WEB BASED
APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
WITH
PHP
By:Mr. Zameshkumar J. Balhare
Lecturer in Computer Department
Government Polytechnic, Gondia
1
Unit – 01
Expression and
Control
Statements in
PHP
2
PHP Definition:• The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a programming language that allows
web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is
basically used for developing web based software applications
• It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
• PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP.
PHP4 added support for Java and distributed object architectures.
• PHP Syntax is C-Like. Server side interpreted, non-compiled and scripting
language
• Written with HTML as code is executed by the server, but the result is displayed
to the user as plain HTML
• It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build
entire e-commerce sites.
3
Science Calculations
System
System
C uses curly
braces { } for
code blocks.
Scripting/
Interpreted
PHP Advantages:• Simplicity
• Efficiency
• Security
• Flexibility
• Familiarity
• Open Source
• Database
• Support
• Maintenance
• Scripting Langauge
5
Syntax of PHP :• Syntax
A PHP script starts with
<?php and ends with ?>
<?php
echo “Welcome to Online class”;
?>
The default file extension for PHP
files is ".php"
• Example
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo “Welcome to Online class”;
?>
</body>
</html>
6
Embedding PHP within HTML :• Inside a PHP file you can write • Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML like you do in regular HTML
<html lang=“en”>
pages as well as embed PHP code
<head>
for server side execution.
<meta charset=“UTF-8”>
• When it comes to integrating PHP
<title>How to put PHP in HTML - Simple
code with HTML content, you need to
Example</title>
enclose the PHP code with the PHP
</head>
start tag <?php and the PHP end tag
?>.
<body>
<h1><?php echo " Welcome to Online
• The important thing in the above
class.“;
?></h1>
example is that the PHP code is
</body>
wrapped by the PHP tags.
</html>
7
PHP Comments:• A comment in PHP code is a line that is • Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
not executed as a part of the program.
<html>
Its only purpose is to be read by
<body>
someone who is looking at the code.
<?php
• Purpose of comment is to make code
// This is a single-line comment
more readable. It may help other
# This is also a single-line comment
developer to understand the code.
• PHP support single line as well as
/* This is multiline comment block that
multiline comments.
span across more than.
• To start a single line comment either
*/
start with two slash (//) or hash (#).
?>
• Multiline comments start with /* and
</body>
end with */
</html>
8
PHP echo and Print:• In PHP, there are 2 way to get output or • Example
print output: echo and print.
<?php
• The echo statement is used with or
echo "Hello world!<br/>"; // display string
without parentheses: echo or echo().
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with
• The echo statement can display multiple parameters.<br/>"; // strings as multiple
anything that can be displayed to the
$a= “Hello, PHP”;
browser: string, number, variable value
$b= 5; $c=10;
and result of expression .
echo “$a<br/>”;
• The PHP print statement is similar to the
echo statement and use as a alternative.
echo $b.”+”.$c.”=“; //Display variable
• echo has no return value while print has a
echo $b+$c;
return value of 1 so it can be used in
?>
expressions
</body> </html>
9
PHP Print:• In PHP, echo can take multiple • Example
parameters (although such usage is
<?php
rare) while print can take one
print "Hello world!<br/>";
argument.
$a= “Hello, PHP”;
• echo is marginally faster than print.
$b= 5;
Output :$c=10;
Hello world!
print “$a<br/>”;
Hello, PHP
print $b.”+”.$c.”=“; //Display variable
5+10=15
print $b+$c;
?>
10
PHP Variable Scope:• Local Variable:• The variable declared within a
function called Local variable.
• So Local Variable scope is within
function only.
• Local Variable can not accessed
outside that function.
• And outside function such a
variable treat as different variable.
• Example
<?php
$num=10;
function local_var()
{
$num=50;
echo “local num=$num<br/>”;
} local_var();
echo “Variable num outside
local_var()=$num<br/>”;
?>
11
PHP Variable Scope:• Global Variable:• The variable declared outside a
function called Local variable.
• So Global Variable scope is all
function.
• Global Variable can accessed
outside that function.
• To get access within a function we
need to use “global” keyword
before the variable .
• Example
<?php
$num=10;
function local_var()
{
global $num;
echo “Access global variable within
function=$num<br/>”;
} local_var();
echo “Global Variable num outside of
local_var()=$num<br/>”;
?>
12
PHP $ and $$ Variable:• The $var is normal variable that • Example
store any value.
<?php
• The $$var is reference variable that
$a=“Hi”;
store the value of $variable inside it.
$$a=“GPG”;
• $a represent variable but $$a
represent a variable with the
echo $a.“<br/>”;
content of $a.
echo $$a.“<br/>”; // echo “$$a<br/>;”
$$a=$($a)
echo $Hi;
Output:?>
Hi
GPG
GPG
13
PHP Operators:Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Increment/Decrement operators
Logical operators
String operators
Array operators
Conditional assignment operators
14
PHP Arithmetic Operators:-
15
PHP Assignment Operators:-
16
PHP Comparison Operators:-
17
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators:-
18
PHP Logical Operators:-
19
PHP String Operators:-
20
PHP Array Operators:-
21
PHP Conditional Assignment Operators:-
22
PHP Data Types:• Variables can store data of different • PHP String
types, and different data types can do
different things.
• A string is a sequence of characters, like
• PHP supports the following data types: "Hello world!".
1) String
• A string can be any text inside quotes. You
can use single or double quotes:
2) Integer
3) Float (floating point numbers - also
<?php
called double)
$x = "Hello world!";
4) Boolean
$y = 'Hello GPG!';
5) Array
6) Object
echo $x;
7) NULL
echo "<br>";
8) Resource
echo $y;
?>
23
PHP Integer:• An integer data type is a non-decimal • In the following example $x is an integer. The
number between -2,147,483,648 and PHP var_dump() function returns the data
2,147,483,647
type and value:
• Rules for integers:
<html>
1) An integer must have at least one
<body>
digit
<?php
2) An integer must not have a decimal
$x = 5985;
point
var_dump($x);
3) An integer can be either positive or
negative
?>
4) Integers can be specified in: decimal
</body>
(base 10), hexadecimal (base 16),
</html>
octal (base 8), or binary (base 2)
notation
24
PHP Float:• A float (floating point number) is a • In the following example $x is an integer. The
number with a decimal point or a PHP var_dump() function returns the data
type and value:
number in exponential form.
• Output:float(10.68)
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x = 10.68;
var_dump($x);
?>
</body>
</html>
25
PHP Boolean:• A Boolean represents two possible • Example:states: TRUE or FALSE.
<?php
• Booleans are often used in $a = 11;
conditional testing. You will learn $b = 11.22;
more about conditional testing in a $c=“Hello”;
later chapter of this tutorial.
$d= True;
• Output:var_dump($a);
int(11)
var_dump($b);
var_dump($c);
float(11.22)
var_dump($d);
string(5) “Hello”
?>
bool(true)
26
PHP Array:• An array stores multiple values in • Example:one single variable.
• In the following example $cars is an array.
• Output:array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Volvo"
[1]=> string(3) "BMW" [2]=> string(6)
"Toyota" }
The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
</body>
</html>
27
PHP Object:• Classes and objects are the two • Example:main aspects of object-oriented • <?php
class Car {
programming.
public $color;
public $model;
• A class is a template for objects, public function __construct($color, $model) {
$this->color = $color;
and an object is an instance of a
$this->model = $model;
class.
}
public function message() {
• When the individual objects are
return "My car is a " . $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!";
created, they inherit all the } }
properties and behaviors from the
= new Car("black", "Volvo");
class, but each object will have $myCar
echo $myCar -> message();
echo "<br>";
different values for the properties.
$myCar = new Car("red", "Toyota");
echo $myCar -> message();
?>
28
PHP NULL Value:• Null is a special data type which can • Example:have only one value: NULL.
• A variable of data type NULL is a <html>
variable that has no value assigned <body>
to it.
<?php
• If a variable is created without a
$x = "Hello world!";
value, it is automatically assigned a
$x = null;
value of NULL.
var_dump($x);
• If a variable is created without a
?>
value, it is automatically assigned a
</body>
value of NULL.
</html>
29
PHP Resource:• The special resource type is not an • Example:actual data type. It is the storing of <html>
a reference to functions and <body>
resources external to PHP.
<?php
• A common example of using the
$f1 = fopen(“note.txt“,”r”);
resource data type is a database
var_dump($f1);
call.
echo”<br>”;
$link=mysql_connect(“localhost”,”root”,””);
var_dump($link);
?>
</body>
</html>
30
PHP Type Juggling:• Means dealing with variable type. • Example:• In PHP a variable type is determined <html>
<body>
by the context in which it is used.
<?php
• If an Integer value is assign to a
$var1= 1;
variable, it become a integer.
$var2=“20”;
• If an String value is assign to a
variable, it become a String.
$var3=$var1+$var2;
$var1=$var1+1.3
• PHP does not required explicit type
definition in a variable declaration.
$var1=5*”10 small birds”;
?>
• The conversion process whether
explicit or implicit known as……..
</body>
</html>
31
PHP Type Casting:• Typecasting is a way to convert one • Example:data type variable into different <html>
data type.
<body>
• A type can be cast by inserting one
<?php
of the cast in front of variable.
$count=“5”;
• Output:echo gettype($count);
string
$count is a string
settype($count,’int’);
integer
echo gettype($count);
$count is a integer
?>
</body> </html>
32
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:• If Statement:-
• Example:• The if statement is used to execute <html>
block of code only if the specified <body>
<?php
condition is true.
$a=10;
• Syntax:if($a>0)
if(condition)
{
{
echo “The number $a is Positive”;
// code to be execute
}
}
?>
</body> </html>
33
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:• If-else Statement:-
• Example:• The if...else statement executes some <?php
code if a condition is true and another $t = date("H");
code if that condition is false.
• Syntax:-
if (condition)
{
// code to be executed if condition is true;
} else
{
// code to be executed if condition is false;
}
if ($t < "10") {
echo "Have a good morning!";
}
else
{
echo "Have a good day!";
}
?>
34
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:• Nested-If Statement:-
• Example:<?php
• Means an if block inside another if block.
We use it when we have more than 2
$t = date("H");
condition and also called as if-else-if
statement
if ($t < "10") {
echo "Have a good morning!";
• Syntax:}
if (condition)
elseif ($t < "20") {
{ // code to be executed1 if condition is true;
echo "Have a good day!";
} elseif (condition)
}
{ // code to be executed2 if condition is true;
else {
} else
echo "Have a good night!";
{ // code to be executed1 if both condition1 and
condition2 are false
}
?>
}
35
PHP Decision Making Control Statements:• Switch Statement:• The switch statement is used to perform different actions
based on different conditions.
• Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.
• Syntax:switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}
• Example:<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor
green!";
}
?>
36
PHP Break and Continue Statements:• Break Statement:-
• Example:• The keyword break ends execution <?php
of the current for, for each, while, for($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
do while or switch structure.
{
• When break executed inside loop echo”$i<br/>”;
the control automatically passes to
if($i==3)
the first statement outside loop.
{
• Output:break;
1
}
2
}
?>
3
37
PHP Break and Continue Statements:• Continue Statement:-
• Example:• It is used to stop processing the <?php
current block of code in the loop for($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
and goes to the next iteration.
{
• It is used to skip a part of the body if($i==3)
of loop under certain condition.
{
• Output:continue;
}
1
echo”$i<br/>”;
2
}
4
?>
5
38
PHP Loop Control Statements:• while Statement:-
• Example:-
• It is execute block of code if and as <?php
$i=0;
long as a test condition is true.
• While is an entry controlled loop
while($i<=10)
statement.
• Syntax:while(if the condition is true)
{
// code is executed
}
{
echo”$i<br/>”;
$i+=2;
}
?>
39
PHP Loop Control Statements:• Do- while Statement:-
• Example:-
• It is exit control loop which means <?php
that it first enter the loop, execute
$i=1;
the statements and then check
condition.
do
• Statements is executed at least once .
• Syntax:do
{
// code is executed
} while(if the condition is true);
{
echo”$i<br/>”;
$i+=2;
} while($i<10);
?>
40
PHP Loop Control Statements:• For Statement:-
• Example:-
• It is used when you know how many <?php
time you want to execute a
$sum=0;
statement or a block of statement.
for($i=0;$i<=10;$i+=2)
• Also known as entry controlled loops.
• Syntax:for(initialization
expression;
test condition; update exp.)
{
// code is executed
}
{
echo”$i<br/>”;
$sum+=$i;
}
echo “Sum=$sum”;
?>
41
PHP Loop Control Statements:• foreach Statement:-
• Example:-
• It is used for array and object.
<?php
$arr= array (10,20,30,40,50);
• For every counter of loop, an array
element and the next counter is
foreach($arr as $i)
shifted to next element.
• Syntax:foreach (array_element as
value)
{
// code is executed
}
{
echo”$i<br/>”;
}
?>
42
Unit – 02
Arrays,
Functions and
Graphics
43
PHP Array Definition:• Array in PHP is type of data structure that allow to store multiple elements of
same data type under a single variable thereby saving us the efforts of creating
a different variable for every data.
• An Array in PHP actually an ordered map. A map is a type that associates values
to keys.
• An array stores multiple values of similar type in one single variable which can
be accessed using their index or key.
• An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.
• If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in
single variables could look like this:
$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
44
PHP Array Definition:• However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a
specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?.
• The solution is to create an array!
• An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can
access the values by referring to an index number.
Create an Array in PHP:• In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:
array();
45
PHP Array Type:• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
46
Get The Length of an Array:• The count() function is used to • Example:return the length (the number
<?php
of elements) of an array:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
• Output:"Toyota");
3
echo count($cars);
?>
47
Indexed or Numeric Array:• An array with a numeric index
where values are stores linearly
• Numeric array use number as
access key.
• Syntax 1:<?php
$variable_name[n]=value;
?>
• The index can be assigned
automatically (index always starts
at 0), like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota");
• or the index can be assigned
manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
48
Indexed or Numeric Array:• Syntax 1 Example:• Output:<?php
Computer Engg.
$course[0] = “Computer Engg.”;
Information Tech.
$course[1] = “Information Tech.”;
Civil
$course[2] = “Civil”;
// Accessing the element directly
echo $course[0+, “<br>”;
echo $course[1], “<br>”;
echo $course[2], “<br>”;
?>
49
Indexed or Numeric Array:• Syntax 2:• Example:<?php
<?php
$variable_name[n]=array(n=>value,
……….);
$course = array( 0=> “Computer Engg.”,
1 => “Information Tech.”, 2 => “Civil”);
?>
echo $course[0];
Output:?>
Computer Engg.
50
Loop Through an Indexed Array:• To loop through and print all the • Example:values of an indexed array, you <?php
could use a for loop, like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota");
• Output:$arrlength = count($cars);
Volvo
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++)
BMW
{
Toyota
echo $cars[$x], "<br>";
}
?>
51
Associative Arrays:• This type of array is similar to • Syntax:indexed array but instead of
linear storage, every value can
be assigned with user define <?php
key of string type.
$variable_name*‘key_name’+=value;
• Associative arrays are arrays
that use named keys that you $variable_name=array(‘key_name’
assign to them.
=> value,……….);
• An array with a string index
?>
where instead of linear storage,
each value assigned a specific
key.
52
Associative Arrays:• There are two ways to create
an associative array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35",
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
Or:$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";
• Example 1:<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35",
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
echo “Ben age is=”, $age*“Ben”+;
?>
Output:-
Ben age is= 37
53
Loop Through an Associative Array:• To loop through and print all • Example:the values of an associative <?php
array, you could use a foreach
$age = array("Peter"=>"35",
loop, like this:
• Output:Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" .
$x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
54
Multidimensional Arrays:• These are array that contain • Syntax:other nested array.
array (
• An array which contain single
array (elements….),
or multiple arrays within it an
array (elements….),
can be accessed via multiple
indices.
………
• PHP supports multidimensional
);
arrays that are two, three, four,
five, or more levels deep.
However, arrays more than
three levels deep are hard to
manage.
55
Multidimensional Arrays:• Example 1:-
// accessing elements
echo “Ram Email id is:”
<?php
.$person*0+*“email’”+
// Define multidimension array
$person = array(
echo “Laxman Age is:”
array(“name => “Ram”, “age” =>
.$person*1+*“age’”+
“20”, “email” => ram@gmail.com”),
?>
array(“name => “Laxman”, “age” =>
“18”, “email” => laxman@gmail.com”),
Output:array(“name => “Sita”, “age” => “19”,
Ram Email id is: ram@gmail.com
“email” => sita@gmail.com”)
Laxman Age is: 18
);
56
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:• First, take a look at the • We can store the data from the table
above in a two-dimensional array, like
following table:
this:
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
• Now the two-dimensional $cars array
contains four arrays, and it has two
indices: row and column.
57
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:• To get access to the elements
of the $cars array we must echo $cars[0][0].": In stock:
point to the two indices (row ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].".<br>";
and column):
<?php
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
echo $cars[1][0].": In stock:
".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1][2].".<br>";
echo $cars[2][0].": In stock:
".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2][2].".<br>";
echo $cars[3][0].": In stock:
".$cars[3][1].", sold: ".$cars[3][2].".<br>";
?>
58
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:-
•Output:Volvo: In stock: 22, sold: 18.
BMW: In stock: 15, sold: 13.
Saab: In stock: 5, sold: 2.
Land Rover: In stock: 17, sold:
15.
59
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:• We can use a for loop inside
another for loop to get element
from multidimensional array.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++)
{
echo "<p><b>Row number
$row</b></p>";
echo "<ul>";
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";
}
echo "</ul>";
}
?>
</body> </html>
60
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:• Output:Row number 0
• Volvo
• 22
• 18
Row number 1
• BMW
• 15
• 13
Row number 2
• Saab
• 5
• 2
Row number 3
• Land Rover
• 17
• 15
61
Extracting Data from Arrays :• You can use extract() function extract($course);
to extract data from array and echo “CO=$CO<br>”;
echo “IT=$IT<br>”;
store it in variables.
<html>
<title> Array </title>
<body>
<?php
$course*“CO”+ = “Computer Engg.”;
$course*“IT”+ = “Information Tech.”;
$course*“CE”+ = “Civil”;
echo “CE=$CE<br>”;
?>
</body> </html>
Output:
CO=Computer Engg.
IT=Information Tech.
CE=Civil
62
Compact() Function:• This function is opposite of Example:extract() function.
<?php
• It return an array with all the $var1=“PHP”;
variables added to it.
$var2=“JAVA”;
• The compact() functions create $var3=compact(“var1”, “var2”);
associative array whose key print_r(var3);
value are the variable name ?>
and whose values are the
variable values.
Output:Array( [var1]=> PHP [var2]=> JAVA)
63
Implode and Explode:• Imploding and Exploding are Syntax:couple of important functions string implode(separator, array);
of PHP that can be applied on
strings or arrays.
• The implode() function accept
• The implode() is a built-in two parameter out of which one
function in PHP and is used to is optional and one is
join the element of an array.
mandatory.
• The implode function return a • Separator:string from the element of an
array.
• Array:64
Implode :• Example:<html>
<head>
<title> array </title>
<body>
<?php
$course[0] = “Computer Engg.”;
$course[1] = “Information Tech.”;
$course[2] = “Civil”;
$text=implode(“,”,$course);
echo $text;
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:-
Computer Engg., Information Tech.,
Civil
65
Implode :• Example without separator:<html>
<head>
<title> array </title>
<body>
<?php
$inputArray= array(‘CO’, ‘IF’, ‘CE’);
// join without separator
print_r(implode($inputArray));
print_r(“<BR>”);
// join without separator
print_r(implode(“-”,$inputArray));
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:COIFCE
CO-IF-CE
66
Explode:• The explode() function break a
string into an array.
• The explode() is a built-in
function in PHP is used to split
a string in different string.
• The explode() function split a
string based on the string
delimeter.
• Syntax:array explode(separator,
OrignalString, NoOfElements);
• The implode() function accept
three parameter out of which
one is optional and two is
mandatory.
• Separator:-
• OrignalString:• NoOfElements
67
Explode :• Example:<html>
<head>
<title> array </title>
<body>
<?php
$str= PHP: Welcome to the
world of PHP;
print_r(explode(“ ”,$str));
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:-
Array ( [0]=> PHP: [1]=> Welcome
[2]=> to [3]=> the [4]=> world
[5]=> of [6]=> PHP
68
Array_flip() function :• The
array_flip()
function
flip/exchange all key with their
associated value in an array.
• The array_flip() is a built-in
function in PHP is used to
exchange element within array.
<html>
<head>
<title> array </title>
<body>
<?php
$a=array( “CO”=> “Computer Engg.”,
“IT” => “Information Tech.”, “CE” =>
“Civil”);
$result=array_flip($a);
print_r($result);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:Array ( [Computer Engg.]=> CO
[Information Tech.]=> IT [Civil]=> CE)
69
Traversing Arrays:• Traversing an array means to
visit each and every element of
array using a looping structure
and and iterator function .
• There are several way to
traverse array in PHP.
<?php
$course = array(“CO”, “IT”,
“CE”);
echo “Looping using
foreach:<br>”;
foreach($course as $val) {
echo $val “<br>”; $total = count($course);
echo “The number of element
are $total<br>”;
echo “Looping using for:<br>”;
for($n=0; $n<$total; $n++)
{
echo $course*$n+, “<br>”;
}
?>
70
Traversing Arrays:• Output:foreach($course as $val) {
Looping using foreach :
echo $val “<br>”; CO
$total = count($course);
IT
echo “The number of element
are $total<br>”;
CE
The number of elements are 5 echo “Looping using for:<br>”;
for($n=0; $n<$total; $n++)
Looping using for :
{
CO
echo $course*$n+, “<br>”;
IT
}
CE
?>
71
Modifying Data in Arrays:• Example:<html>
<head>
<title> Modifying in array </title>
<body>
<?php
$course*0+ = “Computer Engg.”;
$course*1+ = “Information Tech.”;
$course*2+ = “Civil”;
echo “Before Modification”;
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
echo $course[1], “<br>”;
echo $course[2], “<br>”;
echo “After Modification <br>”;
$course[1] = “Mechanical Engg.”;
$course[] = “Electrical Engg.”;
for($i=0; $i<count($course);$i++)
{
echo $course*$i+, “<br>”;
}
?> </body></html>
72
Modifying Data in Arrays:• Output:Before Modification
Computer Engg.
Information Tech.
Civil
After Modification
Computer Engg.
Mechanical Engg.
Civil
Electrical Engg
Deleting Array Element:• The unset() function is used to
remove element from array.
• The unset() function is used to
destroy any other variable and
same way use to delete any
element of an array.
• Syntax:void unset($var,….);
73
Deleting Array Element:• Example 1:<?php
$course = array(“CO”, “IT”,
“ME”, “CE”);
echo “Before Deletion: <br>”;
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
echo $course*1+, “<br>”;
echo $course*2+, “<br>”;
echo $course[3], “<br>”;
unset($course[1]);
echo “Before Deletion: <br>”;
print_r($course);
echo “Delete entire array
elements: <br>”;
unset($course[1]);
?>
• Output:Array ([0]=> CO [2]=> ME [3]=> CE)
Delete entire array elements:
74
Deleting Array Element:• Example 2:<?php
$course*0+ = “Computer Engg.”;
$course*1+ = “Information Tech.”;
$course*2+ = “Civil”;
$course[3] = “Electrical Engg.”;
echo “Before Deletion: <br>”;
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
echo $course*1+, “<br>”;
echo $course*2+, “<br>”;
echo $course[3], “<br>”;
echo “After Deletion: <br>”;
$course*1+ = “ ”;
for($i=0; $i<count($course);$i++)
{
echo $course*$i+, “<br>”;
}
?>
75
Deleting Array Element :• Output:Before Deletion:
Computer Engg.
Information Tech.
Civil
Electrical Engg.
After Deletion:
Computer Engg.
Civil
Electrical Engg
Reducing an array:• The array_reduce() function
apply a user define function to
each element of an array, so as
to reduce the array to a single
value.
• Syntax:• Mixed
array_reduce(array
$array,
callable
$callback
[, mixed $initial = null])
76
Reducing Array Element :• Example:<?php
$n = array(1, 3, 5, 7);
$total = array_reduce($n,
‘add’);
echo $total;
?>
• Output:- 16
Array_search:• The array_search() function an
array for a value and return the
key
• Syntax:• Mixed array_reduce (mixed
$to_find, array $input [, bool
$strict = false])
77
Array_search :• Example:<?php
$a = array(“a”=> “5”, “b”=>
“7”, “c”=> “9”,);
echo array_search(7, $a, true);
?>
• Output:- b
78
Sorting Array :• Sorting refer to ordering data in • ksort() - sort associative arrays in
an alphanumerical, numerical
ascending order, according to
order and increasing or
the key
decreasing fashion.
• Sorting function for array in PHP • arsort() - sort associative arrays
in descending order, according
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending
order
to the value
• rsort() - sort arrays in descending • krsort() - sort associative arrays
order
in descending order, according
• asort() - sort associative arrays in
to the key
ascending order, according to the
value
79
sort() and rsort() in Array :• Example:<?php
$num = array(40, 61, 2, 22, 13);
echo “Before sorting:<br>”;
$arrlen=count($num);
for($x=0; $x<$arrlen; $x++)
{
echo $num[$x], “<br>”;
}
echo “After sorting in Ascending
order:<br>”;
sort($num);
$arrlen=count($num);
for($x=0; $x<$arrlen; $x++)
{
echo $num*$x+, “<br>”;
}
echo “After sorting in Descending
order:<br>”;
80
sort() and rsort() in Array :sort($num);
$arrlen=count($num);
for($x=0; $x<$arrlen; $x++)
{
echo $num*$x+, “<br>”;
}
?>
• Output:Before sorting:40
61
2
22
13
After sorting in Ascending order:
2
13
22
40
61
81
sort() and rsort() in Array :Output:After sorting in Descending
order:
61
40
22
13
2
82
aort() and ksort() in Array :• Example:echo "<br>";
<?php
}
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", echo “Sorting according to Key:<br>”;
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
ksort($age);
echo “Sorting according to foreach($age as $x => $x_value)
Value:<br>”;
{
asort($age);
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" .
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) $x_value;
echo "<br>";
{
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . }
?>
$x_value;
83
aort() and ksort() in Array :Output:Sorting according to Value:
Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Sorting according to Key:
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Peter, Value=35
84
Splitting and Merging Array :• You can also cut up and • You can also merge two or more
merge array when needed.
array with array_mearge()
• Suppose you have 4 course in
array of course and you want
to get a subarray consisting of • Syntax:last 2 items.
• You can do this with array_merge(array1, array2,…..);
array_slice() function
• Syntax:array_slice(array, start, length,
preserve);
85
Splitting Array :• Example:echo “After Spliting array: <br>”;
<?php
subarray = array_slice($course, 1,
$course*0+ = “Computer Engg.”; 2);
foreach($subarray as $value)
$course*1+ = “Information Tech.”;
{
$course*2+ = “Civil”;
echo “Before Spliting array: <br>”; echo “Course: $value<br>”;
}
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
?>
echo $course*1+, “<br>”;
echo $course*2+, “<br>”;
86
Splitting Array :• Output:Before Spliting array:
Computer Engg
Information Tech.
Civil
After Spliting array:
Course: Information Tech.
Course: Civil
87
Merging Array :• Example:<?php
$sem5 = array(“ACN”, “OSY”,
“SEN”);
$sem6 = array(“WPD”, “JAVA”,
“Python”);
$subject = array_merge($sem5,
$sem6);
foreach($subject as $value) {
echo “Subject: $value<br>”;
}
?>
Output:Subject: ACN
Subject: OSY
Subject: SEN
Subject: WPD
Subject: JAVA
Subject: Python
88
array_diff() & PHP Array functions:• Example:<?php
$a1 = array(“ACN”, “OSY”,
“SEN”);
$a2 = array(“ACN”, “JAVA”,
“Python”);
$diff = array_diff($a1, $a2); ?>
Output:Array ([1]=> OSY [2]=> Python)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
array_intersect():array_chunk():array_combine():array_unique():array_count_value()
array_pop():array_product():array_push:array_reverse():array_sum():89
PHP Functions and its Types:• The real power of PHP comes • A function will be executed by a
from its functions.
call to the function.
• PHP function are similar to • There a two part
other programming language.
1) Crate a PHP function
• A function is a piece of code
which take one or more input 2) calling a PHP function
of parameter and does some
processing and return a value. • User define function declaration
• PHP has more than 1000 start with word function:
built-in functions, and in
addition you can create your
own custom functions.
90
PHP Functions and its Types:• Syntax:function functionName()
{
code to be executed;
}
• Example:<html>
<head>
<title> PHP function Program
</title> </head>
<body>
<?php>
function writeMessage()
{
echo “Welcome to PHP function!”;
}
writeMessage();
?> </body> </html>
Output:Welcome to PHP function!
91
PHP Functions with Parameters:• PHP gives you option to pass
your parameters inside a
function.
• Example 1:<html>
<head>
<title> PHP function with
parameter </title> </head>
<body>
<?php>
function add($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1+ $num2;
echo “Sum of two number is:
$sum”;
}
add(70,40);
?> </body> </html>
Output:Sum of two number is: 110
92
PHP Functions with Parameters:• Example 2:familyName(“Ram","1985");
<html>
familyName(“Laxman","1988");
<head>
familyName(“Sita","1990");
<body>
?>
</body> </html>
<?php
function familyName($fname,
$year) {
Output:echo “Name $fname Born in
Name: Ram Born in 1985
$year <br>";
Name: Laxman Born in 1988
}
Name: Sita Born in 1990
93
PHP Functions returning value:• A function can return a value
using the return statement in
conjunction with a value or
object.
• You can return more than one
value from a function using
return array (1,2,3,4).
• Example:<?php>
function add($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1+ $num2;
return $sum”;
}
$return_value = add(70,40);
echo “Returned value from the
function: $return_value”;
?>
Output:Returned value from the function: 110
94
Variable Functions:• PHP support the concept
variable function.
• Means that if variable name is
parentheses appended to it,
PHP will look for a function
with same name.
• Example:<?php>
function simple()
{
echo “In simple()<br/>”;
}
function data($arg =“”) ,
echo “In data(); argument was
‘$arg’.</br>”;
}
$func = ‘simple’;
$func();
$func = ‘data’;
$func(‘test’) ?>
Output:In Simple()
In data(); argument was ‘test’.
95
Anonymous Functions (Lambda Function):• We can define a function that
has no specified name. such a
function
is
Anonymous
Functions or Lambda Funcion.
• Use as a values of callback.
• The function is randomly
generated and returned.
• Example 1:<?php>
$add= creare_function( ‘$a’, ‘$b’,
‘return($a+$b)’);
$r = $add(2, 3);
echo $r;
?>
Output:5
96
Anonymous Functions (Lambda Function):• Example 2:?>
<?php>
Output:Welcome To GPG
$gpg= function($name);
Welcome To Computer Dept.
{
printf(“\nWelcome To”, $name);
};
$gpg(‘GPG’);
echo”<br>”;
$gpg(‘Computer Dept. ’);
97
Operation on String:• PHP string is a sequence of
characters i.e. used to store
and manipulate text .
• String is one of the data type
supported by PHP.
• The string variable can
contain
alphanumerical
characters.
• A “string” of text can be
stored in a variable in much
the same way as a numerical
value.
• But the assignment must surround
the string with quote mark (“…” or
‘…’)
Single quoted string:<?php
$name = ‘Ram’;
$str = ‘Hello $name’;
echo $str “br>”;
var_dump(‘Hello Ram’);
?>
Output: Hello $name
string(9) Hello Ram
98
Operation on String: Double quoted string:<?php
$name = ‘Ram’;
$str = “Hello $name”;
echo $str;
?>
Output: Hello Ram
99
Converting to and from Strings: Using number_format():// convert string in number
• The number_format() function echo number_format($num,3);
is used to convert string into a ?>
number.
Output: 2021
<?php
2021.042
$num = “2021.0429”;
//convert string in number
echo number_format($num),
“<br>”;
100
Converting to and from Strings: Using type casting:• Typecasting
can
directly // Type cast using float
convert a string into float, echo (float)$num, “<br>”;
double and integer primitive // Type cast using double
type.
echo (double)$num;
<?php
?>
$num = “2021.0429”;
Output: 2021
//Type cast using int
2021.0429
echo (int)$num, “<br>”;
2021.0429
101
Converting to and from Strings: Using intval() and floatval:• The intval() and floatval() // intval() convert string into float
function also convert a string echo floatval($num);
into its corresponding integer ?>
and float value.
<?php
Output: 2021
2021.0429
$num = “2021.0429”;
//intval() convert string into int
echo intval($num), “<br>”;
102
Type Specifier :• %: To display %.
• u: display as an unsigned
decimal number.
• b: display in Binary number.
• c: display as the corresponding • x: display as a hexadecimal
number.
ASCII character.
• d: display as a decimal number.
• e: for Scientific notation
• f: display as a real number.
• o: display as a octal number.
• s: display as a string.
103
Type Specifier:• Example:<?php>
printf(“ I have %s pens and %s
pencils. <br>”, 3, 12);
$m= 04;
$date= 29;
echo “The date is:”;
printf(“%02d-%02d-%04d <br>”,
$date, $m, $y);
$str=sprintf(“ After using I have ?>
%s pens and %s pencils.<br>”, 2,
Output:10);
I have 3 pens and 12 pencils.
echo $str, “<br>”;
After using I have 2 pens and 10 pencils.
$y=2021;
The date is: 29-04-2021
104
PHP String Functions:-
105
PHP String Functions:-
106
PHP String Functions:-
107
PHP String Functions:strcomp()
108
PHP String Functions:-
trim($str)
109
PHP String Functions:ltrim($str)
110
PHP Math Functions:-
111
PHP Math Functions :-
112
PHP Math Functions :-
113
PHP Math Functions :-
114
PHP Math Functions :-
115
Round():• This function take numerical
value as argument and return
the highest integer value by
rounding up value.
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP:
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN:
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN:
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_ODD:
Example:• round(1.75572,2) = 1.76
• round(2341757, -3)= 234200
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP)= 8
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN)= 7
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN)= 8
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_ODD)= 7
116
PHP Date Function:• PHP Date function is an In-built
function that works date data
type.
• The PHP date function is used
to format a date or time into a
human readable format.
• Syntax:date(format, timestamp);
Example:<?php
echo “Today’s Date is:”;
$today = date(“d/m/Y”);
echo $today;
?>
• Output:Today’s Date is: 01/04/2021
117
Get a Date:• Here are some characters that Example:are commonly used for dates: <?php
• d - Represents the day of the
month (01 to 31)
• m - Represents a month (01 to
12)
• Y - Represents a year (in four
digits)
• l (lowercase 'L') - Represents
the day of the week
echo "Today is " . date("Y/m/d") . "<br>";
echo "Today is " . date("Y.m.d") . "<br>";
echo "Today is " . date("Y-m-d") . "<br>";
echo "Today is " . date("l");
?>
• Output:Today is 2020/11/03
Today is 2020.11.03
Today is 2020-11-03
Today is Tuesday
118
Get a Time:• Here are some characters that Example:are commonly used for times:
<?php
echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa");
• H - 24-hour format of an hour (00
?>
to 23)
• Output:• h - 12-hour format of an hour
with leading zeros (01 to 12)
The time is 07:50:27am
• i - Minutes with leading zeros (00
to 59)
• s - Seconds with leading zeros (00
to 59)
• a - Lowercase Ante meridiem and
Post meridiem (am or pm)
119
Get Your Time Zone:• Example:-
• Create a Date With mktime():-
• Syntax:<?php
date_default_timezone_set("Americ mktime(hour, minute, second, month,
day, year)
a/New_York");
echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa"); • Example:?>
<?php
$d=mktime(03, 14, 54, 04, 01, 2021);
Output:echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d
The time is 03:40:15pm
h:i:sa", $d); ?>
Output:- Created date is 2021-04-01
03:14:54pm
120
Basic Graphics Concept:• PHP support basic computer
graphics. An image is a
rectangle of pixels of various
colors.
• Computer usually create color
using a color theory model
called RGB model.
• The three basic color that are
combine to create the colors
that we see on the computer
display.
• Creating an Image:• The imagecreate() function is used to
create a new image.
• Syntax:-
imagecreate(x_size, y_size);
• x_size and y_size parameter are in
pixel.
• Example:$img_height= 200;
$img_width= 400;
$img= imagecreate($img_height,
$img_width);
121
Basic Graphics Concept:• It is preferred to use
imagecreatetruecolor()
to
create a image instead of
imagecreate().
• Because the image processing
occurs on the highest quality
image possible which can be
create
using
imagecreatetruecolor() .
• To set a colors to be used in
image use imagecolorallocate()
• You can pass RGB value on
imagecolorallocate() to set color.
• If you want solid red the you had
pass red value 0-255 and blue
and green value 0.
$bg_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
200, 0, 0);
122
Basic Graphics Concept:• To send JPEG image back to • Example1:browser, you have to tell the <?php
Brower you are doing so with
the header function to set the $img_height= 200;
$img_width= 400;
image type.
• You sent the image with the $img= imagecreate($img_height,
$img_width);
imagejpeg() function.
$bg_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
• Imagegif():200, 0, 0);
• imagejpeg()
header(‘Content-Type:image/jpeg);
• Imagewbmp():imagejpeg($img);
?>
• Imagepng():123
Create Image:• Example1:<?php
$img_height= 200;
$img_width= 400;
$img=
@imagecreate($img_height,
$img_width);
$bg_color=
imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 0,
0);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img
src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
124
Draw Line on Image:-
125
Draw Line on Image:• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0);
// red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255);
// blue
imageline ($im, 5, 5, 195, 5, $red);
imageline ($im, 5, 5, 195, 195, $blue);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
126
Draw Rectangles on Image:Y1
X1
Y2
X2
127
Draw Rectangles on Image :• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0);
// red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255);
// blue
imagerectangle ($im, 5, 10, 195, 50, $red);
imagefilledrectangle ($im, 5, 100, 195, 140, $blue);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
128
Draw Ellipses on Image:-
129
Draw Ellipses on Image :• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0);
// red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255);
// blue
imageellipse($im, 50, 50, 40, 60, $red);
imagefilledellipse($im, 150, 150, 60, 40, $blue);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
130
Draw Arc on Image:-
131
Draw Arc on Image :• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0);
// red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255);
// blue
imagearc($im, 20, 50, 40, 60, 0, 90, $red);
imagearc($im, 70, 50, 40, 60, 0, 180, $red);
imagefilledarc($im, 20, 150, 40, 60, 0, 90, $blue, IMG_ARC_PIE);
imagefilledarc($im, 70, 150, 40, 60, 0, 180, $blue, IMG_ARC_PIE);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
132
Image with text:• The imagestring() function is an
inbuilt function in PHP which is
used to draw the string
horizontally.
• This function draw the string at
given position.
• Syntax:Imagestring( $image, $font, $x,
$y, $string, $color);
• Example:- png.php file name
<?php
header(‘Content-Type:image/jpeg);
$img= imagecreate(150, 50);
$bg_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
220, 230, 140);
$txt_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
0, 0, 0);
Imagestring( $img, 5, 6, 17, “Welcome
to GPG”, $txt_color);
imagepng($img);
?>
133
Image with text :• <?php;
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200)
$background_color = ima, 50, "Hello !", gecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0); // red
imagestring($im, 5, 10, "Hello !", $red);
imagestring($im, 2, 5$red);
imagestring($im, 3, 5, 90, "Hello !", $red);
imagestring($im, 4, 5, 130, "Hello !", $red);
imagestring($im, 5, 5, 170, "Hello !", $red);
imagestringup($im, 5, 140, 150, "Hello !", $red);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
134
Resize Image:-
135
Resize Image:• <?php;
$original_image = imagecreatefrompng("image.png");
$image_info = getimagesize("image.png");
$width = $image_info[0]; // width of the image
$height = $image_info[1]; // height of the image
$new_width = round ($width*0.7);
$new_height = round ($height*0.7);
$new_image = imagecreate($new_width, $new_height);
imagecopyresized($new_image, $original_image, 0, 0, 0, 0, $new_width, $new_height,
$width, $height);
imagepng($new_image,"resized_image.png");
imagedestroy($new_image);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
136
Displaying Image in HTML page:• If you had a PNG on the server, • Example:abc.png, you could display it <html>
this way in a web using HTML.
<head>
<title> Embedding created image in
<img src= “abc.png”>
HTML page </title>
</head>
• In the same way you can give <body>
the name of the script that <h2> PNG image create using script
generate the png image
</h2> <br>
<img src= “png.php”>
<img src= “png.php”>
</body> </html>
137
Creation of PDF Document:• FPDF is a PHP class which
allows generating PDF file with
pure PHP that is to say without
using a PDFlib library.
• F from FPDF stand for free.
• We may use it for any kind of
usage and modify it to suite we
need.
• Features of FPDF:Automatic page break.
Choice of measure unit, page
format and margins.
Page header and footer format.
Automatic line break and text
justification.
Image format (JPEG, GIF, and
PNG)
Color and line.
Page compression.
138
Cell():-
‘http://www.gpgondia.ac.in’
139
Creation of PDF Document :<?php
require(‘fpdf.php’);
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont(‘Arial’, ‘B’, 16);
$pdf->Cell(80, 10, ‘Welcome to online class’);
$pdf->Output(‘my_pdf.pdf’, ‘I’);
?>
140
Adding border , alignment, color , link in PDF Document :-
<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->Cell(80,10,‘Welcome to
GPG!',1,0,'R',false,'https://www.gpgondia.ac.in.com');
$pdf->Output(‘gpg.pdf','I'); // send to browser and display
?>
141
Adding background color in PDF Document :<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->SetFillColor(1,255,255);
$pdf->Cell(80,10,‘Welcome to
GPG!',1,0,'R',false,'https://www.gpgondia.ac.in.com');
$pdf->Output(‘gpg.pdf','I'); // send to browser and display
?>
142
Adding font colour by SetTextColor() in PDF Document :<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->SetFillColor(1,255,255);
$pdf->SetTextColor(255,254,254);
$pdf->Cell(80,10,‘Welcome to
GPG!',1,0,'R',false,'https://www.gpgondia.ac.in.com');
$pdf->Output(‘gpg.pdf','I'); // send to browser and display
?>
143
Saving the PDF Document :• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','I'); // Send to browser and display
• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','D'); // Force file download with
name given ( name can be changed )
• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','F'); // Saved in local computer
with the file name given
• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','S'); // Return the document as a
string.
144
Happy
Learning
Thank You !
145
Unit- 03
Object Oriented
Concept in PHP
146
Advantage of OOP:• OOP is an approach to software development that makes it easy to map
business requirement to code modules.
• PHP is OOP language, is a type of PL principle added to PHP, that helps in
building complex, reusable web application.
• OOP invoke the use of classes to organize the data and structure of application.
• We model our problems and process using object. So object oriented
application consist object that collaborate with each other to solve the problem
• By using OOP in PHP we can create modular web application and perform any
activity in the object model structure.
• By using OOP there is opportunity for code reuses within given application as
well as across different project.
147
Basic OOP Concepts:• Classes:- This is a programmer-defined data type, which includes local
functions as well as local data.
• Objects:- An individual instance of the data structure defined by a class.
• Properties:- Characteristics of a class or object are known as properties.
• Methods:- The behavior of a class that is, action associated with class.
• Member Variable:- An individual instance of the data structure defined by a
class.
• Member function:- These are the function defined inside a class and are
used to access object data.
• Inheritance:- When a class is defined by inheriting the existing function of a
parent class then it is called inheritance.
• Parent Class:- A class that is inherited from another class.
148
Basic OOP Concepts:• Child Class:- A class that inherits from another class. This is also called a
subclass or derived class.
• Polymorphism:- This is an object-oriented concept where the same function
can be used for different purposes
• Overloading − A type of polymorphism in which some or all operators have
different implementations depending on the types of their arguments.
• Data Abstraction − Any representation of data in which the implementation
details are hidden.
• Encapsulation − refers to a concept where we encapsulate all the data and
member functions together to form an object.
• Constructor & Destructor:- Object Formation and Object Deletion.
149
Creating Classes and Object in PHP:• A class is template for object, and • Create Object:object is an instance of class.
• Example:<?php
class Car
• Syntax:{
<?php
}
class classname_of_class
$Maruti
=
new
Car();
{
$Honda = new Car();
// code is here
print_r($Maruti );
}
print_r($Honda );
?>
?>
150
Creating and Using Property:• Class Prosperity are very similar to Declaring Properties:variables.
Understanding Property Visibility:class MyClass
• Public:- Access by any code, {
whether that code is inside or
pubic $property1;
outside the class.
• Private:- Access only by the code private $property2;
inside the class.
protected $property3;
• Protected:- Like private property }
but difference is any class that
inherits from the class can access.
151
Creating and Using Property:• Example:-
<?php
class Car
{
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
function set_name($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name()
{
return $this->name;
}
}
?>
152
Accessing Property and Method:• Once we have created Object we can • Example1:use the -> (object operator) to
<?php
access property and method of the
class Student
object.
{
• Syntax:var $roll_no;
var $name;
$object->property_name;
function display()
{
$object->method_name([arg,…..]);
echo “Roll No:” . $this->roll_no .
“<br>”
153
Accessing Property and Method:echo “Name:” . $this-> name;
}
}
$s1 = new Student;
$s1 -> roll_no =12;
$s1 -> name = “Ram”;
$s1 -> display();
?>
Output:- Roll No: 12
Name: Ram
• Example2:<?php
class Fruit
{
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
154
Accessing Property and Method:function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}
echo $apple->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo $banana->get_name();
?>
$apple = new Fruit();
$banana = new Fruit();
$apple->set_name('Apple');
$banana->set_name('Banana');
Output:Apple
Banana
155
Accessing Property and Method:Example:<?php
class Rectangle
{
// Declare properties
public $length = 0;
public $width = 0;
// Method to get the area
public function getArea(){
return ($this->length * $this>width);
}
}
// Create a new object from
// Method to get the perimeter
Rectangle class
public function getPerimeter(){
$obj = new Rectangle;
return (2 * ($this->length + $this// Get the object properties values
>width));
}
echo $obj->length;
156
Accessing Property and Method:// Call the object methods
echo
“Perimeter:” . $obj// Set object properties values
>getPerimeter() . “<br>”;
$obj->length = 30;
echo “Area” . $obj->getArea();
$obj->width = 20;
?>
Output:- Perimeter: 100
// Read the object properties values
Area: 600
again to show the change
echo $obj->width;
echo $obj->length;
echo $obj->width;
157
Differences:self
• Self keyword is not preceded by
any symbol.
• To access class variable and
method using the self keyword, we
use scope resolution operator ::
• It is refer to the static member of
class.
• Example:- self::<class_member>
this
• this keyword should be preceded
with a $ symbol.
• -> symbol is used with $this as we
have used with an object to access
the property of that object.
• It is refer to the non static member
of class with -> operator.
• Example:- $this -> <class_member>
158
__construct Function in PHP:• A constructor allows you to Example:initialize an object's properties
class MyClass
upon creation of the object.
{
• If you create a __construct()
function, PHP will automatically function_construct()
call this function when you create
{
an object from a class.
echo “Welcome to PHP constructor.
• Notice that the construct function <br>”;
starts with two underscores (__)!
}
• Constructor saves us from calling
the set_name() method which }
reduces the amount of code.
$obj = new Myclass;
159
__construct Function in PHP:Constructor Type:• Default Constructor:• It has no parameters, but the value
to the default constructor can be
pass dynamically.
• We can define constructor by using
function__construct()
Example:<?php
class Sample
{
function Sample()
{
echo “Its a user define constructor of
the class Sample. <br>”;
}
function__construct()
{
echo “Its a Pre-define constructor of the
class Sample. <br>”;
}
}
$obj = new Sample; ?>
160
__construct Function in PHP:Constructor Type:• Parameterized Constructor:• It take the parameters and you can
pass the value to the data member.
• It is use to initialize member variable
at the time of object creation.
• -> operator is use to set value for
variable.
Example:<?php
class emp
{
private $fname;
private lname;
public function__construct($fname,
$lname)
{
echo “Initializing the object…. <br>”;
$this->fname = $fname;
$this->lname = $lname;
}
public function showName()
{
161
__construct Function in PHP:echo “ My name is “. Mr.” . $this>fname . “ ” . this->lname;
}
}
$e1 = new emp ( “Ram”, “Mishra”);
e1->showName();
Output:-
Initializing the object….
My name is Mr. Ram Mishra
Example2:<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
function __construct($name, $color)
{
$this->name = $name;
$this->color = $color;
}
162
__construct Function in PHP:function get_name()
{
echo “ $this->name is”;
}
function get_color()
{
return $this->color;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit("Apple", "red");
echo $apple->get_name();
echo $apple->get_color();
?>
Output:- Apple is Red
163
__destruct Function in PHP:• A destructor is called when the Syntax:object is destructed or the script is function_destruct()
stopped or exited.
{
• If you create a __destruct() function,
PHP will automatically call this
}
function at the end of the script.
• Notice that the destruct function
starts with two underscores (__)!
• A __destruct() function that is
automatically called at the end of
the script.
164
__destruct Function in PHP :Example:<?php
class emp
{
Private $fname;
private lname;
public function__construct($fname,
$lname)
{
echo “Initializing the object…. <br>”;
$this->fname = $fname;
$this->lname = $lname;
}
public function__destruct()
{
echo “Destroying Objrct…..”;
}
public function showName()
{
165
__destruct Function in PHP :echo “ My name is “. Mr.” . $this- Example2:>fname . “ ” . this->lname;
<?php
}
class Fruit {
}
public $name;
public $color;
$e1 = new emp ( “Ram”, “Mishra”);
function __construct($name, $color)
e1->showName();
{
Output:Initializing the object….
My name is Mr. Ram Mishra
Destroying Objrct…..
$this->name = $name;
}
166
__destruct Function in PHP :Advantages
of
__destruct
function __destruct()
function:{
• Destructor is used to free up
echo "The fruit is {$thismemory allocation, so that space
>name}.";
is available for new object or free
}
up resources for other task.
}
• It effectively make programs run
$apple = new Fruit("Apple");
more efficiently and is very
?>
Output:- This fruit is Apple
useful as they carry clean up
tasks.
167
Inheritance in PHP:• Inheritance in OOP = When a The new sub class.
class derives from another class. • Syntax:• The child class will inherit all the class Parent
public and protected properties
and methods from the parent {
class. In addition, it can have its // parent class code
own properties and methods.
}
• An inherited class is defined by class Child extends Parent
using the extends keyword.
{
• We create a new sub class with
all functionality of that existing // The child can be use the
class, and we add ne member to parent class code }
168
Inheritance in PHP :Example 1:}}
<?php
Class Rect extends Shape
class Shape
{
{
public $height;
public $length;
public function__construct($length,
public $width;
$width, $height)
public function__construct($length,
{
$width)
{
$this->length = $length;
$this->length = $length;
$this->width = $width;
$this->width = $width;
$this->height = $height;
169
Inheritance in PHP :}
public function intro()
Output:{
The length is 10, the width is 20 and
echo "The length is {$this->length}, the height is 30
the width is {$this->width} and the
height is {$this->height} ";
}
}
$r = new Rect( 10, 20, 30)
$r-> intro();
?>
170
Inheritance in PHP :Example 2:<?php
class Shape
{
public $length;
public $width;
public function__construct($length,
$width)
{
$this->length = $length;
$this->width = $width;
}
public function intro()
{
echo "The length is {$this->length} and
the width is {$this->width} ";
}}
Class Rect extends Shape
{
public $height;
public
function__construct($length,
$width, $height)
{
$this->length = $length;
171
Inheritance in PHP :$this->width = $width;
$this->height = $height;
}
protected function introduction()
{
echo "The length is {$this->length},
the width is {$this->width} and the
height is {$this->height} ";
}
}
$r = new Rect( 10, 20, 30);
$r-> intro();
$r-> introduction();
?>
Output:The length is 10 and the width is 20
Fatal error
172
Inheritance in PHP :}
Example 3:protected function intro()
<?php
{
class Shape
echo "The length is {$this->length}
{
and the width is {$this->width} ";
public $length;
}}
public $width;
Class Rect extends Shape
public function__construct($length,
{
$width)
public function introduction()
{
{
$this->length = $length;
echo “The shape is Rectangle”;
$this->width = $width;
173
Inheritance in PHP :$this->intro();
Type of Inheritance:-
• Single Inheritance:-
}
}
$r = new Rect( 10, 20, 30);
$r-> introduction();
?>
Output:The shape is Rectangle. The length is
10 and the width is 20
When a subclass is derived simply
from its parent class then this
mechanism is known as Simple
inheritance or Single or one level
Inheritance.
A
B
174
Inheritance in PHP :• Syntax:class Parent
{
// parent class code
}
class Child extends Parent
{
// The child can be use the parent
class code
}
• Multilevel Inheritance:When a subclass is derived from a
derived class then this mechanism is
known as the multilevel Inheritance.
A
B
C
175
Inheritance in PHP :• Syntax:class A
{
}
class B extends A
{
}
class C extends B
{
}
• Example:<?php
class grandparent
{
function level1()
{
echo “ Grand-Parent <br>”;
}}
class parent extends grandparent
{
function level2()
176
Inheritance in PHP :{
echo “Parent <br>”;
}}
class child extends parent
{
function level3()
{
echo “ Child <br>”;
}}
$obj = new child()
$obj = level1();
$obj = level2();
$obj = level3();
?>
Output:Grand-Parent
Parent
Child
177
Inheritance in PHP :• Example:• Hierarchical Inheritance consist of <?php
Single parent class and is inherited by {
multiple child class.
public function f_a()
• In this type one class is extended by
{
many subclasses.
echo “class A”;
• It is one-to-many relationship.
}
A
}
class b extends a
B
C
D
{
• Hierarchical Inheritance:-
178
Inheritance in PHP :public function f_b()
{
echo “class B”;
}
}
class c extends a
{
public function f_c()
{
echo “class C”;
}
}
echo c::f_c(). “<br>”;
echo c::f_a()
?>
Output:class C
Class A
179
Method or Function Overloading in PHP:• If the derived class is having a Example:same method name as the base <?php
class then the method in the
derived class take precedence class Base
over or overrides the base class {
method
function show()
• Function overloading or method
{
overloading is the ability to
create multiple function of the
echo “Display Base <br>”;
same name with different
}
implementation depending on
types of their requirement.
}
180
Method or Function Overloading in PHP :class Derived extends Base
{
function show()
{
echo “Display Derived”;
}
}
$obj = new Derived();
$obj = show();
?>
• Output:- Display Derived
• To call base class show() method
we can use parent::method();
• Scope resolution operator (::) is
used to refer function and variable
in base class.
function show()
{
parent::show();
echo “Display Derived”;
}
181
Method or Function Overriding in PHP:• In function overriding, both Example:parent and child classes should <?php
have same function name with class P
and number of arguments.
{
• It is used to replace parent
function geeks()
method in child class.
{
• The purpose of overriding is to
echo "Parent";
change the behavior of parent
}
class method.
• The two methods with the same }
name and same parameter is class C extends P
{
called overriding.
182
Method or Function Overriding in PHP:function geeks()
{
echo "\nChild";
}
}
$p = new P;
$c= new C;
$p->geeks();
$c->geeks();
?>
• Output:- Parent
Child
• When a method or a class is
declared as final then overriding
on that method or class cannot
be performed also inheritance
with the class is not possible.
183
Class Overriding using Final Keyword:echo "<br> In the BaseClass Method
display function";
}
}
// as the base class is declared as final
function ABC()
$obj1 = new BaseClass;
$obj1->display();
{
echo "<br> In the BaseClassMethod $obj1->ABC();
ABC function";
Output:}
In the BaseClass Method ABC function
function display()
In the BaseClass Method display function
{
Example:final class BaseClass
{ // here you cannot extend the base class
184
Method Overriding using Final Keyword :Example:class BaseClass
{ // Final method – display
echo "<br /> In the Base cLass ABC
function";
}
}
// this cannot be overridden in base class
class
DerivedClass
extends
BaseClass
final function display()
{
{
function ABC()
echo "<br /> In the Base class
{
display function";
echo "<br /> In the Derived class ABC
}
function";
function ABC()
}
{
}
185
Method Overriding using Final Keyword :Cloning Object:$obj1 = new DerivedClass;
$obj1->display();
$obj1->ABC();
• Object cloning is the process in
PHP to create a copy of an object.
• An object copy is created by using
the clone keyword.
• When an object is cloned, PHP will
Output:perform a shallow copy of all
In the Base class display function object property.
In the Derived class ABC function
• Syntax:-$copy_object_name =
clone $object to_be_copied
186
Cloning Object :Example:<?php
class MyClass
{
public $color;
public $amount;
}
$obj = new MyClass();
$obj->color = 'red';
$obj->amount = 5;
$copy = clone $obj;
print_r($copy);
?>
• Output:MyClass Object ([color] => red
[amount] => 5)
187
__clone() method to break references:Example:<?php
class MyClass {
public $amount;
public function __clone()
{
$value = $this->amount;
unset($this->amount);
$this->amount = $value;
} } // or $amount = $value;
$value = 5;
$obj = new MyClass();
$obj->amount = &$value;
$copy = clone $obj;
$obj->amount = 6;
print_r($copy);
?>
Output:MyClass Object ([amount] => 5)
188
Introspection in PHP:• Introspection is the ability of a • You don’t need to know which
program to examine an object’s methods or properties are
characteristics, such as its name, defined when you write your
parent class (if any), properties, code.
and methods.
• Instead, you can discover that
• PHP offers a large number of information at runtime, which
functions that you can use to makes it possible for you to write
generic debuggers, serializes,
accomplish the task.
• With introspection, you can profilers.
write code that operates on any
class or object.
189
Introspection in PHP:-
190
Introspection :Example1:<?php
if(class_exists(‘GPG'))
{
$obj =new GPG();
echo "This is www.gpg.ac.in";
}
else
{
echo "Not exist";
}
?>
Output:- Not exist
191
Introspection :Example2:<?php
class GPG
{
//decl
}
if(class_exists(‘GPG'))
{
$obj =new GPG();
echo "This is www.gpg.ac.in";
}
else
{
echo "Not exist";
}
?>
Output:- This is www.gpg.ac.in
192
Introspection :Example3:<?php
class GPG
{
function co() {}
Function it() {}
}
$obj =new GPG();
$class_methods =
get_class_method(‘GPG’);
print_r($class_method);
?>
Output:- Array ([0]=> co [1]=> it)
193
Serialization and unserialization in PHP:• Serialization is a technique used
by programmer to preserve
their working data in a format
that can later be restore to its
previous form.
• Sterilizing
object
means
converting it to byte stream
representation that can stored
in a file.
• Serialization in PHP is mostly
automatic process.
• Example:<html>
<body>
<?php
$s_data = serialize(array("Red",
"Green", "Blue"));
echo $s_data;
$us_data = unserialize($s_data) ;
echo $us_data;
?>
</body></html>
194
Serialization in PHP:• Example 2:• Output:a:3:{i:0;s:3:"Red";i:1;s:5:"Green"; <?php
i:2;s:4:"Blue";}
class Student
Array ([0]=>Red [1]=>Green $age = 19;
[2]=>Blue
function show_Age()
{
echo $this->age;
}
}
195
Serialization in PHP:$stud = new Student;
Sstud->show_Age();
$s_obj = serialize($stud);
$fp = fopen(“gpg.txt”, “w”);
fwrite($fp, $s_obj);
fclose($fp);
$us_obj = unserialize($s_obj);
$us_obj->show_Age();
?>
196
Happy
Learning
Thank You !
197
Unit- 04
Creating and
Validating Forms
198
Web Page in PHP:• Now a days, PHP is becoming a • And submit it to web server for
standard in the world of web processing. Forms are used to
programming with its simplicity, communication between users
performance,
reliability, and server.
flexibility and speed.
• A form is an HTML tag that
• One of the most powerful Graphical User Interface (GUI)
feature of PHP is the way it item such as input box, check
box, radio button etc.
handles HTML forms.
• Form are essential parts in web • The form is define using the
development. Forms are used to <form>….</form>
get input from the user.
199
Web Page in PHP:-
200
Creating Web Page Using GUI component:• A document that containing • Two methods “get” and “post”
blank field, that the user can fill are commonly used to send data
the data or user can select the from HTML controls to PHP script
on server.
data it is known as form.
• Generally the data will store in • URL is used to specify the
the database. We can create and location, which helps browser
understand where to send the
use form in PHP.
• To get form data we need to use data on server mentioned in the
PHP superglobals $_GET and “action” attribute of a form.
$_POST.
201
Creating Web Page Using GUI component:• Example:<html>
<head>
<title>
Simple
PHP
program</title></head>
<body>
<form method =“get” action=
abc.php>
<input
name=
“username”
type=“text”>
<input
name=
“submit”
type=“Submit”>
</form>
</body></html>
GET Method:• The GET method sends the
encoded
user
information
appended to the page request
(to the url).
• The page and the encoded
information are separated by the
? character.
http://www.gpg.com/index.html
?name1=value1&name2=value2
202
Creating Web Page Using GUI component:• The GET method is restricted to
send up to 1024 character only.
• Never use GET method if we
have password or other
sensitive information to be sent
to server.
• GET can not be used to send
binary data, like image or word
document to server.
• The data sent by GET method
can
be
accessed
using
QUERY_STRING environment var
• Example:<?php
if(isset($_GET*“s1”+)
{
echo “Welcome” . $_GET*‘name’+.
“<br>”;
echo “You are” . $_GET*‘name’+.
“year old.”;
}
?>
203
Creating Web Page Using GUI component:</form>
<html>
</body></html>
<body>
<form
action
=“<?php
$_PHP_SELF?>” method= “GET”>
Name:<input
type=“text”
name= “name” >
Age:<input type=“text” name=
“age”>
<input name= “s1” value=“ok”
type=“Submit”>
204
Creating Web Page Using GUI component:• The data sent by POST method
Post Method:• The POST method transfer go through HTTP header so
information via HTTP headers, security depend on HTTP
protocol.
not through the URL.
• The POST method dose not have • The PHP provide $_POST
any restriction on data size to be associative array to access all the
sent information using POST
sent.
method.
• The POST method can be used
to send ASCII as well as Binary
data.
205
Creating Web Page Using GUI component:• Example:<?php
if(isset($_POST*“s1”+)
{
echo
“Welcome”
.
$_POST*‘name’+. “<br>”;
echo “You are” . $_POST*‘name’+.
“year old.”;
}
?>
<html>
<body>
<form
action
=“<?php
$_PHP_SELF?>”
method=
“POST”>
Name:<input
type=“text”
name= “name” >
Age:<input type=“text” name=
“age”>
<input name= “s1” value=“ok”
type=“Submit”></body></html>
206
Server Role:-
207
Server Role:-
Welcome.html
208
Server Role :• Example:- gpg.php
<?php
if(isset($_POST*“mailid”+)
{
echo
“<p>
Mail
id:”
$_POST*“mailid”+. ”;
}
?>
<html> gpg.html
<body>
<form method= “POST” action
=“gpg.php” >
<label>Mail id.</label>
. <input type=“text” name= “mailid”
id= “mailid”>
<input type=“Submit”
value=“Submit”>
<input type="reset">
</form></body></html>
209
Form Control :HTML Input Types:•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
<input type="button">
<input type="checkbox">
<input type="color">
<input type="date">
<input type="datetime-local">
<input type="email">
<input type="file">
<input type="hidden">
<input type="image">
<input type="month">
<input type="number">
• <input type="password">
• <input type="radio">
• <input type="range">
• <input type="reset">
• <input type="search">
• <input type="submit">
• <input type="tel">
• <input type="text">
• <input type="time">
• <input type="url">
• <input type="week">
210
Form Control :Text Field:- gpg.html
<html> <body>
<form method= “POST” action
=“gpg.php” >
<label
for="fname">First
name:</label><br>
<input
type="text"
id="fname"
name="fname"><br>
<label
for="lname">Last
name:</label><br>
<input
type="text"
id="lname"
name="lname">
<input
name=
“s1”
value=“ok”
type=“Submit”></body></html>
gpg.php:<?php
if(isset($_POST*“s1”+)
{
echo
“First
Name”
$_POST*“fname”+. “<br>”;
echo
“Last
Name”
$_POST*“lname”+;
}
?>
.
.
211
Form Control :Radio Button:- gpg.html
gpg.php:-
<html> <body>
<form method= “POST” action
=“gpg.php” >
<label>
Select
your
Gender
</label></br>
<input type=“radio” value= “male”
name=“gender” >Male</br>
<input type=“radio” value= “female”
name=“gender” >Female</br>
<input
type=
“submit”
value=“Submit”>
</form></body></html>
<?php
if(isset($_POST*“gender”+)
{
echo
“<p>Gender:”
$_POST*“gender”+. “</p>”;
}
?>
.
212
Form Control :Text Area:- gpg.html
gpg.php:-
<html> <body>
<form method= “POST” action
=“gpg.php” >
<label> Suggestion: </label><br>
<textarea name= “data” id= “data”
cols= “50” row= “5”>
</teaxarea>
<input
name=
“submit”
type=“Submit”>
</form></body></html>
<?php
if(isset($_POST*“data”+)
{
echo
“<p>Suggestion:”
$_POST*“data”+. “</p>”;
}
?>
.
213
Form Control :Check Box:- gpg.html
<html> <body>
<form
method=
“POST”
action
=“gpg.php” >
<label> Select your Hobbies </label></br>
<input type=“checkbox” value= “Cricket”
name=“cricket” >Cricket</br>
<input type=“checkbox” value= “Football”
name=“football” >Football</br>
<input type=“checkbox” value= “Hokey”
name=“hokey” >Hokey</br>
<input
type=
“submit”
value=“Submit”></form></body></html>
gpg.php:<?php
echo “<p>You Hobbies are:” .
$_POST*“cricket”+.
“,”
.
$_POST*“football”+.
“,”
.
$_POST*“hokey”+. “</p>”;
?>
214
Form Control :ListBox:- gpg.html
<html> <body>
<form
method=
“POST”
action
=“gpg.php” >
<label>
Select
your
Gender:
</label></br>
<select
name=“gender”
id=
“gender”>Cricket</br>
<option value= “Male”>Male</option>
<option
value=
“female”>female</option>
<input
type=
“submit”
value=“Submit”></body></html>
gpg.php:<?php
if(isset($_POST*“gender”+)
{
echo “<p>You Gender is:” .
$_POST*“gender”+. “</p>”;
}
?>
215
Form Control :Buttons:- gpg.html
<html> <body>
<form method= “POST” action
=“gpg.php” >
<input
type=
“submit”
name=“btnSub”
value=
“Save
Changes”>
<input
type=
“submit”
name=“btnDel” value= “Delete”>
<input
type="button"
onclick="alert('Hello
World!')"
value="Click Me!">
</form></body></html>
gpg.php:<?php
if($_SERVER *‘REQUEST_METHOD’
==‘GET’+)
{
if(isset($_POST*“btnDel”+) {
echo “Delete Button is clicked”;
} else {
echo “Save Button is clicked”;
} }
?>
216
Form Control :hidden:- gpg.html
<html> <body>
<form method= “POST”
action =“gpg.php” >
<input
type=
“hidden”
name=“user_id” id=“user_id
value= “101”>
<input type= “submit” value=
“Submit”>
<input
type="button"
</form></body></html>
gpg.php:<?php
if(isset($_POST*“user_id”+)
{
echo
“USER
ID:”
$POST*“user_id”+ . “</p>”;
}
?>
.
217
Working with Multiple Forms:A Web page having multiple form • uniquely identify the form in
can be processed in two type
web page with multiple form.
Posting each form to different • Data from each form to separate
PHP script file for processing.
PHP script file for processing by
• Multiple functionality can be specific PHP script filename in
provided in a single web page by the action attribute of the form.
providing multiple forms in a
web page having different • Each PHP script should be
written in such a fashion that will
functionality.
• Each form on this web page will handle all the data coming from
the form.
be given a separate name that
218
Posting each form to different PHP script file:multiform.html
<html> <body>
<form name = “mailform”
method=
“POST”
action
=“maildata.php” >
<input
type=
“text”
name=“email” id=“email”>
<input type= “submit” name =
“mailsub” value = “Send mail”>
</form>
<form name = “mobileform”
method=
“POST”
action
=“mobiledata.php” >
<input type= “text” name
=“mobileno” id=“mobileno”>
<input type= “submit” name =
“mobilesub” value = “Send
Contact info”>
</form>
</html> </body>
219
Posting each form to different PHP script file:Maildata.php
mobiledata.php
<?php
<?php
if($_SERVER *‘REQUEST_METHOD’
if($_SERVER
==‘POST’+)
*‘REQUEST_METHOD’ ==‘POST’+)
{
{
if(!empty($_POST*“mobilesub”+)) {
if(!empty($_POST*“mailsub”+)) {
echo
“Your
mail
id
is:”
.
echo “Your mail id is:” . $POST*‘mobileno’+;
$POST*‘email’+;
}
}
}
}
?>
?>
220
Working with Multiple Forms:Posting all form to single PHP • uniquely identify the form in
web page with multiple form.
script file for processing.
• Multiple functionality can be • Data from each form to single
provided in a single web page by PHP script file for processing by
providing multiple forms in a specifying PHP script filename in
web page having different the action attribute of the form.
functionality.
• Each PHP script should be
• Each form on this web page will written in such a fashion that will
handle all the data coming from
be given a separate name that
multiple form.
221
Posting all form to single PHP script file:singleform.html
<html> <body>
<form name = “mailform”
method=
“POST”
action
=“singleform.php” >
<input
type=
“text”
name=“email” id=“email”>
<input type= “submit” name =
“mailsub” value = “Send mail”>
</form>
<form name = “mobileform”
method=
“POST”
action
=“singleform.php” >
<input type= “text” name
=“mobileno” id=“mobileno”>
<input type= “submit” name =
“mobilesub” value = “Send
Contact info”>
</form>
</html> </body>
222
Posting all form to single PHP script file :singleform.php
if(!empty($_POST*“mobilesub”+))
<?php
{
if($_SERVER
*‘REQUEST_METHOD’ ==‘POST’+) echo “Your mail id is:” .
{
$_POST*‘mobileno’+;
if(!empty($_POST*“mailsub”+))
}
{
echo “Your mail id is:” . }
$_POST*‘email’+;
?>
}
else
223
A Forms having multiple Submit Buttons:• Multiple operation can be • Single PHP script is sufficient to
provided on a single form by handle all the operation
providing different buttons for mentioned on the button in the
form.
different operation.
• Based on which button is clicked • PHP script will identify the
data in the form is processed buttons which is being clicked
differently for the operation and will carry out the operation
according to it.
mentioned on the button.
• Identification of the button is
done by its name on the server.
224
A Forms having multiple Submit Buttons :multibutton.html
<input type= “submit” name =
<html> <body>
“subbtn” value = “Subtract”>
<form name = “arithmatic” </form>
method=
“POST”
action
=“multibutton.php” >
</html> </body>
<input
type=
“text”
name=“no1” id=“no1”>
<input
type=
“text”
name=“no2” id=“no2”>
<input type= “submit” name =
“addbtn” value = “Add”>
225
A Forms having multiple Submit Buttons :multibutton.php
<?php
if($_SERVER
*‘REQUEST_METHOD’ ==‘POST’+)
{
if(isset($_POST*“addbtn”+))
{
echo “Addition of this two
number is:” . ((int)$_POST*‘no1’+ +
((int)$_POST*‘no2’+);
}
else
if(isset($_POST*“subbtn”+))
{
echo “Subtraction of this two
number is:” . ((int)$_POST*‘no1’+ ((int)$_POST*‘no2’+);
}
}
?>
226
Web Page Validation:• Use may mistakenly submit the • empty():- Ensure that text field is
data through form with empty not blank it is with some data.
or in wrong format.
• is_numerical():- Ensure that data
• PHP script must ensure that entered in a text field is a
required field are complete and numerical value.
submit data is in valid format.
• preg_match():- Used to perform
• PHP provide some inbuilt validation for entering text in the
function by using this function text field, function accepts a
that input data can be validated. “regular expression”.
227
A Forms having multiple Submit Buttons :validation.html
<html> <body>
<form
method=
“POST”
action =“validation.php” >
Name: <input type= “text”
name=“name”
id=“name”/><br>
Mobile No: <input type=
“text”
name=“mobileno”
id=“mobileno”><br>
Email ID:<input type= “text”
name = “email” value =
“email”><br>
<input type= “submit” name =
“submit” value = “Submit”>
</form>
</html>
</body>
228
Posting all form to single PHP script file :validation.php
if(!is_numeric($_POST*“mobileno
<?php
”+))
if($_SERVER
{
*‘REQUEST_METHOD’ ==‘POST’+)
{
echo “Enter Valid Mobile
if(empty($_POST*“name”+))
Number</br>”;
{
}
echo
“Name
Can’t
be
$pattern= "^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.[_a-z0Blank</br>”;
9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9}
]+)*(\.[a-z]{2,3})$^”;
229
Posting all form to single PHP script file :validation.php
Output:-
if(!preg_match($pattern,$_P Name Can’t be Blank
OST*“email”+))
Enter
Valid
Mobile
Number
{
echo “Enter Valid email Enter Valid email ID.
ID.</br>”;
}
}
?>
230
Supergloabals:• The Superglobals array allow you
to specify where the input data
come from and that is what
method was used.
• Superglobals
are
predefine
variable in PHP which mean that
they are accessible, regardless of
scope.
• You can access them from any
function, class or file.
• $_SERVER
• $_REQUEST
• $_GET
• $_POST
• $_COOKIE
• $_SESSION
• $_FILE
• $GLOABALS
• $_PHP_SELF
• $_ENV
• $argc
• $agrv
231
Cookies:• PHP cookie is a small piece of
information which is stored at
client browser. It is used to
recognize the user.
• Cookie is created at server side
and saved to client browser. Each
time when client sends request to
the server, cookie is embedded
with request. Such way, cookie can
be received at the server side.
• In short, cookie can be created,
sent and received at server end.
• There are three steps involved in
identifying returning users −
• Server script sends a set of cookies
to the browser. For example name,
age, or identification number etc.
• Browser stores this information on
local machine for future use.
• When next time browser sends any
request to web server then it sends
those cookies information to the
server and server uses that
information to identify the user.
232
Cookies :-
233
Attribute of Cookies:• name:- This sets the name of the • Expiry − This specify a future time
cookie and is stored in an in seconds since 00:00:00 GMT on
environment
variable
called 1st Jan 2020. After this time cookie
HTTP_COOKIE_VARS. This variable will become inaccessible. If this
parameter is not set then cookie
is used while accessing cookies.
• Value − This sets the value of the will automatically expire when the
named variable and is the content Web Browser is closed.
• Domain − This can be used to
that you actually want to store.
• Path − This specifies the specify the domain name in very
directories for which the cookie is large domains and must contain at
valid. A single forward slash least two periods to be valid. All
character permits the cookie to be cookies are only valid for the host
and domain which created them.
valid for all directories.
234
Attribute of Cookies:• Security − This can be set to 1 to
specify that the cookie should
only be sent by secure
transmission
using
HTTPS
otherwise set to 0 which mean
cookie can be sent by regular
HTTP.
• Create Cookies With PHP:• PHP provide inbuilt function
setcookie(), that can send
appropriate header to create
the cookie on the browser.
• While creating the cookie, we
have to pass require arguments
with it.
• Only name argument must but it
is better to pass value, expire
and path to avoid any ambiguity.
• Syntax:setcookie(name, value, expire,
path, domain, secure, httponly);
235
Create Cookies :<html><body>
• <?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = “GPG";
•
setcookie($cookie_name,
$cookie_value, time() + (86400 *
30), "/");
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name
]))
{
echo "Cookie named '" .
$cookie_name . "' is not set!";
}
else
{
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name
. "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " .
$_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>
236
Create Cookies :<?php
setcookie("name", “Ganesh",
time()+3600, "/","", 0);
setcookie("age", "36",
time()+3600, "/", "", 0);
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Cookies </title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo "Set Cookies"?>
</body>
</html>
237
Accessing Cookies with PHP:<html><head>
<title>Accessing Cookies with
PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo $_COOKIE["name"]. "<br
/>";
echo
$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS["name"].
"<br />";
echo $_COOKIE["age"] . "<br />";
echo
$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS["age"] .
"<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>
238
Accessing Cookies with PHP:• You can use isset() function to
check if a cookie is set or not.
<html><head>
<title>Accessing Cookies with
PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
if(isset($_COOKIE["name"]))
{
echo "Welcome " .
$_COOKIE["name"] . "<br />";
}
else {
echo "Sorry... Not recognized" .
"<br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
239
Deleting Cookie with PHP:<?php
setcookie( "name", "", time()60, "/","", 0);
setcookie( "age", "", time()- 60,
"/","", 0);
?>
<html> <head>
<title>Deleting Cookies with
PHP</title></head>
<body>
<?php
echo "Deleted Cookies"
?>
</body>
</html
240
Session:• Cookies are used to store user • Session data is stored on the
data on the client’s browser is server side and each session is
not the most secure way of assigned with a unique session
storing data, it can be easily ID for that session data
hacked.
• As session data is store on the
• Cookies data for a website is server there is no need to send
uploaded every time a request is any data along with the URL for
sent for specify URL on the each request to server.
server.
• More data can be store in
• Both this problem can be solved session as compared with cookie
by using session data to store because location for storing data
is Server.
user data.
241
Session :-
242
Session:• A session creates a file in a
temporary directory on the
server where registered session
variables and their values are
stored.
• This data will be available to all
pages on the site during that
visit.
• The location of the temporary
file is determined by a setting in
the
php.ini
file
called
session.save_path.
• Before using any session variable
make sure you have setup this
path.
• PHP session is used to store and
pass information from one page
to another temporarily.
• PHP session technology widely
used in shopping website.
• Where we need to store and
pass cart information.
243
Start Session:• It is very easy to create and start • With the data store in that
session.
session in PHP.
• PHP session can be started by • Syntax:calling session_start() function.
• If it is new session then <?php
session_start() function will
generate a unique SID for the session_start();
?>
session.
• Else a same function will be
used to access existing along
244
Set Session Variables:• Session variable can be set with
a help of a PHP global variable:
$_SESSION.
• Data in the session is stored in
the form of keys and value pair.
• We can store any type of data
on the server, which include
array and object.
• Suppose, We want to store
username in the session.
• So it can be assessed whenever it
is required throughout the
session
• Syntax:<?php
session_start();
$_SEESION*“userneme”+= “GPG”;
?>
245
Set Session Variables :<?php
session_start(); // Start the session echo "Session variables are set.";
?>
?>
</body>
<html>
</html>
<body>
<?php
Output:// Set session variables
Session variables are set.
$_SESSION*“Name"+ = “GPG";
$_SESSION*“Address"+ = “Gondia";
246
Get Session Variables:• Session variable can be get with
a help of a PHP global variable:
$_SESSION.
• While accessing the data using
$_SESSION variable we have to
mentioned
key
in
the
$_SESSION variable.
• Suppose, We want retrieve the
data stored in session variable.
• Syntax:<?php
session_start();
echo
“Userneme:-”
$_SEESION*“userneme”+;
?>
247
Get Session Variables :<?php
session_start(); // Start the session
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Get session variables
echo “User Name:- ” .
$_SESSION*“Name"+. “.<br>”;
echo “Address:- ” .
$_SESSION*“Address"+. “.”;
</body>
</html>
Output:User Name:- GPG
Address:- Gondia.
248
Session_register():session_is_registered()
• The session_register() register • The
one or more global variables function can also be used to
make sure the variable exists
with the current session
• session_register() takes two before attempting to read the
arguments,
the
string value.
representing the variable name • Syntax:and the value to be assigned to
the variable
<?php
• Session variables are accessed
by using the variable name as session_register(‘username’,
the index key into the ‘GPG’);
?>
$_SESSION array.
249
Session_register():<?php
session_start(); // Start the session
session_register(‘username’,
‘GPG’);
function session_register($key,
$value)
{
$_SESSION[$key] = $value;
echo “Session is created and User
registration of “.$value.” is
completed</br>”;
}
function
session_is_registered($keyname)
{
echo “Checking Session exist or
not</br>”;
if(isset($_SESSION[$keyname])) {
echo “session exist<br/>;
return true;
}
250
Session_register():else
{
echo “session dose not
exist<br/>”;
return false;
}
}
?>
• Output:Session is created and User
registration of GPG is completed
251
Sending E-mail:• PHP
use
Simple
Mail
Transmission Protocol (SMTP) to
send mail.
• To send e-mail using PHP we
must configure the php.ini with
the details of how to sends
email.
• PHP Mail:• PHP mail is an inbuilt PHP
function which is used to send
emails from PHP scripts.
• It is cost effective way of
notifying users of important
events.
• It can also be used to send email,
to your newsletter subscriber,
password reset link to user,
activation link etc.
• Syntax:mail( to, subject, message, header,
parameters)
252
Sending E-mail:<html><head>
<title>Sending email using
PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$to = "xyz@somedomain.com";
$subject = "This is PHP mail";
$message = "<b>This is HTML
message.</b>";
$message .= "<h1>This is
headline.</h1>";
$header =
"From:abc@somedomain.com
\r\n";
$header .=
"Cc:afgh@somedomain.com
\r\n";
$header .= "MIME-Version:
1.0\r\n";
253
Sending E-mail:$header .= "Content-type:
text/html\r\n";
$retval = mail ($to, $subject,
$message, $header);
if( $retval == true )
{
echo "Message sent successfully.";
}
else
{
echo "Message could not be
sent...";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
254
Happy
Learning
Thank You !
255
Unit- 05
Database
Operation
256
MySQL Introduction:• MySQL
is
an
open-source
relational database management
system (RDBMS). It is the most
popular database system used
with PHP. MySQL is developed,
distributed, and supported by
Oracle Corporation.
• MySQL is named after co-founder
Monty Widenius's daughter: My
• SQL
the
abbreviation
for
Structured Query Language.
• MySQL is one of the best RDBMS
being used for developing various
web based software application.
• MySQL is main component of web
application like XAMPP, LAMP and
WAMP.
• MySQL is used by many popular
websites which include Facebook,
Flickr, Mediawiki, Twitter and
YouTube
• It is designed to allow simple
request from a database via
command.
257
MySQL Introduction:• MySQL database stores data into • +----+------------+-----------+----------------------+
tables like other relational | id | first_name | last_name | email|
+----+------------+-----------+----------------------+
database. A table is a collection of | 1 | Ram | Maharaj | rammaharaj@mail.com |
related data, and it is divided into | 2 | Laxma | Maharaj | laxmanmaharaj@mail.com
rows and columns
• The data in a MySQL database are • Each row in a table represents a
stored in tables which consists of data record that are inherently
connected to each other such as
columns and rows.
information related to a particular
• MySQL operate using client/server person, whereas each column
architecture in which the server represents a specific field such as
run on the machine the database id, first_name, last_name, email,
and client connect to the server etc
over network.
258
Feature of MySQL :• Easy to use:• Free to download:• Ease of Management:• Client/Server Architecture:• Compatible on many OS:• Robust Transaction support:• Compressive
application
Development:• High Performance:-
• No License Fee:• Security:• High Availability:• Scalability:• High Flexibility:• High Productivity:• Speed:-
259
Data type in MySQL :• Data type is specifies a
particular type of data, like
integer, floating point, Boolean
etc.
• MySQL support a number if SQL
standard data types in various
category.
• It use many different data type
broken into mainly 3 category:numeric, date ant time and
string type.
• We can determine the data type in
MySQL with the following
characteristics:
• The type of values (fixed or
variable) it represents.
• The storage space it takes is based
on whether the values are a fixedlength or variable length.
• Its values can be indexed or not.
• How
MySQL
performs
a
comparison of values of a
particular data type.
260
String Data Types:-
261
Numeric Data Types:-
262
Date and Time Types:-
263
Binary Large Object Data Types (BLOB):-
264
Accessing MySQL via the Command Line:the
command-line
• There are three main way can • Starting
interface:interact with MySQL:
• After installing XAMPP, you will be
1. Command Line
able to access the MySQL
2. Web interface such as executable from given directory
phpMyAdmin
C:\xampp\mysql\bin
3. Programming language like • MySQL default user will be root
and will not have had password
PHP
set.
• By using CMD select->Run, enter
CMD into the run box.
265
Accessing MySQL via the Command Line:• In window command prompt
enter below command
C:\xampp\mysql\bin\mysql -u
root
• You can check everything is
working as it should be.
SHOW databases;
For Linux:mysql -u root -p
• MySQL Commands:• SQL command and Keyword are
case-insensitive.
• It is recommended to use
uppercase for all database
operation.
• Table name are case-sensitive on
Linux, case insensitive on
window.
• It is recommended to use
lowercase for tables.
266
MySQL Commands:-
267
Database Related Command :• Creating Database:• A database is a collection of
data. MySQL allows us to store
and retrieve the data from
database in a efficient way.
• Syntax:CREATE DATABASE <database
name>;
• We can use/select created
database use using MySQL USE
Command:-
USE <database name>;
Example:MariDB
[none]>
CREATE
DATABASE GPG;
Query OK, 1 row affected(0.01
sec)
MariDB [none]> USE GPG;
Database Changed
MariDB [GPG]>
268
Database Related Command :• Table Related Command:• Drop Database:• We can drop/delete/remove a • In order to create a table we
MySQL database easily with the have to choose an appropriate
MySQL
DROP
DATABASE database to operation using USE
command.
command.
• It delete all the table of the • Table can created using CREATE
database along with database TABLE command into the
database and by mentioning the
permanently.
field with its type.
• Syntax:DROP DATABASE database name;
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Creating a Table:• In order to create a table we
have to choose an appropriate
database for operation using
USE command.
• Table can be created using
CREATE TABLE command into
the database and by mentioning
the field with its type.
• Syntax:CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS]
<table name> (<field name> data
type
[optional
parameter]0
ENGINE = storage engine;
• Example:• CREATE TABLE students(rolln
VARCHAR(16),
name
VARCHAR(120),
percent
float(5,2)) ENGINE MyISAM;
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Table Related Command :• Describe Command:• For checking whether your new
table has been created we can
use DESCRIBE command.
• Syntax:DESCRIBE<table name>;
• Adding Data to a Table:INSERT INTO <table name>
(colomn_1, column_2..) VALUES
(value_1, value_2..);
• Example:INSERT INTO student(rollno,
name, percent) VALUES (1, ‘Ram’,
75.4);
• Deleting Table:• Syntax:DROP Table<table name>;
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MySQL storage Engine:• A storage engine is a software
module that a database
management system use to
create, read, update data from a
database.
• There are two types of storage
engine in MySQL:- transection
and non- transection.
• List of storage engines
MySQL supported storage engines:
InnoDB
MyISAM
Memory
CSV
Merge
Archive
Federated
Blackhole
Example
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Connecting to MySQL Database:• Creating a Login files:• When a web site is developed
with PHP it contains multiple
program file files that will
require access to MySQL and
will thus need the login and
password details.
• It is good to create a single file
to store login credential and
then include that file whenever
it is needed.
• Example:- login.php
<?
$hn = ‘localhost’;
$db = ‘college’;
$un = ‘root’;
$pw = ‘’;
?>
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Connecting to MySQL Database:• All login credentials that are
used to log MySQL server are <?
saved in the file login.php, we
can include it in any PHP file to require_once ‘login.php’;
access the database by using $conn = new mysql($hn,
require_once statement.
$un, $pw, $db);
• It will generate a fatal error if if($conn->connect_error)
the file is not found.
die ($conn->connect_error);
?>
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Connecting to MySQL Database:• Building and Executing a Query: Example:<?php
require_once ‘login.php’;
<?php
$conn = new mysql($hn, $un,
$query = “SELECT * FROM $pw, $db);
if($conn->connect_error) die
STUDENT”;
($conn->connect_error);
$result = $conn->query($query);
$query = “SELECT * FROM
if(!$result) die($conn->error)
STUDENT”;
$result = $conn->query($query);
?>
if(!$result) die($conn->error)
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Connecting to MySQL Database:$result->data_seek($j);
$row = $result->num_row;
echo
‘Percentage’
.$resultfor($j=0; $j<row; ++$j)
>fetch_assoc()*‘percent’+.<br/>’;
{
}
$result->data_seek($j);
$result->close();
echo ‘Roll No.: ’ .$result- $conn->close();
>fetch_assoc()*‘rollno’+.<br/>’;
?>
$result->data_seek($j);
echo
‘Name:
’
.$result>fetch_assoc()*‘name’+.<br/>’;
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Connecting to MySQL Database:• Fetching a Row:• To fetch one row at a time
fetch_array() method is used to
fetched each row entirely at a
time.
• This return single row of data as
an array, which is then assigned
to the array $row.
Example:<?php
require_once ‘login.php’;
$conn = new mysql($hn, $un,
$pw, $db);
if($conn->connect_error) die
($conn->connect_error);
$query = “SELECT * FROM
STUDENT”;
$result = $conn->query($query);
if(!$result) die($conn->error)
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Connecting to MySQL Database:echo ‘Name: ’ .$row*‘name’+.
‘br/>’;
$row = $result->num_row;
echo
‘Percentage:
’
for($j=0; $j<row; ++$j)
.$row*‘percent’+. ‘br/>’;
{
}
$result->data_seek($j);
$result->close();
$row
=
$result$conn->close();
>fetch_array(MYSQLI_ASSOC);
echo ‘Roll No.: ’ .$row*‘rollno’+. ?>
‘br/>’;
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Connecting to MySQL Database:• Fetching a Row:-
• Closing a Connection:-
• MySQL_NUM:-
• Sresult->close();
• MSYQL_ASSOC:-
• $result->close();
• MySQL_BOTH:-
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Connecting to MySQL Database:• myslqli_fetch_object:<?php
$conn=mysqli_connect(“localhos
t”, “root”, “college”);
if(mysqli_connect_error())
{
echo “Failed to connect MySQL”;
}
$sql=
“SELECT
rollno,nane,
percent FROM student”;
$result= mysqli_query($conn,
$sql);
while($row=
myslqli_fetch_object($result));
{
echo $row->rollno;
echo $row->name;
echo $row->percent;
}
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Thank You!
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