1
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In which movement did Gandhi see an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a
unified national movement?
(a)
Champaran movement.
(b)
A satyagraha movement to support the peasant of kheda district of Gujarat.
(c)
A nationw ide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919
(d)
A non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as swaraj.
2. Which pact resolved the issue of separate electorates for dalits between Gandhi and
Ambedkar in 1932 ?
(a)
Lucknow pact
(b)
Nagpur pact
(c)
Poona pact
(d)
Surat pact
3. Which was the main cause for boycotting foreign goods during Non-Cooperation
Movement ?
(a)
A symbol of western economic and cultural dominations.
(b)
A symbol of foreign rule.
(c)
A symbol of western political domination.
(d)
A symbol of oppressive rule.
4. Which of the following was the cause for business classes to participate in Civil
Disobedience Movement?
(a)
To buy foreign goods without any restrictions.
(b)
To sell Indian goods without any restrictions.
(c)
Protection against import of foreign goods.
(d)
To export their goods.
5. Which one of the following is not true regarding the impact of the First World War on
India ?
(a)
Defence
expenditure
resulted
in increased
taxes.
(b)
Forced recruitment of soldiers was introduced in the villages.
(c)
Income tax was introduced and custom duties increased.
(d)
The hardships ended with the war as the British introduced the Rowlatt Act.
6. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Jallianwalla Bagh incident ?
(a)
It took place on 10th April 1919.
(b)
Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground and crawl on the streets.
(c)
Its aim was to create a ‘moral effect’ on the minds of the Satyagrahis.
(d)
Its aim was to create a feeling of terror and awe.
7. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Rowlatt Act ?
(a)
It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
(b)
It barred Indians from carrying weapons and arms.
2
(c)
It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial, for two years.
(d)
Its aim was to give power to the government to repress political activities.
8. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Khilafat Movement ?
(a)
It resulted in the restoration of the power of the Khalifa of Turkey.
(b)
It aimed at bringing the Hindus and Muslims together in the Non cooperation
Movement.
(c)
It aimed at defending the Ottoman emperor’s temporal powers.
(d)
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali led the movement in India.
9. Why did the rich peasant community actively participate in the Civil Disobedience
movement? Choose the most appropriate answer from the following:
(a)
Failure of talks in the 2nd round table conference
(b)
The Government’s refusal to reduce the revenue demand
(c)
Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth
(d)
Racial discrimination
10. Which one of the following leaders has headed Awadh Kisan Sabha ?
Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b)Makatma Gandhi
(c) Subhask Chandra Bose
(d) Moti Lal Nehru
(a)
11. Which one of the following statement is NOT align with the basic concept of
‘Satyagraha’?
(a)
Emphasis on the power of truth.
(b)
Emphasis on the need to restrain oneself.
(c)
Emphasis on non-violence.
(d)
Emphasis on enduring the British dominance.
12. Which one of the following was the main reason behind the start of the Non-Cooperation
Movement in 1920?
(a)
To fulfill the demand for Swaraj.
(b)
To oppose the arrival of Prince of Wales.
(c)
To surrender the titles vested by British.
(d)
To Boycott the civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils.
13. The event that marked in the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement was :
(a)
The demand of Purna Swaraj of 1929 (b)The independence day pledge of 1930
(c)
The violation of Salt Law in 1930 (d) All of these
14. In 1916, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasant to struggle
against the :
(a)
Upper caste people
(b)
Landless agricultural labourers
(c)
Oppressive plantation system
(d)
None of them
15. Who was the President of Muslim League in 1930 ?
(a)
Muhammad A l i Jinnah
(b)
Muhammad Iqbal
3
(c)
Muhammad Ali
(d)
Shaukat Ali
16. In 1905 who painted the image of Bkarat Mata shown as dispensing learning, food and
clothing
(a)
Rabindranath Tagore
(b)
Abnindranath Tagore
(c)
Bankimchandra Ckattopadhya
(d)
None of these
17. Why did General Dyer open fire on the peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th
April, 1919 ?
(a)
General Dyer wanted to enforce martial law very strictly in Amritsar.
(b)
He wanted to create feeling of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis.
(c)
He wanted to demoralise the local congress leaders.
(d)
He wanted to gain prominence in the eyes of British government.
18. Gandhiji began fast unto death when Dr. B. R. Ambedkar demanded separate electorate
for Dalits because :
(a)
Separate electorates would
create
division
in
the
society.
(b)
Separate electorates would slow down the process of integration into
Society.
(c)
With separate electorates, dalits would gain respect in society.
(d)
The condition of dalits would become better.
19. `Hind Swaraj’ was written by :
(a)
Abul Kalam Azad
(b)
Mahatma Gandhi
(c)
Sardar Patel
(d)
Subhash Chandra Bose
20. Who amongst the following led the civil disobedience in Peshawar ?
(a)
Abdul Gaffar Khan
(b)
(c)Lala Lajpat Rai
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(d)
Gandhiji
21. The Simon Commission was boycotted in India because :
(a)
There was no Indian member in the Commission.
(b)
It supported the Muslim League
(c)
Congress felt that people deserved Swaraj
(d)
There were differences among the members
22. Which of the following best describes Satyagraha as an idea ?
(a)
Practicing civil disobedience (b)
(c)
Appealing to the conscience of the adversary without physical force
(d)
Boycott of schools and colleges
Resignation from official posts
23. Which of the following is not true about the Rowlatt Act?
(a)
It allowed the detention of prisoners for five years without trial.
(b)
Gave the government powers to repress political activity.
(c)
It passed despite opposition from the Indian members in the
Imperial Legislative Council.
4
(d)
Led to the launch of a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership.
24. Which of the following was a cause for the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation
Movement?
(a)
Lack of coordination among the satyagrahs.
(b)
Outbreak of violence at Chauri Chura.
(c)
Gandhiji wanted to start Civil Disobedience.
(d)
Other nationalists persuaded Gandhiji.
25. Gandhiji in his work ‘Hind Swaraj’ said that :
(a)
The British must Quit India
(b)
Indians must not cooperate with the British
(c)
The Government must concede the right to make salt
(d)
Indians must be involved in the governance of India
26. Which one of the following is Not true regarding the Gandhi Irwin Pact of 1931 ?
(a)
Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement. (b)
Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference.
(c)
The British government agreed to release the political prisoners.
(d)
The British government agreed to grant independence.
27. Who among the following was the author, of the famous novel ‘Anandmath’ ?
(a)
Bankim Chandra Chattopaddyay
(b)
Abanindranatkh Tagore
(c)
Natesa Sastri
(d)
Rabindranath Tagore
28. Who among the following were associated with ‘Swaraj Party’ formed during India’s
freedom struggle ?
29.
(a)
C. R. Das and Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das
(c)
Motilal Nehru and Subhash Ckandra Bose (d) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in :
(a)
1920
(b)
1913
(c)
1910
(d)
1915
30. The concept of non cooperation was turned into a movement through the :
(a)
Surrender of Govt. awarded titles
(b)
boycott of foreign goods and schools
(c)
boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils
(d)
all of these
31. How did the Indian people belonging to different communities, regions or languages
develop a sense of collective belonging?
(a)
Through the experience of united struggles.
(b)
Through cultural process
5
(c)
Through the several of Indian folklores
(d)
All of these
32. What was the effect of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the plantation
workers in Assam?
(a)
They left the plantation and headed towards home
(b)
They went on strike
(c)
They destroyed the plantations
(d)
They started using violence.
33. Name the Sanyasi who was an indentured labourer in Fiji :
(a)
Baba Ramchandra
(b)
Baba Ramdev
(c)
Baba Sitaraman
(d)
Baba Jaidev
34. The Peasants of Kheda district could not pay the revenue because they were affected
by :
(a)
extreme poverty
(b)
(c) a plague epidemic
the crop failure
(d) all the above
35. Justice Party of Madras was a party of:
(a)
non-Muslims.
(b)
non-Brahmins.
(c)
non-Tamils.
(d)
judges.
36. Why was Simon Commission sent to India in 1928?
To look into the functioning of Indian Constitutional system and suggest
reforms.
(a)
(b)
To try Indian revolutionary leaders.
(c)
To frame a new Constitution for India.
(d)
To persuade Gandhiji to attend the Round Table Conference.
37. In what order did the following three movements take place during 1916 - 1918 by
Gandhiji ?
(a)
Champaran , Kheda, and Ahmedabad.
(b)
Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda.
(c)
Kheda, Champaran, and Ahmedabad.
(d)
Ahmedabad, Champaran and Kheda.
38. Who among the following organised the dalits in to the Depressed Classes Association
in 1930?
(a)
Gandhiji
(b)
Alluri Sitaram Raju
(c)
Kansi Ram
(d)
Dr B.R. Ambedkar
39. In the Countryside, rich peasants like patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh actively
participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement because :
(a)
They wanted Purna Swaraj
(b)
They were hit hard by the trade depression and falling prices.
(c)
They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted
6
(d)
The government was forcing land ceiling
40. Which one of the following provision is related to Gandhi-Irwin Pact ?
(a)
Not to arrest Gandhiji
(b)
(c)
To abolish Salt Act
(d) To arrest Sir John Simon
To release the political prisoners.
41. The relationship between the poor peasants and the congress remained uncertain
during the Civil Disobedience Movement because of (a)
The poor peasants were interested in the lowering of the revenue demand
(b)
They launched a no rent campaigns
(c)
They were hard hit by the depression
(d)
All of the above
42. Who said, “The Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability is not
eliminated.”
(a) Motilal Nehru
(c)
Mahatma Gandhi
(b)
Subhash Chandra Bose
(d)
B. R. Ambedkar
43. The formal demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’ was put forward at which session of the Congress
in 1929?
(a)
Lahore session
(b)
Bombay session
(c)
Madras session
(d)
Culcutta session
44. ‘Swaraj’ for the plantation workers in Assam meant :
(a)
Political freedom .
(b)
More wages.
(c)
Retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(d)
None of the above.
45. Who among the following took command, when martial law was imposed in
Amritsar in 1919?
(a) General Dyer
46.
(b)Lord Dalhousie (c) William Bentinck (d) Sir John Simon
How many miles were covered in Gandhiji's Salt March?
(a) 24 miles (b) 10 miles (c) 240 miles (d) 15 miles
47. Where was the Non-Co-operation Movement called off?
(a) Chauri Chaura (b) Dandi (c) Champaran (d) Kolkata
48. Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding impact of the First World
War on India?
(a) Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(b) The prices increased leading to extreme hardship for common people.
(c) The industrial production in India decreased.
(d) The forced recruitment in rural area for defense forces was introduced.
49. By whom was the first image of Bharat Mata painted ?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) Abanindranath Tagore (c) Ravi Verma (d) Nandalal Bose
50 .The leader of thetribals in the Gudem Hills of Andhra was :
7
(a) Baba Ramchandra (b) Venkata Raju (c) Alluri Sitaram Raju (d) None of the above
51. Under whose leadership was the Non Cooperation Movement started in the Gudem Hills
of Andhra Pradesh ?
(a) C.R. Das (b) Gandhiji. (c) Subhas Chandra Bose (d) Alluri Sitaram Raju.
52. Which one of the following methods was used by Mahatma Gandhi to fight the racist
regime in South Africa?
(a) Hunger strike (b) Jail Bharo Andolan (c) Satyagraha (d) Prayers
53. Which among the following names was being invoked to sanction all actions and
aspirations in 1921?
(a) Jawahar lal Nehru (b) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Baba Ramchandra (d) Kisan Sabha
54. At which place did the Salt March organized by Mahatama Gandhi terminate?
(a) Surat (b) Bombay (c) Dandi (d) Sabarmati
55. Which of the following party was formed within the congress to argue for return to
council politics?
(a) Communist Party (b) Swaraj Party (c) Muslim league (d) Hindustan Socialist Party
56. Why the Indian business group was no longer enthusiastic to join the Civil Disobedience
Movement (of 1931) after the failure of Second Round Table Conference? Choose the most
appropriate answer from the following
(a) Worried about labours & loans
(b) Worried about growing influence of socialism in congress
(c) Worried about financial assistance from congress
(d) apprehensive about world economic depression
57. Which one of the following pacts reserved seats for „dalits‟ in the provincial and central
legislative assemblies?
(a) Luck now pact (b) Gandhi – Irwin Pact (c) Poona pact (d) None of these
58. Which among the following was the main reason to boycotts the Simon Commission by
the Indian Leaders?
(a) There were no Indian in the commission
(b) It supported the Muslim League
(c) There were differences among the members
(d) All the members were Indian
59. Champaran Satyagraha was launched by Gandhiji to support which of the following ?
(a) high revenue demands (b) Indigo planters (c) mill owners (d) salt tax
60. Why was Alluri Sitaram Raju well known ?
(a) He led the millitant movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh.
(b) He led a peasant movement in Awadh. (c) He led a satyagraha movement in Bardoli.
(d) He set up an organization for the uplift of the dalits.
61. Which one of the following was directly related with Poona Pact of 1932.
(a) Indian Women (b) Indian Labours (c) Indian farmers (d) Depressed classes of India.
62. Which one of the following economic factors shaped Indian Politics towards The late
1920‟ ?
(a) Economic Growth
(b) Economic Depression
8
(c) Rise in Agricultural prices
(d) Rise in Exports
63. Which among the following passed the Rowlatt Act 1919 ?
(a) Statutory Commission
(b) Imperial Legislative Council
(c) The Government of India
(d) The British Council
64. Why had Congress ignored the dalits for long ?
(a) Due to their liberal outlook.
(b) Due to fear from Britishers.
(c) For fear of offending the Sanatanis
(d) For the fear from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
64. During which movement was the Indian tricolor first designed ?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Non Cooperation Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Quit India Movement.
65. Which one of the following statements is not true about the Rowlatt Act ?
(a) The Act empowered the British to repress political activities
(b) The Act prohibited the students from attending schools.
(c) Empowered the government to imprison any one without trial
(d) Empowered the Government to arrest some without a warrant.
66. Why did Gandhiji take up the Khilafat issue?
(a) To launch a more broad based movement and bring Hindus and Muslims together.
(b) Harsh treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor (Khalifa)
(c) Wanted to encourage a young generation of Muslim leaders.
(d) Wanted more people to join.
67. Who among the following did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Students (b) Women (c) Farmers (d) Industrial working classes
68. Who among the following Muslim leaders was willing to give up the demand for
separate electorates ?
(a) Abul Kalam Azad
(b) Muhammad Iqbal
(c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(d) Abdul Gaffar Khan
69. Which one of the following statements is not true regarding Indian folklore ?
(a) The ideas of nationalism also developed through folklore.
(b) Folk tales were sung by bards (c) Bards toured villages to gather folk-songs.
(d) It was not essential to preserve this folk tradition.
70. Which one of the following statements is not true in the context of Salt March ?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi‟s idea of Salt March was to unite the people
(b) The idea was to make the demands wide -ranging
(c) The main aim was to throw the British out of India
(d) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish Salt Tax
71. When was Full Independence declared as the aim of congress?
(a) In 1909 (b) In 1919 (c) In 1929 (d) In 1939
72. At which session a resolution of Poorna Swaraj was adopted ?
9
(a) Lucknow session
(b) Lahore congress session
(c) Karachi congress session
(d) Haripur congress session
73. Who organized the dalits in to the Depressed Class Association in 1930 ?
(a) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker Periyar
(b) T. K. Madhvan
(c) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
(d) K. Kelappan
74. Who designed the tricolour 'Swaraj Flag' in 1921
(a) Bankim Chandra (b) Madam Bhikaji Cama (c) Gandhiji (d) G.K. Gokhale
75. What did the Idea of Satyagrah emphasise ?
(a) Traditional way of mass agitation.
(b) It was the idea of passive resistance.
(c) Appeal to the conscience of the oppressor.
(d) Use of physical force to fight the oppressor.
76. Which of the following is not true regarding the non-wearing of Khadi in cities.
(a) Did not appeal to all.
(b) Could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
(c) Alternative Indian Institution were fast to come up. (d) More expensive.
77. Which act gave the government power to suppress political activity and detain political
prisoners without trial?
(a) Rowlatt Act (b) Government of India Act 1935. (c) Pitts India Act (d) Charter Act of
1853.
78. What was found to be a powerful symbol according to Gandhiji that could unite the
nation?
(a) Common language (b) Salt (c) Basic education (d) Peasant attire
79. Why was the Dalit participation limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
(a) They were looked down upon by society since ages.
(b) Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of social disabilities.
(c) Their organisation was strong all over. (d) They wanted to be left on their own.
80. Which of the following is not true regarding Rowlatt Act, 1919 ?
(a) The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council
(b) It gave power to the government to repress political activities
(c) It empowered the government to detain the political prisoner without trial
(d) The act controlled the movement of indigo planters.
81. Why did Gandhiji begin fast unto death when Dr. B.R. Ambedkar demanded separate
electorate for Dalits ?
(a) Separate electorate would slow down the process of their integration into society.
(b) Separate electorate would create divisions in the society.
(c) With separate electorates, Dalits would gain respect in society.
10
(d) With separate electorate the condition of Dalits would become better.
82. What were the plantation workers not allowed to do under the Inland Emigration Act of
1859 ?
(a) To leave tea gardens with permission. (b) To move freely in and out of the plantations.
(c) To work as per direction of plantation owner. (d) None of these
83. Select the reason for launching the Khilafat Movement.
(a) Chauri-chauri Incident (b) To protest against Rowlatt Act.
(c) Divide and Rule Policy of the British.
(d) To protect against the injustice done to Turkey after the first World War.
84. What is the importance of the Lahore Session of the Congress ?
(a) Aimed in generating the climate for a political revolution.
(b) Declared the attainment of complete independence as its goal and to launch Civil
Disobedience Movement.
(c) United different sections of people against the British.
(d) favoured schemes for the welfare of workers and peasants.
85. Which among the following was a prime factor in the emergence of modern nationalism in India?
(a) New symbols (b) New ideas (c) Icons (d) Anti-colonial movement
86. Mahatma Gandhi declared in his book ‘Hind Swaraj’ :
(a) The British ruled India because Indians cooperated with them.
(b) The British ruled India because they were weak.
(c) The British ruled India because they got international support. (d) None of these.
87. The Simon Commission was sent to India to :
(a) set up a government organization.
(b) look into the Indian constitutional matters and suggest reforms.
(c) choose members of the Indian Council.
(d) settle disputes between the government and Congress leaders.
88. Who wrote “Vande Mataram” as a tribute to his motherland ?
(a) Abindranath Tagore
(b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(c) Natesa Sastri
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
89. During the period of Non – Cooperation Movement, who claimed to have special
powers, could heal people, survive bullet shots.
(a) Baba Ramchandra (b) C.R. Das (c) Mahatma Gandhi (d) Alluri Sitaram Raju
90. Which one of the following statement clearly identifies the reason for the Dalits not
joining the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Dalilts believed in political empowerment (b) Dalits believed in freeing India by force
(c) Dalits demanded a separate electorate under Mahatma Phule
(d) Dalits did not identify with upper caste Hindus
91. When did the Jallianwala Bagh incident take place?
(a) 1913 (b) 1914 (c) 1915 (d) 1919
11
92. Under the Gandhi-Irwin pact Gandhiji decided __________ .
(a) not to launch the Swadeshi Movement
(b) not to violate Salt Act
(c) to cooperate with the Muslims
(d) to call off the civil disobedience movement
93. In Which one the following years, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha
against the Rowlatt Act ?
(a) 1931 (b) 1929 (c) 1920 (d) 1919
94. Who among the following leaders began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to
the villagers and trying to understand their grievances?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Sardar Patel (c) Jawahar lal Nehru (d) Baba Ram Chandra
95. Which one of the following assertion is not true about the idea of „satyagrah‟ expressed
by Mahatma Gandhi ?
(a) It is a novel method of mass agitation
(b) Satyagrah is not a physical force but pure soul force.
(c) It is the weapon of weak and it is a method of passive resistance.
(d) It is based on the principles of truth and non – violence and truth is bound
96. Which one of the following is the most appropriate reason to start Nationwide Satyagraha
against the Rowlett Act of 1919 ?
(a) This Act was hurriedly passed by imperial legislative council.
(b) The Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members
(c) It gave enormous powers to the British government to repress political activities.
(d) It was an unjust law as it allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for
two years.
97. Choose the correct chronology from the given sets of events.
(A) Rowlett Act (B) Struggle against the oppressive plantation system. (C) Chauri Chaura
incident (D) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
(a) C – D – B – A (b) B – A – D – C (c) C – D – B – A (d) D – B – A – C
98. What were the colours of the tri – colour flag designed during the Swadeshi movement
in Bengal ?
(a)
Red, Yellow and Green
(b)
Red, Green and White
(c)
Red, Green and Yellow
(d)
Green, Yellow and Red
99. The Second Round Table Conference was held in December 1931 at :
(a)
Bombay
(b)
Paris
(c)
London
(d)
Geneva
100. According to the census of 1921, how many million people lost their lives due to
famines and epidemics?
(a) 10 to 12 (b) 12 to 13 (c) 9 to 10 (d) 5 to 6
101. Which tax was newly introduced in India during the First World War?
(a) Income Tax (b) GST (c) Customs Duty (d) Sales Tax.
12
PART – 1 SATYAGRAHA
1.
How did the First World War help in the growth of National Movement in India?
OR
What was the impact of the First World War on India?
OR
Examine the new economic and political situations created by the First World War in
India.
OR
Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
The First World War created a new political and economic situation in India.
(i) To meet the war expenditure, a new tax called Income Tax was collected from Indians.
Customs duties were increased.
(ii) Prices of essential goods doubled during the war period. People’s life became miserable.
(iii) Indians were compelled to join the army.
(iv) Crop failures led to famines.
(v) Influenza epidemic spread. Several people lost their lives. People became unhappy with the
Government.
2.
What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India?
(i) To meet the war expenditure, a new tax called Income Tax was collected from Indians.
Customs duties were increased.
(ii) Prices of essential goods doubled during the war period. People’s life became miserable
(iii) Crop failures led to famines. Several people lost their lives.
(iv) Import of foreign goods decreased. It helped in the growth of Indian industries.
3.
What was Satyagraha?
OR
Explain the ideas of Gandhiji regarding Satyagraha in four points.
OR
Who started Satyagraha? Explain the concept of Satyagraha.
(i) Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi developed a new method of struggle called Satyagraha.
(ii) It was a non violent struggle. Satyagraha literally means holding on to truth or truth force.
(iii) If the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, no physical force was needed to
fight the oppressor.
(iv) Satyagrahi appeals to the conscience of the oppressor. He persuades the oppressor to see the
truth.
(v) The final victory is for truth. Gandhiji said that Satyagraha will unite Indians.
4
Describe the three Satyagraha movements organized by Gandhiji between 1916-1918
OR
Explain any three Satyagrahas launched by Gandhiji.
(i) In 1916, Gandhiji organised the Champaran Satyagraha. The Indigo peasants struggled
against the oppressive plantation system. The British Government passed an Act to improve their
13
condition.
(ii) In 1917, Gandhiji organised peasants satyagraha in Kheda district of Gujarat. They were
badly affected by crop failure and plague. They demanded reduction in land revenue.
(iii) In 1918, Gandhiji organized textiles mills workers satyagraha in Ahamedabad. They
demanded increase in wages and better working conditions.
5
Critically examine the Rowlett Act introduced by Britishers in 1919 in India.
OR
What was the Rowlatt Act? Why were the Indians outraged by it?
(i) In 1919, the Imperial Legislative Council passed the Rowlatt Act. It was opposed by all the
Indian members.
(ii) The Act gave the Government the power to imprison any person without a trial for two years.
(iii) It was a black law that aimed at destroying Indian National Movement.
Trace the reason because of which Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919.
Gandhiji started a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act in 1919. This Act gave the
Government the power to imprison any person without a trial for two years. It was a black law
that aimed at destroying Indian National Movement.
6.
Why were the Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
OR
Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act?
OR
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a Nationwide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act?
(i) This Act gave the government the power to imprison any person without any trial for a
period of two years.
(ii) Aim of this Act was to destroy the national movement by imprisoning the national
workers.
(iv) It was a black law because it was against basic human rights.
(v) All Indian members in the Council opposed the Act.
7.
How did the Indians show their disapproval towards Rowlatt Act ?
OR
Explain the reaction of the people against the Rowlatt Act.
OR
Explain the movement against the Rowlatt Act (Rowlatt Satyagraha).
OR
What was the impact of Rowlatt Satyagraha on the political situation in India?
.(i) Gandhiji started a non violent satyagraha against Rowlatt Act. He called for a Hartal on 6
April 1919.
(ii) Rallies were conducted. Workers started to strike. Shops were closed down.
(iii) British started repression. Leaders were arrested. Police fired at demonstrators.
(iv) People attacked banks, post offices and railway stations.
14
What did the British do to repress the Rowlatt Satyagraha?
OR
Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down
on Nationalists.
(i) National leaders and workers were arrested.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi was asked not to enter Delhi.
(iii) In Amritsar police fired at demonstrators.
(iv) In Jallianwala Bagh General Dyer ordered the massacre of innocent people.
(v) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground.
(vi) Villages were bombed and people were flogged.
8.
Describe the incident of Jallianwala Bag (Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) which took place during
the British Rule ?
On 13 April 1919, a public meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest
against the arrests of national leaders. Many villagers who came to attend a fair were also
present in the park. General Dyer reached the meeting place along with British troops. He
ordered the troops to fire. Several people were killed and many were wounded. This incident
is called Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Explain the impact of the Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people.
OR
Explain the main effects of the Jallianwal Bagh Massacre.
(i) People came in large numbers to the roads to protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
(ii) There were strikes and protest marches.
(iii) People attacked Government offices.
(iv) The Government started repression. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the
ground.
(vi) Villages were bombed and people were flogged.
9.
What was the Khilafat Agitation? Why did Gandhiji give support to this agitation?
OR
What was the main issue behind the Khilafat Movement? Why did Gandhiji support it?
OR
Describe the Khilafat Movement in India.
OR
When and where Khilafat Committee was formed? What was its objective?
(i) Britain defeated Turkey in the First World War. A harsh treaty was imposed on Turkey.
(ii) Turkish Sultan (Kalipha) was the religious leader of Indian Muslims.
(iii)To protect the temporal powers of the Khalifa, a movement called Khilafat Movement was
started by Ali Brothers ( Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali).
(iv) Gandhiji supported this Movement to bring muslims under the umbrella of a unified National
Movement.
15
PART – 2 (NON CO OPERATION MOVEMENT)
1
Give any three reasons for launching the Non – Cooperation Movement.
OR
Why was the Non-cooperation movement launched by Gandhiji ?
OR
Examine the developments which led to the launching of Non-cooperation Movement in
1920?
Following were the developments which led to the Non Co cooperation Movement:
(i) First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high prices,
famines and epidemics made people’s life miserable.
(ii) Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country.
(iii) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians angry.
(iii) Muslims became unhappy due to the ill treatment of Turkey. They started Khilafat
Movement.
(iv)The Congress session at Nagpur (1920) adopted Gandhiji’s idea of Non-co operation.
2
Why did the some leaders of the Congress oppose the idea of a Non-co operation
Movement?
Some leaders opposed the Non Cooperation Movement because:
(i) They did not want to boycott the Council elections.
(ii) They thought that a mass movement at that time may become violent.
3
Explain the ideas of Gandhiji as he expressed in his famous book „Hind Swaraj regarding
Non-Cooperation.
OR
What was Gandhiji’s idea behind launching the Non Co operation Movement as stated in
his book Hind Swaraj?
OR
How did non co operation become a movement? Explain.
OR
“If Indians refuse to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year”. How
did this statement help in starting a mass movement in India against the British rule?
OR
Why was non-co-operation a powerful method of resistance? How did the movement
unfold?
Ganhiji wrote in Hind Swaraj, the British established their rule over India because Indians
cooperated with them. The British rules continued because Indians continued to cooperate
with them. So, British rule will end if Indians stop cooperating.
The Movement will proceed in three stages: (i) Surrender of titles (ii) Boycott of civil
16
services, army, police, courts, schools and foreign goods (iii) If Government start repression a
Civil Disobedience campaignwill be organized..
4
Mention any three main proposals with reference to Non-cooperation Movement, as
suggested by Mahatma Gandhi.
OR
Describe the three stages of unfolding the Non Co-operation Movement in cities.
The Non Co operation Movement will proceed in three stages:
(i) Surrender of titles: Indian who received titles from the Government will return them.
(ii) Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, schools and foreign goods: Government
servants will resign jobs. Students and teachers will boycott schools and colleges. Foreign
clothes will be boycotted.
(iii) If Government start repression a Civil Disobedience campaign will be organized..
5
How did people in the urban areas participate in the Non-cooperationMovement?
OR
Examine the main features of the Non Co operation movement in towns and cities.
(i) In towns and cities the Movement was started middle class people.
(ii) Government servants resigned their jobs. Schools, colleges and law courts were boycotted.
(iii) Foreign goods were burnt in bonfires. Liquor shops were picketed.
(iv) Council elections were boycotted except in Madras. In Madras, Justice Party participated
in elections.
(v) Later the Movement slowed down in towns and cities.
6
Who participated in the non-cooperation movement in the beginning? What was its effect
on the economic front? Explain any three effects.
OR
What were the effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front in towns and cities?
(i) The import of foreign clothes decreased. This affected the economic interests of Britain.
(ii) The traders refused to trade in foreign clothes. They were also supporting the movement.
(iii) Indian industries developed. They got huge demand for their products. Production
increased.
7
Why did the Non - Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in the cities?
Givethreereasons.
OR
Explain the circumstances in which Non Co-operation Movement gradually slowed down
in cities.
(i) Khadi clothes were very costly. The poor were not able to buy them.
(ii) Indians boycotted British institutions like law courts and educational institutions.
But,Indian institutions did not come up. So people had to stop boycott.
17
(iii) Students and teachers returned to educational institutions and lawyers started to attend
law courts.
(iv) Most of the leaders and workers were in jail.
8
Explain the movement led by Baba Ram Chandra in Awadh against the Taluqdars and
land lords.
OR
What were the demands of the peasant movement? Explain any two. What contribution did
Jawaharlal Nehru make to this movement?
OR
Describe the spread of Non Cooperation Movement in the country side.
OR
How did the peasants of Awadh use different methods to achieve their goal? Explain with examples.
(i) In Awadh, Baba Ram Chandra organized a peasants’ movement.
(ii) Peasants demanded reduction in rent, security of tenure and end of forced labour (begar).
(iii) They started social boycott of land lords. Nai - Dhobi Bandh was started.
(iv) Nehru wanted to make peasants struggle a part of National Movement. He visited villages
and spoke to peasants.
(v) Oudh Kissan Sabha was formed under the leadership of Nehru and Baba Ram Chandra.
(vi) The movement later became violent. Peasants attacked the houses of landlords and
taluqdars. Bazars were looted.
9
What is Nai – Dhobi Bandh?
Peasants of Awadh started social boycott of land lords. Land lords were denied the services of
barbers and washer men. It was called Nai – Dhobi Bandh.
Describe any three major problems faced by peasants of Awadh in the days of Non
Cooperation Movement.
(i) Taluqdars and landlords exploited the peasants. They had to pay heavy rent and many other
taxes.
(ii) Peasants had to do begar and work in landlord’s farm without any wage.
(iii) The peasants did not have security of tenure. Their lands can be taken back at any time.
10
Describe the movement of peasants in Andhra Pradesh.
OR
Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during
the‘Non-Co-operation Movement.
OR
How did the tribals of the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh interpret ‘Swaraj’ ? What was
the differences between the beliefs and practices of their leader,Alluri Sita Ram Raju
(i) The British reserved most of the forest areas. Tribals were not allowed to practice shifting
cultivation, hunting and collection of forest products. They were forced to do begar.
18
(ii) The tribals started an armed struggle under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the
Gudems Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
(iii) People believed that Alluri Sitaram Raju was an incarnation of God. He had special
powers. He could cure diseases and make astrological predictions. Even bullets cannot harm
him.
(iv) Sitaram Raju supported Gandhiji. He asked his [people to wear khadi and stop drinking.
(v) However, he did not support non violence. He believed in the use of force. He was
arrested and later killed.
11. How was the notion of Swaraj interpreted by plantation workers? How far were they
successful in achieving their goal?
OR
The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and
the notion of Swaraj. Support the statement.
(i) In the plantations of Assam, the workers protested against the Inland Emigration Act.
(ii) Swaraj meant the freedom to move in and out of plantations and maintain connections
with their villages.
(iii) They heard that Gandhi Raj was coming and all would be given land in their villages.
(iv) They left the plantations. They could not reach home due to Railway and Steamer strike.
They were caught, brought back and severely punished.
(v) They raised the slogan Swatandra Bharat.
12. What were the four features of the Non Cooperation Movement? Explain.
(i) Non co operation Movement was launched under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1920.
(ii) It aimed at protesting against the injustices done to Punjab and Turkey and to attain
Swaraj.
(iii) Educated middle class led the movement in towns and cities. Educational institutions,
Law courts and foreign goods were boycotted.
(iv) Peasants organised movements against Talukdars and Landlords in villages under the
leadership of Baba Ramchandra.
(v) Tribal people started an armed struggle in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh under the
leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
(vi)Workers in the plantations of Assam started a struggle to get the right to free movement.
13. How were the peasant’s and tribal’s movements in the country side against the Gandhian
methods of Non-co operation?
Gandhiji wanted a non violent mass movement. He was against violence. The peasants and
tribals organized armed struggle. They attacked the landlords and talukdars. They also
attacked police stations and killed English officers.
14. Explain the impact of Non Cooperation movement.
OR
19
Describe any four consequences of the Non Cooperation Movement
OR
Examine the significance of the Non Co operation Movement.
(i)
Non Co operation movement was a large scale mass movement. It attracted common
people from all social groups.
(ii) Non Co operation Movement and Khilafat Movement went together. So, they promoted
Hindu-Muslim unity.
(iii) Peasants’ and tribals’ movements became a part of the Indian National Movement.
(iv)It was a non violent movement. So, it popularised the Gandhian idea of Non violent
satyagraha.
(v) It affected the economic interests of the British. Import of foreign goods decreased. Indian
industries were promoted.
15
When and why Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Gandhiji ? Give two reasons.
OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non Cooperation Movement in February
1922? Explain the reasons.
Gandhiji withdrew the Non Co operation Movement because:
(i) The movement became violent in some places. In february 1922, in Chauri Chaura (Uttar
Pradesh) people turned violent and set fire to a police station. Twenty two police men were
killed in this incident. Gandhiji was against violence.
(ii) The movement slowed down in urban areas.
(iii) He thought that it was necessary to train the people in non violent Satyagraha.
PART – 3 (CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT)
1
Who founded the Swaraj Party? What were their goals?
Swaraj Part was founded by Motilal Nehru and C R Das.
(i) They wanted to participate in the elections to legislative councils and demand more
reforms.
(ii) They wanted to oppose the Government policies in the councils.
(iii) They wanted to prove that the Councils were not democratic.
(iv) They also wanted to block the functioning of the councils from within.
2
What were the two factors that shaped Indian politics towards late 1920’s?
Two factors shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920’s:
.(i) The Great Economic Depression affected the farmers badly. Prices of agricultural goods
decreased. Demand for agricultural goods declined. Exports decreased. They found it difficult
to pay land revenue.
(ii) The British Government appointed Indian Statutory Commission (Simon Commission) to
20
study the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Indians opposed the commission
because there was not even a single Indian in it. Congress and Muslim League organized
demonstrations against the commission.
3
What was the objective of Simon Commission? Why was it opposed in India?
The British Government appointed Indian Statutory Commission (Simon Commission) to
study the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Indians opposed the commission
because there was not even a single Indian in it. Congress and Muslim League organized
demonstrations against the commission. Indian members of the legislative councils did not
co operate with the commission. People raised the slogan Go Back Simon.
4
Explain the reason for the Lahore Session of the congress in 1929 to be called the historical
session.
OR
Examine the significance of the Lahore Session (1929) of the Indian National Congress.
OR
Mention the important decisions taken at the Lahore Congress of 1929.
In 1929, Congress session was held at Lahore under the Presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru.
(i) Congress declared Purna Swaraj as its goal.
(ii) It was decided to celebrate January 26 as Independence Day every year.
(iii) It was also decided to start a Civil Disobedience Movement under Gandhiji’s leadership.
Explain the immediate effects of the Lahore Congress of December 1929.
(i) 26 January 1930 was celebrated as Purna Swaraj Day throughout the country. Try colour
flag was hoisted and people took pledge to fight for freedom..
(ii) Gandhiji wrote a letter to Irwin. He raised 11 demands in it.
(iii) Gandhiji led a march on foot from Sabarmati to Dandi. He broke Salt Law and a Civil
Disobedience Movement started.
5
Describe the main events leading to salt march and Civil Disobedience Movementin1930
OR
Examine the events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
OR
Explain any five factors which gave rise to the Civil-Disobedience Movement of 1930
(i) The Economic Depression made the life of farmers miserable. Export of agricultural goods
decreased.
(ii) Simon Commission came to India. People opposed the commission because there was no
Indian in it.
(iii) Young leaders became powerful in the Congress. They rejected the offer of Dominion
21
status and demanded Purna Swaraj.
(iv) In the Lahore Session, Congress declared Purna Swaraj as its goal and decided to start a
Civil Disobedience Movement.
(v) Gandhiji wrote a letter to the Viceroy. He raised 11 demands. His demands were rejected.
(vi) Gandhiji started a march on foot from Sabarmati to Dandi. He broke Salt Law and
inaugurated the Movement.
6
Examine the importance of the letter written by Gandhiji to Irwin, the then Viceroy.
(i) On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji wrote a letter to Lord Irwin. He raised 11 demands in the
letter.
(ii) Some were general demands of Indian. Others were specific demands of different social
groups. The most important among the demands was the abolition of salt tax. Gandhiji wanted
all sections to support the movement.
(iii) Gandhiji said that if the demands were not accepted before 11 March 1930, a civil
disobedience movement will be started. The Viceroy rejected his demands.
6
Which incident marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement?
OR
Explain Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha).
Gandhiji decided to inaugurate the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt law.
Gandhiji and 78 of his followers started a march on foot from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
[Dandi March]. On 6 April 1919, they reached Dandi. Gandhiji prepared salt5 by using sea
water, broke the salt law and inaugurated the Movement.
7
Highlight the salt March as an effective symbol of resistance against British rule.
OR
Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji to choose abolition of salt tax as the most
important demand of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive ‘salt’ as a powerful symbol that unites the Nation?
(i) The most important among the demands raised by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy was the
abolition of salt tax.
(ii) Gandhiji thought that salt will unite Indians. It is a commodity needed for all sections of
the society.
(iii) Heavy tax on salt and Government Monopoly over salt production caused problem for all
Indians.
(iv) Gandhiji and 78 followers started a march on foot from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. On 6
April 1930, he made salt at Dandi, broke salt law and inaugurated the movement.
8
Explain the main features of Civil Disobedience movement of 1930.
22
(i) In the Lahore Session of 1929, the Congress decided to start a Civil Disobedience
Movement in order to win Purna Swaraj.
(ii) Gandhiji led a march on foot from Sabarmati to Dandi. He broke the Salt Law at Dandi and
inaugurated the Movement.
(iii) People broke salt law in many places. Foreign goods were boycotted. Liquor shops were
picketed. Government servants resigned their jobs. Forest laws were broken. People refused to
pay taxes. Leaders were arrested. Workers attacked government offices.
(iv) Gandhiji called off the movement on 5 March 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. He
agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
(v) It was restarted when Gandhiji returned from London. It was finally called off in 1934.
9
How did the British Government respond to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
OR
How did the Civi Disobedience Movement turn violent in some places?
The Government resorted to violence. Leaders were arrested. People were beaten up. When
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested, people organized demonstration at Peshwar. Police
fired at the people. Many were killed. When Gandhiji was arrested, workers of Sholapur
attacked police stations, municipal building, railway stations and law courts. Gandhiji decided
to withdraw the movement.
10
What were the provisions of the Gandhi Irwin Pact?
Gandhi – Irwin pact was signed on 5 March 1931. Under this pact, Gandhiji
agreed to withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement. He also agreed to attend the Second
Round Table Conference. Irwin agreed to release political prisoners.
11
Why did the peasants join the Civil Disobedience Movement?
OR
Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active part in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
OR
Why did the Jats of Uttar Pradesh and Potidars of Gujarat join the Civil Disobedience Movement?
OR
Evaluate any three features of the peasant movement during Civil Disobedience
Movement in India.
(i) Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh participated in the
movement.
(ii) They were badly affected by the Great Economic Depression. Prices of agricultural goods
and their export decreased. They suffered heavy losses.
23
(iii) Reduction in land revenue was Swaraj for them.
(iv) They did not like the withdrawal of the movement. So, they did not join when it was
restarted.
12.
Why did the poor peasants join the civil disobedience movement (1930-34)? Why could not the
Congress give full support to their demands?
OR
Why was the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain?
(i) Poor peasants were affected by the economic depression. Prices of agricultural goods and
their export decreased. They suffered heavy losses
(ii) They demanded reduction in rent. They started no rent campaign.
(iii) The Congress did not support them because their demand was against the rich peasants.
So, they joined Socialist and Communist movements.
13
Why did the Industrialists participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain any
three reasons
OR
What was the role of the Indian merchants and industrialists in the Civil Disobedience
Movement?
(i) Business classes like merchants and industrialists demanded protection from the import of
foreign goods and a rupee sterling exchange rate that would discourage imports.
(ii) They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of Indian
Chamber of Commerce and Industries. .
(iii) They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement and gave financial help. They did not
sell foreign goods.
(iv) Swaraj meant freedom from restrictions and development of trade and industries.
14
Why the Business classes like Industrialists and Merchants did not join the Civil
Disobedience Movement when it was restarted after the failure of the Second Round Table
Conference?
OR
Why did the initial enthusiasm of the merchants and industrialists fade away during the
later stages of the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Industrialists and merchants did not rejoin the movement because:
(i) They were worried about the spread of militant activities in the country.
(ii) They did not want their business to be disturbed for a long time.
(iii) They did not like the spread of Socialist ideas among the young Congress leaders.
24
15
State any two hopes and expectations of the industrial working class from the Civil
Disobedience Movement. Explain any two reasons why the Congress was not interested in
including their demands.
(i) Industrial workers wanted increase in wages and reduction in working hours.
(ii) They also demanded improvement in working conditions. Railway and dockyard workers
conducted strikes.
Congress did not support them because:
(i) Business classes were very active in the Congress. Workers’ demands were against them.
(ii) Workers were involved in violence in many places.
16
The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of Industrial workersin its programme
of struggle. Analyse the reasons.
(i) Business classes were very active in the Congress. Workers’ demands were against them.
(ii) If Congress supported Industrial workers, the business classes will go out of the Movement
and the Movement would weaken.
(ii) Workers were involved in violence in many places.
17.
Explain the contribution of the various social groups in the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
OR
Various classes and groups of Indians participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement for
different reasons. Choose any four classes and explain their reason to participate in the
movement.
OR
What were the ideals of the different social groups that participated in the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
(i) Rich Peasants - Depression and fall in prices affected them badly. They demanded
reduction in land revenue. Swaraj meant reduction of taxes for them.
(ii) Poor Peasants - Depression affected them badly. They demanded reduction in rent. Swaraj
meant reduction of rent for them.
(iii) Business classes – They demanded protection against the import of foreign goods. They
wanted a Rupee-Sterling exchange rate that would discourage import. They gave financial help
to the movement and refused to sell the foreign goods.
(iv) Industrial Workers– They were poorly paid. Conditions of work were miserable. Swaraj
meant better wages and working conditions for them. Railway workers and dockyard workers
conducted strike. Workers in mines wore Gandhi Caps and took part in rallies.
18
What was the role of the women in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain by giving any three
points
(i) During the salt march of Gandhiji thousands of women came to listen to him.
25
(ii) They took part in protest marches, produced salt and picketed shops selling foreign goods
and liquor shops.
(iii) In urban areas, upper class women and in rural areas rich women participated in the
Movement.
(iv) The congress was not willing to give high positions to women.
19
What were Mahatma Gandhi’s views on women’s participation in the NationalMovement?
Gandhiji respected women. However, he did not support women taking a leadership role in the
National Movement. He wanted them to be good mothers and play supporting role for their men. So,
for a long period of time women did not come to the leadership of the Congress.
20
What were the limitations of the Civil Disobidience Movement? Elaborate.
(i) Dalits did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement, because the Congress did
not give importance to their demands.
(ii) Many Muslims did not participate in it. They thought that the Congress was moving close
to the Hindu Maha Sabha.
(iii) Communal riots occurred in many places. Disunity between Hindus and Muslims started.
(iv) Industrial workers’ participation was minimum.
21
What was Mahatma Gandhi’s attitude towards dalits?
OR
Examine the efforts made by Gandhiji for the upliftment of dalits.
(i) Gandhiji was against untouchability. He said that Swaraj would not come for 100 years, if
untouchability was not abolished.
(ii) He called the untouchables ‘Harijans’ or sons of Gods.
(iii) He organized Satyagraha to get temple entry and access to public wells, tanks, roads and
schools for dalits.
(iv) He cleaned harijan colonies and in his ashram there were no caste feelings.
(v) He asked the upper caste Hindus to give up the inhuman practice of untouchability.
22
Examine the main features of the Dalits’ movement during the civil Disobedience
Movement.
OR
Why was Dalit participation limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(i) The Congress did not support the Dalit’s demands. However Gandhiji worked for their
upliftment.
(ii) Dalits formed their own organizations. They demanded reservation of seats in educational
institutions.
(iv) B R Ambedkar formed Depressed Classes association. He demanded separate electorates
for the Dalits.
26
(v) Dalits wanted political power to solve their problems. They did not join the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
23
Explain the efforts made by Dr.B.R. Ambedkar for the political empowerment of the Dalits
or Depressed Classes.
(i) B R Ambedkar formed Depressed Classes Association to work for Dalit upliftment.
(ii) He wanted political power for the Dalits. He demanded separate electorates.
(iii) He demanded reservation of seats for the Dalits in educational institutions.
(iv) He raised his demands in the Second Round Table Conference.
(v) He entered in to Poona Pact with Gandhiji. Under that pact Gandhiji agreed for reservation
of seats for Dalits. in legislative councils.
24
What was the issue of clash between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar How was
resolved? Explain it.
OR
What were the solutions suggested by B.R.Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi to improve the
condition sof the untouchables in India? What is the significance of the Poona Pact in this
regard?
In the Second Round Table Conference, Ambedkar demanded separate
electorates for the Dalits. Gandhiji opposed it. He thought that it would slow down the
integration of Dalits to the society. British accepted Ambedkar’s demand. Gandhiji started a
hunger strike. Congress leaders requested Ambedkar to give up his demand for separate
electorates. Ambedkar agreed and Poona Pact was signed in September 1932 between
Gandhiji and Ambedkar.. Gandhiji agreed for reservation of seats for Dalits.
25
Critically examine the reasons of conflict between the congress and the Muslim League.
Why did the Muslim League fail to respond to the call of a United Struggle during the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
OR
Why was the Muslim participation less in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Muslim League demanded separate electorates for the Muslims. The
Congress opposed it. The Congress thought that the introduction of separate electorates would
create disunity among the people. Muslims had a fear that they would be discriminated against
in a Hindu majority free India.
Muslims became unhappy because some leaders of the Congress maintained
good relations with the Hindu organizations.
In 1928, An All Party Conference was organized to find a compromise. The
27
Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed it. So, the efforts for a united struggle failed.
26
How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation
Movement? State any three points of difference.
(i) In Non Co operation Movement, Indians refused to co operate with the British. In Civil
Disobedience Movement apart from Non Co operation, civil laws like Salt Law and Forest
Laws were broken.
(ii) Muslims actively participated in the Non co operation Movement. . Muslim participation
was less in Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iii) Non Co operation Movement aimed at Swaraj. Civil Disobedience Movement aimed at
Purna Swaraj.
(iv) Civil Disobedience Movement was more wide spread when compared to Non co operation
Movement.
(v) Women actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Their participation was
less in the Non co operation Movement.
27
Critically examine the main aspects of Indian National Movement during the period
between 1920 and 1935.
(i) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi emerged as the undisputed leader of the Indian National
Movement. He introduced a powerful and non violent method of struggle called satyagraha.
(ii) The Non Co operation Movement was launched under the leadership of Gandhiji. It was a
real mass movement. Hindus and Muslims were united. Chauri Chaura incident forced
Gandhiji to call off the Movement.
(iii) Lahore session of the Congress declared Poorna Swaraj as its goal. It was decided to
launch a Civil Disobedience Movement to win Poorna Swaraj.
(iv) Gandhiji inaugurated the Movement by breaking the Salt Law at Dandi. People broke Salt
Law at different places.
(v) Revolutionary activities became powerful in India.
28
Assess the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the nationalist movement with special reference to
the methods adopted by him.
How did Gandhiji convert the national movement in to a mass movement?
(i) Gandhiji lived a simple life. His life was his message. He was like a Sanyasi.
(ii) Gandhiji introduced a powerful method of struggle called Satyagraha. This non violent
method attracted common people in to the National Movement.
(iii) Gandhji made social reform a part of the National Movement. He fought against
untouchability.
(iv)He supported Hindu – Muslim unity. Under his leadership Hindus and Muslims fought
28
together against the British.
(v) Gandhiji, cemented the unity between different social groups. He raised the demands of
different groups.
(v) He launched powerful mass movements like Non Co Operation Movement, Civil
Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.
CULTURAL FACTORS THAT CREATED NATIONALISM
1. Explain any three factors or identities that created a sense of collective belonging among
the Indian people.
Cultural factors that created a sense of collective belonging among the Indians
(i) Image of Bharat Mata: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image of Bharat
Mata. Abanibndranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata. Bharat Mata looks like a
sanyasini. She is calm, divine and spiritual. People expressed their patriotism by worshipping
Bharat Mata.
(ii) Vande Mataram: It was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay as a prayer to Bharat
Mata. Later it was included in his novel Ananthamath. People sang this song when they
participated in National Movement.
(iii) Revival of Indian folklore: Nationalists toured the villages to collect the folk songs and
legends. Rabindranath Tagore collected a number of folk songs and legends. In Madras,
Natesa Sastri published a four volume collection of Tamil folk tales (The Folklore of
Southern India). The folk songs and legends gave a true picture of Indian culture. They
showed there all thoughts and characteristics of Indians. They created National Pride among
the people.
(iv) National Flag: During the Swadeshi Movement a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow)
was developed. It had 8 lotuses representing the 8 provinces of the British India. It also had
crescent moon which represented Hindus and Muslims.
In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a tricolor flag (red, green and white).
It had a spinning wheel which represents the Gandhian idea of Self Help.
The flag became a symbol of the Nation. It created the feeling of oneness. The people carried
flag in protest marches and rallies
(v) Re discovery of India’s Past: In the 19th century, some educated Indians started the efforts
of rediscover India’s great achievements. They rediscovered the achievements made by the
Indians in art, architecture, science, mathematics, religion, culture, law, philosophy, crafts
and trade. Knowledge about the great achievements of Indians created national pride, self
confidence and patriotism among the Indians.