B) Ensuring the consent form is signed
C) Performing the procedure
D) Deciding if the procedure is necessary
8. 8. Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended question?
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A) 'How are you feeling today?'
B) 'Can you describe your pain?'
C) 'Do you have any allergies?'
D) 'Tell me about your symptoms.'
9. 9. A nurse maintains a patient's privacy by:
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A) Sharing information with family members
B) Discussing patient information in public areas
C) Keeping patient records confidential
D) Posting patient updates on social media
10. 10. The primary purpose of the nursing process is to:
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A) Diagnose diseases
B) Provide a standardized method of care
C) Ensure physician orders are followed
D) Document patient care
✅Answer Key
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1. C) Planning
2. B) Subjective data
3. B) Risk for Falls
4. C) Return demonstration
5. B) Veracity
6. B) All patients regardless of diagnosis
7. B) Ensuring the consent form is signed
8. C) 'Do you have any allergies?'
9. C) Keeping patient records confidential
10. B) Provide a standardized method of care