Chemistry Chapter Matter & 2 structure Atomic Matter : . I 1 Compound . 1 I - eop oxygen 104 hydrogen / th) Iron Ife) • Zinc ( 2n) • chlorine •••:•qqDP 0 O 0 O o o 1-11 Nat ⑧ solid . . " "^9 < freezing nucleon ✗ . z arrangement of particles energy . 1 Cobalt-60 Carbtontz Phosphorus-32 Liquid kinetic " i > ✓ L µ Isotopes if Sodium-24 Iodine -131 ' aspects electron Proton number . . , arrangement NHS • boiling ' Gas > . condensation . . differ from the Electron N ot > . CO , • . 1-1 A g) compound ( molecules 4- Matter Phase M e. / \ . ab 1 Neutron Proton 14<1 le 0 o . ) Nacl eg . covalent K in gd egj Magnesium 1mg ) . compound lion ) . • • Ionic Molecules ( non Metal ) Atomimetal) number 1 om Element • . Uranium-235 ?⃝ Lead -210 of > attraction force between particles Chemistry Chapters Chemical The Mole : concept . Equation Formula and . Chemical 1 om 1 Equations Chemical Formula Number of moles . ' I 7 Empirical Formula of Formula chemical formula the formula that • that shows the shows the actual number of whole number ratio a present element that combine molecule of the to form the . compound . ✗ molar mass L u Moles . ^ ✗ NA ÷Nn . v Number of particles Quantitative • involved in calculations of relative mass reactant • products • physical states of the reactants Quantitative I Relative Relative Relative atomic molecular formula mass mass Number I mass ^ molar . ab compound volume of le in molar i. molar volume simplest ÷ of atoms of each atoms of each element that gas ; ✗ N ot • mass volume K in gd Molecular . mass • products . proportions exact of reactants & products in reaction . the Chemistry Chapter 4 : periodic Table of Elements follows the increase arranged I Position of Element . Antoine Lavoiser e John W . Period Dobereiner . Newlands I horizontal . . - K in gd - Johann . om by . - number in - discovered • proton . Groups ( vertical columns) row ) I - • Lothar Meyer . change Dmitri Mendeleev . - Henry Moseley . Physical properties Chemical . le Basic oxide Metal ab * semi metal . N ot Non metal properties v u * period - . • • melting pt& boiling group Physio'd s properties • • - reactivity Distance between . acidic oxide • • melting pt& boiling pt • pt density reactivity Distance between . • • valence electrons . nuclear attraction force atomic size • valence electrons and nucleus • Non Metal Metal I . "" and nucleus • " "" " " electrons . 9 . nuclear attraction force • ease donating in electrons ' . , amphoteric Nonmetal . chemical properties • . atomic size . when It ; Metal I changedown the going . " L - across . . Chemistry chapter Ionic Bond 5 chemical Bond : 1 Covalent Bond . I involve transfer of ( involve electrons ) I . sharing Metallic Bond . . V I donate for . accept electron electron cation electron) Dative bond 1 electron attraction one atom only ) N ot force . metallic bond Hydrogen bond ( attraction force between comes Hatom which is bonded . a ab from pair shared ions electrostatic covalent . positive electrons . , compound ✓ of 13 pair pair le 1 bond electrons . covmpound sea triple double bond 12 electrons L electrons) electrostatic ionic bond 11 pair - force . 11 single Anion H (t) sharing , ✓ i. metal contribute electron K in gd Nonmetal Metal - om non small & atom in I high F. such as another -10 electronegativity 0 ,N and F. 0,N molecule ) . 1 Giant Molecule Simple Molecule . I chemical properties ' Ionic . > Electrical conductivity / water ) solubility , ✓ lmolten ) Point . covalent X ✗ . Melting Boiling . lmetal sdelocalised of electrons high low . Chemistry Chapter Acid that ionises I substance in water -10 . Htion) produce 1- weak Acid acid ionises • " • low • completely onion • pH low conc Htion " "" " value 1- Monoprotic I Dipritic ion when I ionwhenl molecule acid molecule acid ionises in I Triprotic 31-1-1 produce ion when I molecule acid ionises in water ) ab I produce 2Mt water, . Calculations N ot water immune , Iproduce 11-1-1 ionisesin partially ionises • pH = pOH= • pH • + log - log - pot . 14 ⑧ Molarity MY Mak __ N 2 MV . produce Strong • ionises • • high OH ion ) - l alkali conc 01-1 ion - weak alkali partially • ionises • lowconcotiion completely " """ " e. " chemical Reactions """" * " . • , Acid • • → • + , Alkali . acid-base → salt-water.< acid >• > hydrogen gas • acid + metal carbonate > salt-water -1102 + acid alkali reactive metal salt -1 . ' I alkali salt-water ammonium + salt → salt -1 Water + ammonia . • alkali -1 metal ion > insoluble metal hydroxide . + from alkali . ✗ molar mass , • in water -10 101-1-7 -_ " i. molar mass ' . lsubstaniesthationises [1-1-1] concentration • / Alkali le • . . K in gd strong Bases & om Acid blpartili Neutralisation creation of & base to an acid produce salt-water only ) . . cation Chemistry Chapter 61 Party : Salt compound Ionic that is formed when the titian from the acid ' with metal ion or NHI is om replaced ion . , Preparation Qualitative I salt soluble . t decomposition • Effect of . Heaton salts 1 i double -1 K in gd 1 Insoluble salt ✗ Na ,K Nqk Ammonium Ammonium salt salt • acid -1 metal oxide • acid metal carbonate • acid + alkali N ot ab le + . , acid 1- reactive metal Analysis . Cation d Anion Test confirmatory test for cation . | observations the on physical of the properties salt . Chemistry Chapter change in the 7 Rate of Reaction : - quantity of reactants Time taken or products . # collision Theory om calculations . ' t.r-ine -irs-i .seiona.me#. i.nY., .eo+. is.ns ① overall average rate I of reaction gas collected time taken = - ° • number of t-re.at . V2 - V, Cm 's particles • ROR • " total surface area " "' "" " • " t-re.at . • ROR . effective collisions ' * '" " " " ' -1 -1 , N ot ab tr - , I le = rate from -4-10-1 size of reactant effective collisions average • 1 """"" " me • t , -0 concentration of reactant rate of reaction average " • K in gd total volume of = y size of Reactant concentration . Temperature • • Presence of Temperature / Kinetic energy of particles • ' t-re.at collisions " Fire .ot . effective collisions • ROR pathway energy . • alternative catalyst ✓ with lower activation . • catalyst • • t-re.at Collisions . " • " t-re.at . effective collisions • ROR ^ " " Chemistry Chapter I metal ) . Duralumin Brass Pewter steel stainless steel 1 v - harder stronger resistant -10 corrosion . Glass . I made from silicon . - Fused silica soda time - glass Borosilicate Lead glass - - - - - glass crystal glass ' ✓ Properties le - 1 -1 . hard but brittle chemically inert transparent waterproof heat and electrical insulator ab - . K in gd 1 Bronze Indystry in om where - the main element is Manufactured substances | Alloy lmixtureoftwoor more elements 8: . Ceramic lnon metal solid element N ot - made or - composite inorganic compound metalloid or of metal up non metal - ) lcombinationoftwoor more , , il Advanced Ceramic ceramic I • • • • heat hard & electrical insulator strong chemically high inert heat resistance ' - nomogeneous ' 1 Reinforced concrete Fibre glass 1 optical fibre J µ & non substances) . Traditional Material • break easily Photo chromic glass superconductor .
