The WHAT and WHY of Mother Tongue – Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION The What DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION What is Multilingual Education Mother tongue-based multilingual education (MLE) is education, formal or non - formal, in which the learner’s mother tongue and additional languages are used in the classroom. Learners begin their education in the language they understand best - their mother tongue - and develop a strong foundation in their mother language before learning additional languages. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Multilingual Education The purpose of a multilingual education program is to develop appropriate cognitive and reasoning skills enabling children to operate equally in different languages starting in the mother tongue. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Multilingual Education o is a structured program of language learning and cognitive development providing: a strong educational foundation in the first language successful bridging to one or more additional languages enabling the use of both/all languages for lifelong learning o is based in the child’s own known environment and bridges to the wider world. “Known to Unknown” DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Multilingual Education o maintains local language and culture while providing national/international language acquisition and instruction o promotes learners’ integration into the national society without forcing them to sacrifice their linguistic and cultural heritage. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Multilingual Education o Meaning based education enables students to learn well because they understand what the teacher is saying. o Using the culture the child knows enables immediate comprehension from which new concepts can be built – going from the known to the unknown. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Multilingual Education o Reading in the mother tongue enables immediate comprehension o Once we learn to read we never have to learn again – “ We only learn to READ once” DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION The Why DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION We are Multilingual - Usec. Dina DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION o One of the goals of effective teaching is to create a classroom environment that is both familiar to the learner and also stretches them beyond their previous experiences. How can teachers help bridge young learners from the learning styles of home to those of school? DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION o Children bring knowledge, opinion, perspectives and questions to the classroom. o Teachers should allow for learners’ different understanding of the world, and facilitate active reflection on those ideas and exploration of new ideas. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION The most basic of all pedagogical principles is this: Understand what the learner already knows and begin with that. “START FROM WHERE THE LEARNERS ARE” David Ausubel, 1968 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION We are Multilingual - Usec. Dina DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Group Task ■ Complete the table below. In your group, choose one mother tongue in the Philippines. Indicate the mother tongue you chose in the last column. Courteous Expressions (Leave-taking, everyday expression and special occasions) English Good morning! Good noon! Good afternoon! Good evening! Excuse me! May I go out! Welcome! Hello! or Hi! Goodbye! Happy birthday! Congratulations! Spanish Filipino Mother Tongue Group Task ■ Complete the table below. In your group, choose one mother tongue in the Philippines. Indicate the mother tongue you chose in the last column. Courteous Expressions (Leave-taking, everyday expression and special occasions) English Condolences! Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! Come again! Take Care! Have a good day! Please! May I! I apologize! How are you? Spanish Filipino Mother Tongue THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF MTB-MLE Reference: Teaching and Learning Languages and Multi-literacies: Responding to the MTB-MLE Challenge Let’s recall 1.According to your parents/guardians, when did you start talking? 2.What is your first language? 3.Who do you think influenced you the most in learning how to talk or communicate? Lesson 1 LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES OF LANGUAGE LANGUAGE ■Considered one of the elements of culture ■It is the system of words or signs that a particular group of people uses to express thoughts and feelings with each other ■Primary tool used in the communication process What are the linguistic elements of language? 1. Phonology – the sound system of a language 2. Morphology – the study of the structure of words 3. Syntax – the study of the structure of sentences 4. Semantics – the study of meaning in language 5. Pragmatics – the appropriate use of language in different contexts Why is language cultured-based? Language Environment All languages take place within a particular environment Language that is appropriate to one environment might appear meaningless or foolish in another 4 Elements of Language Environment ■People ■Their Purpose ■The Rules Communication by Which They Achieve their Purpose ■The Actual Talk Used in the Situation How do we acquire Language? Lesson 2 First Language Acquisition (FLA) and Literacy Development Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition 1. Behaviorist Perspective (B.F Skinner) Believe that language like any other knowledge, skills and values can be taught to children via repetition, imitation and habituation *Children learn to speak by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their responses strengthened by the repetitions, corrections and other reactions that adults provide. Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition 3 Basic Parts of Audio-lingual Teaching Method 1. Presentation through oral and dialogue form with little explanation. Errors are immediately corrected, accuracy emphasized, accurate repetition and memorization of the dialogue is the goal of this stage 2. Practice through patterned drills to help learners master the structure of the language and fluency overly emphasized Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition 3 Basic Parts of Audio-lingual Teaching Method 3. Application through the use of the memorized structures in different contexts Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition 2. Constructivist Perspective (J. Piaget and Lev Vygotsky) Argue that children are prewired to learn and acquire language as they go through different developmental stages Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition Cognitive Constructivism Stage Age Description Sensorimotor 0-18 months Knowledge is acquired and structured through sensory perception and motor activity. Schemes involve action rather than symbols Preoperational 2-6 years Knowledge is acquired and structured through symbols such as words, but schemes are intuitive rather than logical Concrete Operational 7-12 years Knowledge is acquired and structured symbolically and logically, but schemes are limited to concrete and present objects and events Formal Operational 12 years Knowledge is acquired and structured symbolically and and logically, and hypothetical/deductive (“if then) thinking can be older used to generate all the possibilities in particular situation Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition Cognitive Constructivism As children become sophisticated in their mental processes, the more susceptible they are in acquiring and manipulating language to represent ideas Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition Sociocultural Constructivism Lev Vygotsky emphasized the importance of private speech, children talking to themselves for turning shared knowledge into personal knowledge Vygotsky’s theory implies that cognitive development and the ability to use thought to control one’s own actions require first a mastery of cultural communication systems and then learning to use these systems to regulate one’s thought processes Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition Sociocultural Constructivism He explained that every individual has zone of proximal development (ZPD) – the gap between actually ability, something that they can do on their own and potential ability, something that they can do with help and supervision (scaffold) Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition The Critical Period (CP) Hypothesis Eric Lenneberg (1921-75) was a linguist and a neurologist who pioneered on innateness argued that the development of language in children can best be understood in the context of developmental biology that critical period in human maturation existed especially on language acquisition Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition The Critical Period (CP) Hypothesis Lenneberg believed that the development of language was said to be the result of brain maturation Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition Innateness (Noam Chomsky) Chomsky argued that children are endowed with the capacity to acquire a language as they are continuously exposed to adult speech INPUT Primary Linguistic Data (Adult Speech) LAD or Universal Grammar General language learning principles Grammatical Knowledge OUTPUT Child’s Speech Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition Interactionists’ Perspective Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (SLT) explains that children learn from each other and from others through observation, imitation and modeling This theory explains that children imitate the words and language patterns they hear by watching and listening to the models, caregivers and family members in their life Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition 4 Phases Bandura’s Analysis of Observational Learning 1. Attention Phase – Paying attention to the model This phase actually explains why teenagers are hooked up with pop culture 2. Retention Phase – Once teachers and adult have learner’s attention, it is time to model the behavior they want students to replicate and then give learners a chance to practice or rehearse Different Theories that Influence Language Acquisition 4 Phases Bandura’s Analysis of Observational Learning 3. Reproduction – learners attempt to replicate the model’s behavior In the classroom, this takes the form of an assessment of learners’ learning 4. Motivation Phase – Children will imitate a model because they believe that doing so will increase their own chances to be reinforced GROUP TASK ■ Critique the MTB-MLE Curriculum Framework in the Philippines ■ Discuss what needs to be improved (if any) and propose an alternative to improve the framework. ■ Then prepare an extemporaneous talk regarding your analysis of the MTB-MLE curriculum in the Philippines