Duration: 3 hours/week
MODULE 3: THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB
INTRODUCTION
Every day, masses of people around the world use the Internet to search and
retrieve information on all sorts of matter in a wide selection of areas. The
information can appear in several types of digital format, such as texts, images, or
videos. Individuals, companies, government, and other organizations make
resources available. People communicate with each other by sharing information
and making commercial and business communications, using electronic mail. All this
activity is possible because of the tens of thousands of networks that are connected
to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic way. Never before has
so much information from such a wide variety of sources and in so many formats
been available to the public.
The World Wide Web is not the same as the Internet, but the two terms are
commonly used as synonyms. The Web is the information connected or linked in a
way that is like a spider’s web. Using a Web browser, the computer program or
software lets you access the World Wide Web where you can find information on
almost any topic with just a few clicks of your mouse button. Several search tools are
readily available. When you type a keyword or phrase into a form and click on a
button or icon on the screen, a list of items appears. You simply click on the ones
you want to retrieve. The amount and variety of information available are
astonishing, but sometimes it is difficult to find the proper material.
Lesson Objectives
By the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trace the history of the internet;
Identify the ways to access and connect to the internet;
Analyze how data travels through the internet;
Perform search functions on the web; and
Create a personal web page.
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LESSON 3.1: THE INTERNET
The internet is defined as a global wide area network (WAN) that connects billions of
computers and other electronic devices via servers and routers. With the use of
internet, everyone can access information, communicate with anyone and do other
related stuffs. In fact, at least 190 countries worldwide are linked into exchange of
data, news, opinions, and entertainment. This information that travels over the
internet does so via a variety of languages called protocols.
It is often used interchangeably with the term world wide web (or simply WWW),
however they’re not the same thing. To differentiate the two terms: internet denotes
the global communication system that involves the hardware and infrastructure. On
the other hand, world wide web (or simply web) pertains to one of the services that is
communicated over the internet.
Back to the Future: The Brief History of Internet
Precursors
The Internet Gives
Birth to the Web
Preparing for a
Global Network
The Modern
Internet
•1960's
•1970's
The Web Takes Off
Internet and Web
for All
•1990's
•1980's
•2000's
Timeline: Developments on the Internet from Time to Time
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Precursors
1844
• The transmission of first telegraph
message.
1876
• The invention of telephone and the
refinement of the phonograph (1886)
1940
• George Stibitz accesses a computer in
New York using a teletype (remote
terminal) in New Hampshire, connected
over a telephone line.
1945
• Published the paper "As We May Think",
that anticipates the development of the
World Wide Web by half a century.
1958
• The developed modern modems were
commercially sold by AT&T and Bell.
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In 1844, Samuel Finley Breese Morse, an American painter and inventor,
transmits the first electric telegraph message, eventually making it possible for
people to send messages around the world in a matter of minutes. The first
telegraph message was done by transmitting electric signals over a wire laid
between stations, from Washington D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland. In addition, Morse
developed the code (called Morse Code) that assigns a letter on the English
alphabet by a set of dots and dashes that allowed the simple transmission of
complex messages across telegraph lines.
FUN FACT
Wondered who developed the Morse Code? Obviously, it came from Samuel Morse (as
seen on the name). Morse Code assigns a letter on the English alphabet by a set of dots
and dashes that allowed the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph
lines. With this, it helped him to transmit the first telegraph message.
Fast forward to 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish-born American
inventor, scientist and a teacher of a deaf, developed the telephone and the
refinement of the phonograph (1886). Before this, he stated working on a harmonic
telegraph in 1871 – an improvement on the first telegram that allowed simultaneous
transmission of multiple messages over a wire. Trying to make his invention perfect,
Bell was thinking of a way on how to transmit human voices over the wires until
Thomas Watson came up with a simple receiver that turns electricity into sound in
1875. In 1915, the first transcontinental phone call was made by Bell. He made that
call from New York to San Francisco.
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FUN FACT
The patent for the invented telephone was given to Bell on March 7, 1876. On 1877, he
created the Bell Telephone Company (presently known as the AT&T.
In 1940, George Robert Stibitz, a U.S. mathematician and inventor, accessed
a computer in New York remotely in New Hampshire. This was connected over a
telephone line. He accomplished that by inputting problems via a teleprinter.
FUN FACT
Because he was a holder of 38 patents, he was inducted in the Investors Hall of Fame in
year 1983. Also, he pioneered computer applications in some biomedical areas.
Meanwhile in 1945, Vannevar Bush, a US government scientist, publishes a
paper called As We May Think, anticipating the development of the World Wide Web
by half a century. This was published in the Atlantic Monthly. In this paper, he
proposed Memex – an indexed, archival, microfilm machine that is used for crossreferencing and retrieval of information. Also, this paper was an extension of his
research work in analog computing and microfilm technology.
In 1958, Bell Labs developed the modern modems which begin selling
commercially by AT&T and Bell aiming that it will be for the use on the public
telephone system.
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Preparing for a Global Network (1960s)
1963
•J.C.R. Licklider envisages a network that
can link people and user-friendly
computers together.
1964
•Introduced the concept of communication
between computers thru sending
"message blocks" which gave a similar
idea and coined the term "packet
switching".
1964
•Larry Roberts, a US computer scientist,
experiments with connecting computers
over long distances.
1965
•Ted Nelson invents hypertext, a way of
linking together separate documents that
eventually becomes a key part of the
World Wide Web.
1966
•The start of development of a national
computer network, inspired by the work
of Licklider.
1969
•The launching of ARPANET computer
network.
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The Appearance of the Modern Internet (1970s)
1971
• Sent the first email introducing the "@"
as one way to separate a user's name
from the computer name where the
mail is stored.
1973
• The invention of Ethernet, linking
computers and other devices in a
single local network.
1974
• An influencial paper was written to
describe how the computers linked on
a network could send messeges thru
packet switching using TCP.
1978
• Introduced the improved TCP that laid
the foundation of the basis of the
modern Internet.
1978
• A computer bulletin board system was
set up in order for computer hobbyist
to swap information.
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The Internet Gives Birth to the Web (1980s)
1983
• Official adoption of TCP/IP as the
standard way which Internet
computers will communicate.
1982-1984
• The development of a Domain Name
System (DNS)
1986
• NSFnet is created that allows the
universities to be linked in ARPAnet's
growing infrastracture.
1988
• Internet Relay Chat was invented,
allowing users to create virtual
"rooms".
1989
• A grocery store, named Peapod,
Introduced online grocery shopping
and e-commerce.
1989
• Also the same year, Tim Berners-Lee
invents the World Wide Web at
CERN, the European particle physics
laboratory in Switzerland. It owes a
considerable debt to the earlier work
of Ted Nelson and Vannevar Bush.
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The Web Takes Off (1990s)
1993
• Mosaic, the first user-friendly
web-browser was introduced.
• Also, World Wide Web Worm,
one of the first search engines,
was developed.
1994
• Brian Pinkerton writes WebCrawler, a
more sophisticated search engine and
Jerry Yang and David Filo launch
Yahoo!, a directory of websites
organized in an easy-to-use, tree-like
hierarchy.
1995
• E-commerce properly begins
when Jeff Bezos founds
Amazon.com and Pierre
Omidyar sets up eBay.
1996
• ICQ was considered as the first
user friendly instant messaging
on the Internet.
1997
• Published the first blog (weblog).
1998
• Backrub search engine was
developed, which was later
renamed as Google.
1999
• The idea of Internet of Things
(IOT) emerged, citing that not
only computers but also
everydat objects could be part
of the Internet.
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Internet and Web for All (2000s)
2003
• Virtually every country in the world is
now connected to the Internet.
2004
• Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg
revolutionizes social networking with
Facebook, an easy-to-use website that
connects people with their friends.
2016
• Jack Dorsey and Evan Williams found
Twitter, an even simpler "microblogging"
site where people share their thoughts
and observations in off-the-cuff, 140character status messages.
2017
• Russian president Vladimir Putin
approves a plan to create a private
alternative to the Internet to counter the
historic dominance of the (traditional)
Internet by the United States.
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Types of Internet Connection
As we see, technology is fast pacing. If we look on the technology trends lately, we
can say that what is hardly done before, can be access today with a simple swipe or
click of a button. Nowadays, there are numerous ways on how an electronic device
can be connected to the internet. From there, you can instantly connect with people
virtually whenever and wherever you are located. Plus, the options you may choose
also grows as the days go by. One of those evolving industries worldwide is the
internet services. With that, it can be quite hard to determine the kind of service that
is available to your location, preference and the availability of the hardware.
Enumerated below are some of the types of internet connections.
1. Dial-up
A dial-up connection requires the user to link a phone line to a computer before
having access to the Internet. This type of internet connection is typically the slowest
type among all Internet connections, and it should probably avoid availing unless that
this service is the last connection available in your area. Also, with this type of
connection, you can’t use the landline and the Internet at the same time, which is a
big downside.
2. Broadband
A broadband (short for “broad bandwidth”) internet service offers better high-speed
connections compared to a dial-up service. Generally, it can be categorized as
follows.

Digital Subscriber Line
A digital subscriber line (or DSL) service uses a broadband connection, which
makes it faster than a dial-up connection. DSL connects to the Internet via an
existing 2-wire copper phone line. Comparing this type of connection to a dialup connection, users can be able to use the Internet and your phone line at
the same time.
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
Cable Internet
A cable internet service operates via cable TV lines, although you do not
necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a broadband
connection that greater bandwidth compared to DSL – meaning faster access
than a DSL, and on a dial-up service. On the other hand, it is only available
where cable TV is available. Also, its speed can depend on the usage of the
access and whether you upload or download any file.

Wireless
Unlike DSL and cable services, wireless is a kind of internet connection that
uses radio frequencies to access the Internet. This is commonly termed as
“WiFi” (which some people say that it stands for “wireless fidelity”), an
abbreviation that has almost become synonymous with “Internet”. With this
type of connection, it is always on and accessible anywhere if the user is in
the network range. Nowadays, it is one of the fastest options to avail.
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2020
Fiber Optics
Fiber optic internet is one of the latest trends in the broadband world. With this
technology, it offers an incredibly fast internet speed. Given this speed, it is a
great option for a household to use multiple devices all at the same time
without affecting the speed of the internet. In addition to this, fiber optic
internet connection is the right Internet connection for small businesses that
can rely for their day-to-day activities.
3. Satellite
A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable or phone lines in
order to access the internet. In fact, it connects to the Internet through satellites
orbiting the Earth. As a result, it can be used almost anywhere in the world, but the
connection may be affected by weather patterns. Satellite connections are also
usually slower than DSL or cable.
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4. Cellular Technology
On cellular technology, it provides wireless Internet access through mobile phones
where speeds vary depending on the internet service provider (ISP). Commonly
used cellular connections are 3G and 4G services.



3G is a term that describes a 3rd generation cellular network obtaining mobile
speeds of around 2.0 Mbps
4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. The goal of 4G is to
achieve peak mobile speeds of 100 Mbps but the reality is about 21 Mbps
currently.
5G is the 5th generation mobile network that enables a new kind of network
that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together
including machines, objects, and devices. This is meant to deliver higher and
faster speeds compared to 4G with more reliability and ultra-low latency.
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LESSON 3.2: WHAT JOBS CAN THE INTERNET DO?
The Internet makes it possible to quickly find information, communicate with people
around the world, manage your finances, shop from home, listen to music, watch
videos, and such. Here are some useful things that one can do on the internet.
Education



It is widely used to gather information and to do research or add to the
knowledge of various subjects.
It makes easier for them to research things, and relearn the content taught in
the school. People use it according to their needs and interests.
Popular Search Engine is GOOGLE - topmost choice of people as they offer
an easy and instant reach to the vast amount of information in just a few
seconds.
Communication


People use the Internet to communicate with one another.
Messages, e-mails, e-cards, voice calls, video chat are various roads that
connect people all around the world with the help of internet.
Entertainment


Many people use the Internet to enjoy themselves and to engage in personal
interests.
Internet has provided Entertainment creators with another avenue to explore.
Financial Transaction


E-commerce stands for a type of business model which involves online
transactions.
It can be thought of as a more advanced form of mail order purchasing
through a catalog.
Online Booking


Movies, hotel reservations, concerts, exhibitions, railways and airlines, tickets
of everything is available online.
The biggest advantage of online reservation is its 24/7 accessibility to every
customer.
Online Shopping and Selling



The lifestyle is turning towards sedentary habits and so is our style of
shopping.
Many people choose scrolling a webpage for a product instead of strolling the
shops.
People use the Internet to research, find and buy services and products. Or to
target and sell to the ultimate consumer.
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Job Hunting


Newspapers, flyers, recommendations, job boards and networking, the
traditional methods of searching for a job have been now overruled by online
hunt for jobs.
By using the internet, you can apply for job opportunities across the globe.
Online Jobs







Freelance Writer. There is a need for freelance writers in the areas of article
writing, content writing, analogy writing, and proposing creative ideas that
materialize on the pages of almost every website on the internet.
Virtual Assistant. The tasks of a virtual assistant can vary greatly — some
tasks may include creating documents related to the business, answering
email inquiries, creating content, and more.
Web Designer / Developer. Businesses want all their website visitors to
experience many things on their site, but they must ensure that the visitor will
feel that it is worth their time. This is where a website developer or designer
will find their place.
Social Media Manager. Not every large business has an individual to manage
their accounts, which is why more freelancers are marketing themselves as
social media managers in order to help businesses grow and expand their
reach.
Email Marketer. This position is for those that oversee designing a business’s
email advertising campaign and managing a subscriber list in order to build
their client’s reach.
Animation Jobs. A job in animation not only allows for but thrives on creativity
and allows the employee to draw from the inspiration all around them.
Promotional Video Maker. Those who have backgrounds in filmmaking but
desire to not be tied down to a location may consider becoming promotional
video makers. Today’s media is using videos for almost everything, and the
platforms are growing by the day.
LESSON 3.3: HOW DATA TRAVELS THE INTERNET?
A data packet (otherwise termed as a network packet) is a collective name of
several components. These components are needed for you to be able to browse
the web, for example. For the user to go to a particular website, the user will need to
send packets to the website's web server, and that server will have to send packets
back to you.
For this to work, a packet needs to hold several components:
1. IP address
First, the packet needs two addresses, the source address and the
destination address. How would it else know where to go and where it came
from?
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2. hop counts
- A packet has something called "time to live." It pertains to the number of hops
the packet can do until it dies. Each time the packet goes through a network
node (i.e., a router or a switch, like a crossing), the number is decreased –
avoiding packets with errors hopping around the web for eternity.
3. length
- Depending on what the packet carries, one packet may not be enough. Each
packet consists of a length so that the receiver knows if the packet came
alone or if more is to come.
4. payload
- A payload refers to the actual data, the content of the packet.
A packet can also include other components, but these are the main ones that
are always there. Network packets are how information (data) is being carried over
the Internet. But how does the packet travel? The figure below visualizes the process
of how data travels the Internet.
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What Computers can do on the Internet?
How do Computers Connect over the Internet?
Via the Internet, computers connect and communicate with one another,
primarily using the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
A TCP dictates what each computer must do to transmit data when to share
data, how to transmit that data. It also states how to receive data in the same
manner.

Network Interface Card (NIC)
The computer must have a NIC (network interface card) installed to connect
to the Internet and other computers on a network. A network cable plugged into the
NIC on one end and plugged into a cable modem, DSL modem, router, or switch can
allow a computer to access the Internet and connect to other computers.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)
The ISP provides a bridge between your computer and all the other
computers in the world on the Internet.
Types of Network
Different types of networks differ based on the location, coverage, and, most
importantly, the usage. These are enumerated below.
1. Local Area Network
A Local Area Network (or simply LAN) is a group of computers and other
devices connected over a network and are all in the same location — typically within
a single building like an office or home. A LAN comprises cables, access points,
switches, routers, and other components that enable devices to connect to internal
servers, web servers, and other LANs via wide area networks. The advantages of a
LAN are the same as those for any group of devices networked together. The
devices can use a single Internet connection, share files, print to shared printers, and
be accessed and even controlled by one another.

A wireless local area network (abbreviated as WLAN, sometimes called a
local area wireless network or LAWN) is a wireless distribution method for two
or more devices that use high-frequency radio waves and often include an
access point to the Internet. A WLAN allows users to move around the
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coverage area, usually a home or small office, while maintaining a network
connection. A WLAN can be built using any of several different wireless
network protocols, most commonly Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. Network security
remains an essential issue for WLANs. Wireless clients usually have their
identity verified (a process called authentication) when joining a wireless LAN.
Technologies such as WPA raise the level of security on wireless networks to
rival that of traditional wired networks.
2. Wide Area Network
A wide area network (also known as WAN) spans a large geographic area
such as a city, state, or country. It can be private to connect parts of a business, or it
can be public to connect smaller networks. It is an extensive network of information
that is not tied to a single location. WANs can facilitate communication, the sharing
of information, and much more between devices from around the world through a
WAN provider. One of the most basic ways to think about a vast area network
involves understanding how and why it connects smaller local area networks. Again,
the local area network is defined within a small geographical area. Typically, it's
within a single-family home or an individual office building.
3. Personal Area Network
A personal area network, abbreviated as PAN, is a network concerned with
the exchange of information in the vicinity of a person. Typically, these systems are
wireless and involve the transmission of data between devices such as
smartphones, personal computers, tablet computers, etc. The difference between
PANs and other network types is that they transmit information between devices that
are nearby instead of sending that same data through a LAN or WAN before it
reaches something that's already within reach. PANs are for personal use, so the
benefits might be more easily understood than when talking about wide area
networks, for example, that describe the Internet. With a personal area network, your
devices interconnect for more accessible communication.
4. Campus Area Network
A Campus Area Network (or simply CAN, also known as corporate area
network) is a computer network that links the buildings and consists of two or more
local area networks (LANs) within the limited geographical area. It can be the college
campus, enterprise campus, office buildings, military base, industrial complex. CAN
is one of the type of MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) on the area smaller than
MAN. They can be spread across several buildings that are relatively close to each
other so users can share resources. Thus, they are used in universities.
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In a CAN, computers may be wirelessly or wire connected. Along with the
sharing of computer resources, data, research work, information, etc., CAN make a
private network within an organization. Also, since sharing of resources occurs on a
CAN, there may not be a need to install software on all the computers, and thus,
users can access and use software through the network. Such services are provided
by servers placed in the system.
5. Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (or only MAN) is similar to a local area network
(LAN) but spans an entire city or campus. MANs are formed by connecting multiple
LANs. Thus, MANs are more massive than LANs but smaller than wide-area
networks (WAN). MANs typically cover transmission ranges between 5 and 10 km in
diameter and may cover an area the size of a city, or even a group of small
buildings. MANs often act as a high-speed network that allows the sharing of
regional resources and provides a shared connection to other systems. MANs can
also mean the interconnection of several LANs by bridging them with backbone
lines. MANs are incredibly efficient and provide fast communication via high-speed
carriers, such as fiber optic cables. The network is established using routers and
switches. A switch is a port that is active in handling the filtration of data that is
usually coming in frames. Any switch acts as a dual-port; at one end, it is taking
filtration of data and, at the other end, managing connections.
6. Enterprise Private Network
An enterprise private network is a computer network that helps enterprise
companies with several disparate offices connect those offices to each in a secure
way over a network. It is mainly set up to share computer resources. Network
diagrams visualize schematically the computer networks topology, equipment nodes
and different types of their logical and physical connections. They are used by IT
professionals to visually document the topology and design of computer and
telecommunication networks.
7. Virtual Private Network
By extending a private network across the Internet, a VPN lets its users send
and receive data as if their devices were connected to the private network – even if
they're not. Through a virtual point-to-point connection, users can access a private
network remotely.
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When accessing a local computer in your network, your router sends your TCP/IP
packets between the local IP addresses
However, when you want to connect to the Internet, your router uses the IP
address assigned by the ISP. Your IP address is not a 192.168.x.x address because
the ISP assigns that IP address and not your router.
When requesting information from a web page, you enter a URL. For your
computer to access the computer containing the pages, the URL must be converted
into an IP address, which is done with DNS. Once DNS has converted the URL into
an IP address, the routers on the Internet will know how to route your TCP/IP packet.
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LESSON 3.4: WHAT COMPUTERS DO ON THE INTERNET?
Computers have different functions on the internet. Some computers work as
storage for electronic data that store information and send when a client need so.
These are called servers.
A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to
requests made over a network. The device that makes the request, and receives a
response from the server, is called a client. On the Internet, the term "server"
commonly refers to the computer system that receives requests for a web files and
sends those files to the client. A client on the other hand is a computer that connects
to and uses the resources of a remote computer, or server. Many corporate networks
comprise a client computer for each employee, each of which connects to the
corporate server.
Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is a server role in Active
Directory that allows admins to manage and store information about resources from
a network, as well as application data, in a distributed database. AD DS can also
help admins manage a network's elements (computers and end users) and reorder
them into a custom hierarchy.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management
protocol used to automate the process of configuring devices on IP networks, thus
allowing them to use network services such as DNS, NTP, and any communication
protocol based on UDP or TCP. A DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address
and other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can
communicate with other IP networks.
A file server is a central server in a computer network that provides file
systems or at least parts of a file system to connected clients. File servers therefore
offer users a central storage place for files on internal data media, which is
accessible to all authorized clients. Here, the server administrator defines strict rules
regarding which users have which access rights: For instance, the configuration or
file authorizations of the respective file system enable the admin to set which files
can be seen and opened by a certain user or user group, and whether data can only
be viewed or also added, edited, or deleted.
A print server is a software application, network device or computer that
manages print requests and makes printer queue status information available to end
users and network administrators. Print servers are used in both large enterprise and
small or home office networks.
The router, at least the common home network device that is usually called a
router, is the piece of network hardware that allows communication between your
local home network—like your personal computers and other connected devices—
and the internet.
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LESSON 3.5: THE WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that
are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) such as smartphone, laptop,
computers, and etc. that can access the content on the internet.
Web Technologies
The WWW I considered as one of the applications in internet and computer
network. There are different fundamental technologies said to be a part of the
development of a WWW:
1. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) - is the language used to create
webpages. "Hypertext" refers to the hyperlinks that an HTML page may
contain. "Markup language" refers to the way tags are used to define the page
layout and elements within the page.
2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an
application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
systems that allows users to communicate data on the World Wide Web.
3. Web servers and web browsers - A web server is software and hardware
that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond
to client requests made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web
server is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering
webpages to users. A web browser on the other hand, or simply "browser," is
an application used to access and view websites. Common web browsers
include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and
Apple Safari.
The World Wide Web Today
All major websites have adjusted their content design and development
approach to accommodate the rapidly increasing fraction of the population accessing
the web from small-screen phones instead of large-screen desktop and laptop
computers.
Privacy and anonymity on the internet are an increasingly important issue on
the web as significant amounts of personal information including a person's search
history and browsing patterns are routinely captured (often for targeted advertising
purposes) along with some geolocation information. Anonymous web proxy services
attempt to provide online users with an extra level of privacy by re-routing their
browsing through third-party web servers.
Websites continue to be accessed by their domain names and extensions.
While "dot-com" domains remain the most popular, numerous others can now be
registered including ".info" and ".biz" domains.
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Competition among web browsers continues to be strong as IE/Edge and
Firefox continue to enjoy large followings, Google has established its Chrome
browser as a market contender, and Apple continues to advance the Safari browser.
HTML5 re-established HTML as a modern web technology after having
stagnated for many years. Similarly, the performance enhancements of HTTP/2 have
ensured the protocol will remain viable for the foreseeable future.
Searching for Information on the Web
A website is being maintained by its owner, also known as a web
administrator. The admin can modify the website’s content as well as add new
information or function to it. Meanwhile, people or users like us use the internet as
search engines and subject directories in locating information on the web.
Search Directories are sites being maintained by human editors and not by
bots. On the other hand, search engines uses small programs called spiders or bots
(like Googlebots, Yahoo Slurp and MSNbot) that polish the internet, follow links, and
return information to the search engine’s indicator.
Here are several techniques that can be used to improve a web search:
1. Using specific words and placing the most important terms first in the
search text or phrase.
2. The use of quotation marks (“”) to create exact phases – this helps the
search engine to find what it looks like for by using the exact sequence of
words.
3. Listing all possible spellings
 Example: Organization and Organisation
In addition to searching for web pages, many search engines allow searching
for related images, news articles, and various types of reports in different types.
Millions of people use Google search every day for a variety of reasons.
Students use it for school, business people use it for research, and millions more use
it for entertainment. But most people may not be using Google search to its full
potential.
Want to use Google search more efficiently and get the search results you
want quickly? Here are 20 Google search tips and tricks to maximize your search
efficiency:
1. Use the tabs - The first tip is to use the tabs in Google search. On the top
of every search are a number of tabs. Usually you’ll see Web, Image, News,
and More. Using these tabs, you can help define what kind of search you need to do.
If you need images, use the Image tab. If you are looking for a recent news article,
use the News tab.
It’s rudimentary and most people use the tabs already. If you are not, then it’s highly
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recommended to get associated with them. They can cut search times dramatically if
utilized properly.
2. Use quotes - When searching for something specific, try using quotes to
minimize the guesswork for Google search. When you put your search parameters in
quotes, it tells the search engine to search for the whole phrase.
For instance, if you search for Puppy Dog Sweaters, the engine will search for
content that contains those three words in any order.
However, if you search “Puppy Dog Sweaters”, it will search for that phrase exactly
as you typed it. This can help locate specific information that may be buried under
other content if not sorted out correctly.
3. Use a hyphen to exclude words - Sometimes you may find yourself
searching for a word with an ambiguous meaning. An example is Mustang. When
you Google search for Mustang, you may get results for both the car made by Ford
or the horse. If you want to cut one out, use the hyphen to tell the engine to ignore
content with one of the other.
Mustang -cars
This tells the search engine to search for mustangs but to remove any results that
have the word “car” in it. It can be wildly helpful when finding information about
something without getting information about something else.
4. Use a colon to search specific sites - There may be an instance where
you need to Google search for articles or content on a certain website. The syntax is
very simple and we’ll show you below.
Sidney Crosby site: nhl.com
This will search for all content about famous hockey player Sidney Crosby, but only
on NHL.com. All other search results will be removed. If you need to find specific
content on a particular site, this is the shortcut you can use.
5. Find a page that links to another page - This Google search tip is a little
obscure. Instead of searching for a specific page, you’re searching for a page that
links to a specific page.
Think about it this way. If you want to see who cited a New York Times article on
their site, you would use this trick to find all the sites that link to it. The syntax is
below:
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link: nytimes.com
That will return all pages that link to the New York Times official website. The URL
on the right side can be practically anything.
Be aware, though, that the more specific it is, the fewer results you’ll get. We know
not a lot of people will likely use this Google search trick, but it could be very useful
for some.
6. Use the asterisk wildcard - The asterisk wildcard is one of the most useful
ones on the list. Here’s how it works. When you use an asterisk in a search term on
Google search, it will leave a placeholder that may be automatically filled by the
search engine later. This is a brilliant way to find song lyrics if you don’t know all the
words. Let’s look at the syntax:
“Come * right now * me”
To you or me, that may look like nonsense. However, Google search will search for
that phrase knowing that the asterisks can be any word. More often than not, you’ll
find they are lyrics to The Beatles song “Come Together” and that’s what the search
will tell you.
7. Find sites that are similar to other sites - This is a unique one that could
be used by practically everyone if they knew it existed.
Let’s say you have a favorite website. It can be anything. However, that website is
getting a little bit boring and you want to find other websites like it. You would use
this trick. Below is the syntax:
related: amazon.com
If you search that above, you won’t find a link to Amazon. Instead, you’ll find links to
online stores like Amazon. Sites like Barnes & Noble, Best Buy, and others that sell
physical items online. It’s a powerful Google search tool that can help you find new
sites to browse.
8. Use Google search to do math - Google search can actually do math for
you. This is a rather complex one to describe because it can be used in so many
ways. You can ask it basic questions or some more difficult ones.
It is important to note that it won’t solve all math problems, but it will solve a good
number of them. Here are a couple of examples of the syntax:
8*5+5
Planck’s Consant
If you search the first one, it’ll return 45. It will also show a calculator that you can
use to find answers to more questions.
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This is handy if you need to do some quick math but don’t want to do it in your head.
If you search the second term, it will return the number value of Planck’s Constant.
So it can do math, but it can also help you solve math problems by showing values
for known mathematical terms.
9. Search for multiple words at once - Google search is flexible. It knows
you may not find what you want by searching only a single word or phrase. Thus, it
lets you search for multiples.
By using this trick, you can search for one word or phrase along with a second word
or phrase. This can help narrow down your search to help you find exactly what
you’re looking for. Here is the syntax:
“Best ways to prepare for a job interview” OR “How to prepare for a job interview”
By searching that, you will search both phrases. Remember the quotes tip above?
It’s being used here as well. In this instance, these two exact phrases will be
searched. It can be done by word too, like the example below:
chocolate OR white chocolate
This will search for pages that have either chocolate or white chocolate!
10. Search a range of numbers - Searching for a range of numbers is
another tip we don’t anticipate a lot of people using. The people that do use it,
though, will probably use it quite a bit. People interested in money or statistics will
find this tip particularly useful. Essentially, you use two dots and a number to let
Google search know you’re looking for a specific range of numbers. Like the syntax
below:
What teams have won the Stanley Cup ..2004
41..43
In the first instance, the search will toss back the team that won the Stanley Cup in
2004. The two dots with only one number will tell the search that you don’t need
anything before or after 2004. This can help narrow down searches to a specific
number to improve search results.
In the second, Google will search for the numbers 41, 42, and 43. It is obscure, but
wildly useful if you happen to need to search for numbers like this.
11. Keep it simple - Now we’re getting into the general tips. Google search
knows how to search for a lot of things. What this means is you don’t need to be too
specific. If you need a pizza place nearby, use this to search.
Pizza places nearby
Google search will grab your location and deliver a variety of results about pizza
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places that are near you.
12. Gradually add search terms - There will come a time when Google
search doesn’t shovel out the results you expect. In this instance, keeping it simple
may not be the best option.
As Google itself suggests, the best method is to start with something simple then
gradually get more complicated. See the example below:
 First try: job interviews
 Second try: prepare for job interviews
 Third try: how to prepare for a job interview
This will gradually refine the search to bring you fewer, more targeted terms. The
reason you don’t go straight from the first try to the third try is because you may miss
what you’re looking for by skipping the second step.
Millions of websites phrase the same information in a number of different ways;
using this technique lets you search as many of them as possible to find the best
info.
13. Use words that websites would use - This is a very important one.
When people use Google search to hunt the web, they generally search for things
using the same language that they would use for speaking.
Unfortunately, websites don’t say things the way people do; instead, they try to use
language that sounds professional. Let’s look at some examples:
 “I have a flat tire” could be replaced by “repair a flat tire.”
 “My head hurts” could be replaced by “headache relief.”
The list goes on and on. When searching, try to use terminology you would find on a
professional website. This will help you get more reliable results.
14. Use important words only - The way Google search works is to take
what you search for and match it with keywords in online content.
When you search for too many words, it may limit your results. That means it may
actually take you longer to find what you’re looking for. Thus, it is apropos to use
only the important words when searching for something. Let’s see an example:

Don’t use: Where can I find a Chinese restaurant that delivers.
 Instead try: Chinese restaurants nearby.
 Or: Chinese restaurants near me.
Doing this can help Google find what you need without all the clutter. So remember,
keep it simple and use important words only.
15. Google search has shortcuts - A number of commands can be entered
to give you instantaneous results. Like the math example above, Google can
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immediately give you the information you need that is displayed right at the top of the
search results. This can save time and effort so you don’t have to click a bunch of
bothersome links.
Here are a few examples of some commands you can enter into Google:
1. Weather *zip code* – This will show you the weather in the given zip
code. You can also use town and city names instead of area codes, but it
may not be as accurate if there are multiple area codes in the city.
2. What is *celebrity name* Bacon Number – This is a fun little one that
will tell you how many connections any given celebrity has to famed actor
Kevin Bacon. The popular joke, Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, is that no
actor is more than 6 connections away from Kevin Bacon. Mark
Zuckerberg has a Bacon Number of 3.
3. The math example posted above is another one.
4. What is the definition of *word* or Define: *word* – This will display the
definition of a word.
5. Time *place* – This will display the time in whatever place you type in.
6. You can check any stock by typing its ticker name into Google. If you
search for GOOG, it will check the stock prices for Google.
These quick commands can take a web search that is usually multiple clicks and
condense it into a single search. This is very helpful for information you need
repeatedly.
16. Spelling doesn’t necessarily matter - Google search has gotten a lot smarter
over the years. These days, you don’t even need to spell words correctly.
As long as it’s pretty close, Google can usually figure out what it means. Here are
some examples:

If you search “Nver Gna Gve Yo Up” Google will automatically assume you
mean to search for “Never Gonna Give You Up.” If by chance your misspelling
was intentional, Google gives you the option to search for the misspelled term
instead.
This trick is great if you happen to forget how to spell something or are not altogether
sure how something is spelled.
It can also be helpful when searching for obscure words. This applies to
capitalization and grammar as well.
17. Use descriptive words - Pretty much everything can be described in
multiple ways. Take our namesake, the “life hack.” The terminology “hack” refers to a
computer programmer breaking security on a network or system. However, when
used in conjunction with the word “life”, it alters the meaning to tips and tricks people
can use to improve their lives.

If you have trouble finding what you’re searching for, keep in mind that people
may search or define what you need in a different way than you do.
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

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You may search “How to install drivers in Ubunut?”
When you really mean “Troubleshoot driver problems Ubuntu.”
There really isn’t a good specific example for this one. If you search for something
and you can’t find an answer, try asking the same question using different words and
see if that helps the results.
18. Find a specific file - An often forgotten feature of Google search is the
ability to search for a specific file or file type. This can be infinitely useful if you need
a specific PDF or PowerPoint file that you previously viewed or need to use for
another project. The syntax is quite simple:
*Search term here* file type: pdf
In the above example, you simply replace the search term with whatever you’re
searching for. Then use the file type command and enter the extension of any file
type you can think of.
This can mostly be useful for scholarly purposes, but business presentations and
other assorted presentations can benefit from this kind of search as well.
19. Money and unit conversions - Google search can quickly and accurately
convert both measurement units and currency value. There are a variety of uses for
this, like checking to see the conversion rate between two currencies.
If you happen to be a math student, you can use it to convert from feet to meters or
from ounces to liters. Here’s how to do it:


miles to km – This will convert miles to kilometers. You can put numbers in
front to convert a certain number. Like “10 miles to km” will show you how
many kilometers are in 10 miles.
USD to British Pound Sterling – This will convert a US dollar to British pounds.
Like the measurements above, you can add numbers to find exact
conversions for a certain amount of money.
It’s true that this tip is geared toward math students and international business
people. However, you’d be surprised how often these tips are used by regular
people.
20. Track your packages - Our last trick is to use Google search to find out
where your packages are. You can enter any UPS, USPS, or Fedex tracking number
directly into the Google search bar, and it’ll show you the tracking information about
your package.
This is much easier than going to the specific sites, waiting for them to load, then
searching for your packages there.
No examples are really needed for this one. Just type your tracking number in and
see where your package
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