SCHOOLOFSAI
NTMATTHI
AS,
I
NC.
Br
gy
.I
VTumaui
ni
,
I
sabel
a
S.
Y.20212022
SUBJECTTI
TLE:EARTHSCI
ENCE
st
QUARTER:
1/
Week13
SUBJECTTEACHER:
Jour
neyO.Aggabao/Jest
oniR.Cast
i
l
l
o
GRADELEVEL:
12
CHAPTERTI
TLE/
S
CONTENTSTANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
RocksandMi
ner
al
s
Thel
ear
ner
sdemonst
r
at
eanunder
st
andi
ngof
1.t
het
hr
eemai
ncat
egor
i
esofr
ocks
2.t
heor
i
gi
nandenv
i
r
onmentoff
or
mat
i
onofcommon
mi
ner
al
sandr
ocks
3.t
hev
ar
i
oussour
cesofener
gy(
f
ossi
l
f
uel
s,
geot
her
mal
,
hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
c)
Thel
ear
ner
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 makeapl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayuset
o
conser
v
eandpr
ot
ecti
t
sr
esour
cesf
orf
ut
ur
e
gener
at
i
ons
 Pr
epar
epl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayi
mpl
ementt
o
mi
ni
mi
zewast
ewhenpeopl
eut
i
l
i
zemat
er
i
al
sand
r
esour
ces
PRAYER
ComeHol
ySpi
r
i
t
Fi
l
l
t
hehear
t
sofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Andki
ndl
et
hem t
hef
i
r
eofYourl
ov
e
Sendf
or
t
hy
ourspi
r
i
t
,
OLor
d
Thatt
hef
aceoft
heear
t
hber
enewed
OGod,
whobyt
hel
i
ghtoft
heHol
ySpi
r
i
t
I
nst
r
uctt
hehear
tofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Gr
antt
hatbyt
hesameSpi
r
i
t
,
wemayev
er
Knowwhati
sr
i
ghtandev
err
ej
oi
cei
nHi
s
Consol
at
i
oni
nt
hr
oughChr
i
st
,
ourLor
d.
Amen.
ROCKSANDMI
NERALS
I
.LEARNI
NG
I
nt
hi
smodul
e,
t
hest
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 i
dent
i
f
ycommonr
ockf
or
mi
ngmi
ner
al
susi
ngt
hei
rphy
si
caland
chemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
es;
 cl
assi
f
yr
ocksi
nt
oi
gneous,
sedi
ment
ar
y
,
andmet
amor
phi
c;
 i
dent
i
f
yt
hemi
ner
al
si
mpor
t
antt
osoci
et
y
;
 descr
i
behow or
emi
ner
al
sar
ef
ound,mi
nedandpr
ocessedf
or
humanuse;
and
 descr
i
behowf
ossi
l
f
uel
sar
ef
or
med.
I
I
.DI
SCUSSI
ON
Resour
cessuchasr
ocksandmi
ner
al
sar
eofgr
eatv
al
uet
opeopl
e.Theypr
ov
i
de
mat
er
i
al
sandpr
oduct
st
hatt
hepr
esentsoci
et
ydemands.Theyar
esuedasosci
l
l
at
or
s
i
nel
ect
r
oni
cdev
i
ces,
pr
ov
i
det
ast
et
of
ood,
ori
ngr
edi
ent
sf
orpl
ast
erboar
ds.
Howar
et
heser
esour
cesf
oundi
nt
hePhi
l
i
ppi
nes?
RockCy
cl
e
Ther
ockcy
cl
ei
sapr
ocessi
nwhi
chr
ocksar
econt
i
nuousl
yt
r
ansf
or
medbet
ween
t
het
hr
eer
ockt
y
pesi
gneous,
sedi
ment
ar
yandmet
amor
phi
c.
t
he
Rocksofanyt
y
pecanbeconv
er
t
edi
nt
oanyot
hert
y
pe,ori
nt
oanot
herr
ockof
same
t
y
pe,
as
t
hi
s
di
agr
am
i
l
l
ust
r
at
es:
Conv
er
si
ont
omet
amor
phi
cr
ocksr
equi
r
escondi
t
i
onsofi
ncr
easedt
emper
at
ur
e
and/
ori
ncr
easedpr
essur
e,
conv
er
si
ont
osedi
ment
ar
yr
ocksoccur
sv
i
at
hei
nt
er
medi
at
e
st
ageofsedi
ment
s,
andconv
er
si
ont
oi
gneousr
ocksoccur
sv
i
at
hei
nt
er
medi
at
est
age
ofmagma:
I
ncr
easedt
emper
at
ur
eandpr
essur
eoccur
si
nsubduct
i
onzonesandi
nar
eas
wher
et
wopl
at
esofcont
i
nent
all
i
t
hospher
ecol
l
i
det
opr
oduceamount
ai
nr
ange,whi
l
e
i
ncr
easedpr
essur
ewi
t
houti
ncr
easedt
emper
at
ur
ei
spr
oducedwhensedi
ment
ar
yr
ocks
ar
edeepl
ybur
i
edundermor
esedi
ment
s.Sedi
ment
sar
epr
oducedwhenr
ocksar
e
upl
i
f
t
ed,weat
her
edander
oded,andt
her
esul
t
i
ngdet
r
i
t
almat
er
i
aldeposi
t
edi
nmar
i
ne
ort
er
r
est
r
i
albasi
ns.I
ft
hesedi
ment
sar
ebur
i
edunderf
ur
t
herl
ay
er
sofsedi
ment
,t
hey
canbecomel
i
t
hi
f
i
edt
opr
oduceasedi
ment
ar
yr
ock.Magmai
spr
oducedwhenr
ocks
ar
emel
t
ed.Thi
smel
t
i
ngcanoccurwhenal
i
t
hospher
i
cpl
at
edescendsi
nt
ot
heEar
t
h’
s
cr
ustata subduct
i
on zone,orwhen a mi
docean r
i
dge opens up and pr
oduces
decompr
essi
on mel
t
i
ng i
nt
he ast
henospher
e undert
he r
i
dge.When t
he magma
sol
i
di
f
i
es,
i
tbecomesani
gneousr
ock.
Ther
ockcy
cl
ehasmanyal
t
er
nat
i
v
epat
hway
s.Thef
ol
l
owi
ngdi
agr
am i
l
l
ust
r
at
es
oneoft
heseandgi
v
esani
ndi
cat
i
onoft
hepl
at
et
ect
oni
cset
t
i
ngwher
ei
toccur
s:
Cl
i
ck
t
he
l
i
nk
f
or
suggest
ed
ht
t
ps:
/
/
www.
zmesci
ence.
com/
sci
ence/
geol
ogy
/
t
y
pesof
r
ock/
r
eadi
ngs:
Mi
ner
al
s
Whatar
eMi
ner
al
s?
Al
lr
ocksexceptobsi
di
anandcoalar
emadeofmi
ner
al
s.(
Obsi
di
ani
sav
ol
cani
c
r
ockmadeofgl
assandcoali
smadeofor
gani
ccar
bon.
)Mostr
ockscont
ai
nsev
er
al
mi
ner
al
si
nami
xt
ur
echar
act
er
i
st
i
coft
hepar
t
i
cul
arr
ockt
y
pe.Wheni
dent
i
f
y
i
ngar
ock
y
oumustf
i
r
sti
dent
i
f
yt
hei
ndi
v
i
dual
mi
ner
al
st
hatmakeupt
hatr
ock.
Mi
ner
al
sar
e nat
ur
al
l
y occur
r
i
ng,i
nor
gani
c sol
i
ds wi
t
h a def
i
ni
t
e chemi
cal
composi
t
i
onandacr
y
st
all
at
t
i
cest
r
uct
ur
e.Al
t
hought
housandsofmi
ner
al
si
nt
heear
t
h
hav
ebeeni
dent
i
f
i
ed,j
ustt
enmi
ner
al
smakeupmostoft
hev
ol
umeoft
heear
t
h’
s
cr
ust
—pl
agi
ocl
ase,quar
t
z,or
t
hocl
ase,amphi
bol
e,py
r
oxene,ol
i
v
i
ne,cal
ci
t
e,bi
ot
i
t
e,
gar
net
,
andcl
ay
.
Toget
her
,t
hechemi
calf
or
mul
a(
t
he t
y
pes and pr
opor
t
i
ons oft
he chemi
cal
el
ement
s)andt
hecr
y
st
all
at
t
i
ce(
t
hegeomet
r
yofhow t
heat
omsar
ear
r
angedand
bondedt
oget
her
)det
er
mi
net
hephy
si
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofmi
ner
al
s.
Thechemi
calf
or
mul
aandcr
y
st
all
at
t
i
ceofami
ner
alcanonl
ybedet
er
mi
nedi
na
l
abor
at
or
y
,
butbyexami
ni
ngami
ner
al
anddet
er
mi
ni
ngsev
er
al
ofi
t
sphy
si
cal
pr
oper
t
i
es,
y
oucani
dent
i
f
yt
hemi
ner
al
.Fi
r
st
,y
ouneedt
obecomef
ami
l
i
arwi
t
ht
hephy
si
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofmi
ner
al
sandhowt
or
ecogni
zet
hem.
Mi
ner
al
s can be i
dent
i
f
i
ed by t
hei
rphy
si
calchar
act
er
i
st
i
cs.The phy
si
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofmi
ner
al
sar
er
el
at
edt
ot
hei
rchemi
calcomposi
t
i
onandbondi
ng.Some
char
act
er
i
st
i
cs,
suchasami
ner
al
’
shar
dness,
ar
emor
eusef
ulf
ormi
ner
ali
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on.
Col
ori
sr
eadi
l
yobser
v
abl
eandcer
t
ai
nl
yobv
i
ous,
buti
ti
susual
l
yl
essr
el
i
abl
et
hanot
her
phy
si
cal
pr
oper
t
i
es.
Howar
eMi
ner
al
sI
dent
i
f
i
ed?
Fi
gur
e1.Thi
smi
ner
al
hasshi
ny
,
gol
d,
cubi
ccr
y
st
al
swi
t
hst
r
i
at
i
ons,
soi
ti
spy
r
i
t
e.
Mi
ner
al
ogi
st
sar
esci
ent
i
st
swhost
udymi
ner
al
s.Oneoft
het
hi
ngsmi
ner
al
ogi
st
s
mustdoi
si
dent
i
f
yandcat
egor
i
zemi
ner
al
s.Whi
l
eami
ner
al
ogi
stmi
ghtuseahi
ghpower
edmi
cr
oscopet
oi
dent
i
f
ysomemi
ner
al
s,mostar
er
ecogni
zabl
eusi
ngphy
si
cal
pr
oper
t
i
es.
Checkoutt
hemi
ner
ali
nf
i
gur
e1.Whati
st
hemi
ner
al
’
scol
or
?Whati
si
t
sshape?Ar
et
he
i
ndi
v
i
dual
cr
y
st
al
sshi
nyordul
l
?Ar
et
her
el
i
nes(
st
r
i
at
i
ons)r
unni
ngacr
osst
hemi
ner
al
s?
Phy
si
calPr
oper
t
i
esandChemi
calPr
oper
t
i
esofMi
ner
al
s
Phy
si
calPr
oper
t
i
esofMi
ner
al
s
Col
or
,
St
r
eak,
andLust
er
Di
amondsar
epopul
argemst
onesbecauset
hewayt
heyr
ef
l
ectl
i
ghtmakest
hem v
er
y
spar
kl
y
.Tur
quoi
sei
spr
i
zedf
ori
t
sst
r
i
ki
nggr
eeni
shbl
uecol
or
.Not
i
cet
hatspeci
f
i
c
t
er
msar
ebei
ngusedt
odescr
i
bet
heappear
anceofmi
ner
al
s.
Col
or
Fi
gur
e2.Thi
smi
ner
al
i
sshi
ny
,
v
er
ysof
t
,
heav
y
,
andgol
di
ncol
or
,
andi
sact
ual
l
ygol
d.
Col
ori
sof
t
enusef
ul
,
butshoul
dnotber
el
i
edupon.Di
f
f
er
entmi
ner
al
smaybet
he
samecol
or
.Real
gol
d,
asseeni
nf
i
gur
e2,
i
sv
er
ysi
mi
l
ari
ncol
ort
ot
hepy
r
i
t
ei
nf
i
gur
e1.
Addi
t
i
onal
l
y
,somemi
ner
al
scomei
nmanydi
f
f
er
entcol
or
s.Quar
t
z,f
orexampl
e,
maybecl
ear
,whi
t
e,gr
ay
,br
own,y
el
l
ow,pi
nk,r
ed,oror
ange.Socol
orcanhel
p,butdo
notr
el
yoncol
orast
hedet
er
mi
ni
ngpr
oper
t
y
.Fi
gur
e3showsonesampl
eofquar
t
zt
hat
i
scol
or
l
essandanot
herquar
t
zt
hati
spur
pl
e.At
i
nyamountofi
r
onmakest
hequar
t
z
pur
pl
e.Manymi
ner
al
sar
ecol
or
edbychemi
cal
i
mpur
i
t
i
es.
Fi
gur
e3.Pur
pl
equar
t
z,
knownasamet
hy
st
,
andcl
earquar
t
zar
et
hesamemi
ner
al
despi
t
et
hedi
f
f
er
entcol
or
s.
Lust
er
Lust
erdescr
i
best
her
ef
l
ect
i
onofl
i
ghtof
fami
ner
al
’
ssur
f
ace.Mi
ner
al
ogi
st
shav
e
speci
alt
er
mst
odescr
i
bel
ust
er
.Onesi
mpl
ewayt
ocl
assi
f
yl
ust
eri
sbasedonwhet
her
t
hemi
ner
ali
smet
al
l
i
cornonmet
al
l
i
c.Mi
ner
al
st
hatar
eopaqueandshi
ny
,suchas
py
r
i
t
e,
hav
eamet
al
l
i
cl
ust
er
.Mi
ner
al
ssuchasquar
t
zhav
eanonmet
al
l
i
cl
ust
er
.
Lust
eri
showt
hesur
f
aceofami
ner
alr
ef
l
ect
sl
i
ght
.I
ti
snott
hesamet
hi
ngas
col
or
,soi
tcr
uci
alt
odi
st
i
ngui
shl
ust
erf
r
om col
or
.Forexampl
e,ami
ner
aldescr
i
bedas
“
shi
nyy
el
l
ow”i
sbei
ngdescr
i
bedi
nt
er
msofl
ust
er(
“
shi
ny
”
)andcol
or(
“
y
el
l
ow”
)
,whi
ch
ar
et
wodi
f
f
er
entphy
si
calpr
oper
t
i
es.St
andar
dnamesf
orl
ust
eri
ncl
udemet
al
l
i
c,
gl
assy
,
pear
l
y
,si
l
ky
,gr
easy
,anddul
l
.I
ti
sof
t
enusef
ult
of
i
r
stdet
er
mi
nei
fami
ner
alhasa
met
al
l
i
cl
ust
er
.Amet
al
l
i
cl
ust
ermeansshi
nyl
i
kepol
i
shedmet
al
.Forexampl
ecl
eaned
pol
i
shedpi
ecesofchr
ome,st
eel
,t
i
t
ani
um,copper
,andbr
assal
lexhi
bi
tmet
al
l
i
cl
ust
er
asdomanyot
hermi
ner
al
s.Oft
henonmet
al
l
i
cl
ust
er
s,
gl
assyi
st
hemostcommonand
meanst
hesur
f
aceoft
hemi
ner
alr
ef
l
ect
sl
i
ghtl
i
kegl
ass.Pear
l
yl
ust
eri
si
mpor
t
anti
n
i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngt
hef
el
dspar
s,whi
char
et
hemostcommont
y
peofmi
ner
al
.Pear
l
yl
ust
er
r
ef
er
st
oasubt
l
ei
r
i
descenceorcol
orpl
ayi
nt
her
ef
l
ect
edl
i
ght
,
samewaypear
l
sr
ef
l
ect
l
i
ght
.Si
l
kymeansr
ef
l
ect
i
ngl
i
ghtwi
t
hasi
l
kl
i
kesheen.Gr
easyl
ust
erl
ookssi
mi
l
art
ot
he
l
ust
erofsol
i
di
f
i
ed bacon gr
ease.Mi
ner
al
s wi
t
h dul
ll
ust
err
ef
l
ectv
er
yl
i
t
t
l
el
i
ght
.
I
dent
i
f
y
i
ngl
ust
ert
akesal
i
t
t
l
epr
act
i
ce.Remembert
odi
st
i
ngui
shl
ust
erf
r
om col
or
.
Di
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofnonmet
al
l
i
cl
ust
erar
edescr
i
bedi
nt
abl
e1.
Cany
oumat
cht
hemi
ner
al
si
nf
i
gur
e4wi
t
ht
hecor
r
ectl
ust
erf
r
om t
abl
e1?
Fi
gur
e4.(
a)Di
amondhasanadamant
i
nel
ust
er
.(
b)Quar
t
zi
snotspar
kl
yandhasa
v
i
t
r
eous,
orgl
assy
,
l
ust
er
.(
c)Sul
f
urr
ef
l
ect
sl
essl
i
ghtt
hanquar
t
z,
soi
thasar
esi
nous
l
ust
er
.
St
r
eak
Fi
gur
e5.Thest
r
eakofhemat
i
t
eacr
ossanungl
azedpor
cel
ai
npl
at
ei
sr
edbr
own.
St
r
eaki
st
hecol
orofami
ner
al
’
spowder
.St
r
eaki
samor
er
el
i
abl
epr
oper
t
yt
han
col
orbecausest
r
eakdoesnotv
ar
y
.Mi
ner
al
st
hatar
et
hesamecol
ormayhav
ea
di
f
f
er
entcol
or
edst
r
eak.Manymi
ner
al
s,suchast
hequar
t
zi
nt
hef
i
gur
e3,donothav
e
st
r
eak.
Tocheckst
r
eak,
scr
apet
hemi
ner
al
acr
ossanungl
azedpor
cel
ai
npl
at
e(
Fi
gur
e5)
.
Yel
l
owgol
dpy
r
i
t
ehasabl
acki
shst
r
eak,anot
heri
ndi
cat
ort
hatpy
r
i
t
ei
snotgol
d,whi
ch
hasagol
deny
el
l
owst
r
eak.
Speci
f
i
cGr
av
i
t
y
Densi
t
ydescr
i
beshowmuchmat
t
eri
si
nacer
t
ai
namountofspace:
densi
t
y=
mass/
v
ol
ume.
Massi
sameasur
eoft
heamountofmat
t
eri
nanobj
ect
.Theamountofspacean
obj
ectt
akesupi
sdescr
i
bedbyi
t
sv
ol
ume.Thedensi
t
yofanobj
ectdependsoni
t
s
massandi
t
sv
ol
ume.Forexampl
e,
t
hewat
eri
nadr
i
nki
nggl
asshast
hesamedensi
t
y
ast
hewat
eri
nt
hesamev
ol
umeofaswi
mmi
ngpool
.
Thespeci
f
i
cgr
av
i
t
yofasubst
ancecompar
esi
t
sdensi
t
yt
ot
hatofwat
er
.
Subst
ancest
hatar
edenserhav
ehi
gherspeci
f
i
cgr
av
i
t
y
.
Har
dness
Har
dnessi
st
hest
r
engt
hwi
t
hwhi
chami
ner
al
r
esi
st
si
t
ssur
f
acebei
ngscr
aped
orpunct
ur
ed.I
nwor
ki
ngwi
t
hhandsampl
eswi
t
houtspeci
al
i
zedt
ool
s,
mi
ner
al
har
dness
i
sspeci
f
i
edbyt
heMohshar
dnessscal
e.TheMohshar
dnessscal
ei
sbased10
r
ef
er
encemi
ner
al
s,
f
r
om t
al
ct
hesof
t
est(
Mohshar
dnessof1)
,
t
odi
amondt
hehar
dest
(
Mohshar
dnessof10)
.I
ti
sar
el
at
i
v
e,
ornonl
i
near
,
scal
e.Ahar
dnessof2.
5si
mpl
y
meanst
hatt
hemi
ner
al
i
shar
dert
hangy
psum (
Mohshar
dnessof2)andsof
t
ert
han
cal
ci
t
e(
Mohshar
dnessof3)
.Tocompar
et
hehar
dnessoft
womi
ner
al
sseewhi
ch
mi
ner
al
scr
at
chest
hesur
f
aceoft
heot
her
.
Wi
t
h aMohsscal
e,any
onecan t
estan unknown mi
ner
alf
ori
t
shar
dness.
I
magi
ney
ouhav
eanunknownmi
ner
al
.Youf
i
ndt
hati
tcanscr
at
chf
l
uor
i
t
eorev
en
f
el
dspar
,
butapat
i
t
escr
at
chesi
t
.Youknowt
hent
hatt
hemi
ner
al
’
shar
dnessi
sbet
ween
5and6.Not
et
hatnoot
hermi
ner
al
canscr
at
chdi
amond.
Cl
eav
ageandFr
act
ur
e
Br
eaki
ngami
ner
albr
eaksi
t
schemi
calbonds.Si
ncesomebondsar
eweaker
t
hanot
herbonds,eacht
y
peofmi
ner
ali
sl
i
kel
yt
obr
eakwher
et
hebondsbet
weent
he
at
omsar
eweaker
.Fort
hatr
eason,
mi
ner
al
sbr
eakapar
ti
nchar
act
er
i
st
i
cway
s.
Cl
eav
age
Fi
gur
e6.Acl
oseupv
i
ewofsodi
um chl
or
i
dei
nawat
erbubbl
eaboar
dt
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
SpaceSt
at
i
on.
Cl
eav
agei
st
het
endencyofami
ner
alt
obr
eakal
ongcer
t
ai
npl
anest
omake
smoot
hsur
f
aces.Hal
i
t
ebr
eaksbet
weenl
ay
er
sofsodi
um andchl
or
i
net
of
or
m cubes
wi
t
hsmoot
hsur
f
aces(
f
i
gur
e6)
.
Ami
ner
alt
hatnat
ur
al
l
ybr
eaksi
nt
oper
f
ect
l
yf
l
atsur
f
acesi
sexhi
bi
t
i
ngcl
eav
age.
Notal
lmi
ner
al
shav
ecl
eav
age.Acl
eav
ager
epr
esent
sadi
r
ect
i
onofweaknessi
nt
he
cr
y
st
all
at
t
i
ce.Cl
eav
agesur
f
acescanbedi
st
i
ngui
shedbyhowt
heyconsi
st
ent
l
yr
ef
l
ect
l
i
ght
,asi
fpol
i
shed,smoot
h,and ev
en.Thecl
eav
agepr
oper
t
i
esofa mi
ner
alar
e
descr
i
bedi
nt
er
msoft
henumberofcl
eav
agesand,i
fmor
et
hanonecl
eav
age,t
he
angl
esbet
weent
hecl
eav
ages.Thenumberofcl
eav
agesi
st
henumberordi
r
ect
i
onsi
n
whi
cht
hemi
ner
alcl
eav
es.Ami
ner
almayexhi
bi
t100cl
eav
agesur
f
acespar
al
l
elt
oeach
ot
her
.Thoser
epr
esentasi
ngl
ecl
eav
agebecauset
hesur
f
acesar
eal
lor
i
ent
edi
nt
he
samedi
r
et
i
on.Thepossi
bl
enumberofcl
eav
agesami
ner
almayhav
ear
e1,
2,
3,
4,
or6.I
f
mor
et
han1cl
eav
agei
spr
esent
,andadev
i
cef
ormeasur
i
ngangl
esi
snotav
ai
l
abl
e,
si
mpl
yst
at
ewhet
hert
hecl
eav
agesi
nt
er
sectat90°ornot90°
.
Toseemi
ner
alcl
eav
age,hol
dt
hemi
ner
alupbeneat
hast
r
ongl
i
ghtandmov
ei
t
ar
ound,mov
ei
tar
oundsomemor
e,t
oseehow t
hedi
f
f
er
entsi
desr
ef
l
ectl
i
ght
.A
cl
eav
agedi
r
ect
i
onwi
l
lshowupasasmoot
h,
shi
ny
,
ev
enl
ybr
i
ghtsheenofl
i
ghtr
ef
l
ect
ed
byonesetofpar
al
l
el
sur
f
acesont
hemi
ner
al
.
Mi
cahascl
eav
agei
nonedi
r
ect
i
onandf
or
mssheet
s(
f
i
gur
e7)
.
Fi
gur
e7.Sheet
sofmi
ca.
Fi
gur
e8.Thi
sr
oughdi
amondshowsi
t
soct
ahedr
al
cl
eav
age.
Mi
ner
al
scancl
eav
ei
nt
opol
y
gons.Fl
uor
i
t
ef
or
msoct
ahedr
ons(
f
i
gur
e8)
.
One r
eason gemst
ones ar
e beaut
i
f
uli
st
hatt
he cl
eav
age pl
anes make an
at
t
r
act
i
v
ecr
y
st
al
shapewi
t
hsmoot
hf
aces.
Fr
act
ur
e
Fr
act
ur
ei
sabr
eaki
nami
ner
alt
hati
snotal
ongacl
eav
agepl
ane.Fr
act
ur
ei
snot
al
way
st
hesamei
nt
hesamemi
ner
albecausef
r
act
ur
ei
snotdet
er
mi
ned byt
he
st
r
uct
ur
eoft
hemi
ner
al
.
Mi
ner
al
smayhav
echar
act
er
i
st
i
cf
r
act
ur
es(
f
i
gur
e9)
.Met
al
susual
l
yf
r
act
ur
ei
nt
o
j
aggededges.I
fami
ner
al
spl
i
nt
er
sl
i
kewood,
i
tmaybef
i
br
ous.Somemi
ner
al
s,
suchas
quar
t
z,
f
or
m smoot
hcur
v
edsur
f
aceswhent
heyf
r
act
ur
e.
Fi
gur
e9.Chr
y
sot
i
l
ehasspl
i
nt
er
yf
r
act
ur
e.
Al
l
mi
ner
al
shav
ef
r
act
ur
e.Fr
act
ur
ei
sbr
eakage,whi
choccur
si
ndi
r
ect
i
onst
hat
ar
e notcl
eav
age di
r
ect
i
ons.Some mi
ner
al
s,such as quar
t
z,hav
e no cl
eav
age
what
soev
er
.Whenami
ner
alwi
t
hnocl
eav
agei
sbr
okenapar
tbyahammer
,
i
tf
r
act
ur
es
i
nal
ldi
r
ect
i
ons.Quar
t
zi
ssai
dt
oexhi
bi
tconchoi
dalf
r
act
ur
e.Conchoi
dalf
r
act
ur
ei
st
he
wayat
hi
ckpi
eceofgl
assbr
eakswi
t
hconcent
r
i
c,
cur
v
i
ngr
i
dgesont
hebr
okensur
f
aces.
Howev
er
,some quar
t
z cr
y
st
al
s hav
e so many f
l
aws t
hati
nst
ead ofexhi
bi
t
i
ng
conchoi
dalf
r
act
ur
et
heysi
mpl
yex
hi
bi
ti
r
r
egul
arf
r
act
ur
e.I
r
r
egul
arf
r
act
ur
ei
sast
andar
d
t
er
mf
orf
r
act
ur
est
hatdonotexhi
bi
tanyoft
hequal
i
t
i
esoft
heot
herf
r
act
ur
et
y
pes.I
n
i
nt
r
oduct
or
ygeol
ogy
,t
hekeyf
r
act
ur
et
y
pest
or
ememberar
ei
r
r
egul
ar
,whi
chmost
mi
ner
al
sexhi
bi
t
,
andconchoi
dal
,
seeni
nquar
t
z.
Cr
y
st
alShape
Al
lmi
ner
al
sar
ecr
y
st
al
l
i
ne,butonl
ysomehav
et
heoppor
t
uni
t
yt
oexhi
bi
tt
he
shapesoft
hei
rcr
y
st
al
s,t
hei
rcr
y
st
alf
or
ms.Manymi
ner
al
si
nani
nt
r
oduct
or
ygeol
ogy
l
abdonotexhi
bi
tt
hei
rcr
y
st
alf
or
m.I
fami
ner
alhasspacewhi
l
ei
tgr
ows,i
tmayf
or
m
nat
ur
alcr
y
st
al
s,wi
t
hacr
y
st
alshaper
ef
l
ect
i
ngt
hegeomet
r
yoft
hemi
ner
al
’
si
nt
er
nal
cr
y
st
all
at
t
i
ce.Theshapeofacr
y
st
alf
ol
l
owst
hesy
mmet
r
yofi
t
scr
y
st
all
at
t
i
ce.Quar
t
z,
f
ori
nst
ance,f
or
mssi
xsi
dedcr
y
st
al
s,showi
ngt
hehexagonalsy
mmet
r
yofi
t
scr
y
st
al
l
at
t
i
ce.Ther
ear
et
wocompl
i
cat
i
ngf
act
or
st
or
ememberher
e:(
1)mi
ner
al
sdonot
al
way
sf
or
m ni
cecr
y
st
al
swhent
heygr
ow,and(
2)acr
y
st
alf
acei
sdi
f
f
er
entf
r
om a
cl
eav
agesur
f
ace.Acr
y
st
alf
acef
or
msdur
i
ngt
hegr
owt
hoft
hemi
ner
al
.Acl
eav
age
sur
f
acei
sf
or
medwhent
hemi
ner
al
i
sbr
oken.
Chemi
calPr
oper
t
i
esofMi
ner
al
s
Al
l
mi
ner
al
shav
eacer
t
ai
nar
r
angementofel
ement
si
nt
hei
rcr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
e.
Theycanber
epr
esent
edbyachemi
cal
f
or
mul
a,
whi
chpr
esent
st
hepr
opor
t
i
onsof
at
omst
hatconst
i
t
ut
et
hem.Forexampl
e,
t
hemi
ner
al
quar
t
zhasachemi
cal
f
or
mul
a
Si
O2.I
t
scr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
ei
sacont
i
nuousf
r
amewor
kofsi
l
i
conoxy
gen
t
et
r
ahedr
al
.Thechemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofmi
ner
al
sdependont
hei
rchemi
cal
f
or
mul
aand
cr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
e.I
t
scr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
ei
sacont
i
nuousf
r
amewor
kofsi
l
i
conoxy
gen
t
et
r
ahedr
al
.Thechemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofmi
ner
al
sdependont
hei
rchemi
cal
f
or
mul
aand
cr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
e.Sol
ubi
l
i
t
yandmel
t
i
ngpoi
ntar
echemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
escommonl
yused
t
odescr
i
beami
ner
al
.
1.Sol
ubi
l
i
t
yr
ef
er
st
heabi
l
i
t
yofasubst
ancet
odi
ssol
v
ei
nasol
v
entataspeci
f
i
ed
t
emper
at
ur
e.Forexampl
e,
bi
ot
i
t
e,
ami
ner
al
commonl
yf
oundi
ni
gneousr
ocks,
i
s
sol
ubl
ei
nbot
haci
dandbasesol
ut
i
ons.Thedi
ssol
ut
i
onr
el
easest
hel
oosel
y
boundpot
assi
um i
onsi
nt
hemi
ner
al
.
2.Mel
t
i
ngpoi
ntr
ef
er
st
ot
het
emper
at
ur
eatwhi
chsol
i
dt
ur
nsi
nt
ol
i
qui
d.Mi
ner
al
s
composedofat
omst
hatar
et
i
ght
l
ybondedwi
t
hi
nt
hecr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
ehav
ehi
gh
mel
t
i
ngpoi
nt
s.Forexampl
e,
quar
t
zmel
t
sabov
e1670°
C.
3.Cr
y
st
al
l
ogr
aphi
ct
echni
quessuchasXr
aydi
f
f
r
act
i
onar
eper
f
or
medt
o
det
er
mi
net
hecr
y
st
al
st
r
uct
ur
eoft
hemi
ner
al
.
Ot
herI
dent
i
f
y
i
ngChar
act
er
i
st
i
cs
Ther
ear
esomepr
oper
t
i
est
hatonl
yhel
pt
o di
st
i
ngui
shasmal
lnumberof
mi
ner
al
s,orev
enj
ustasi
ngl
emi
ner
al
.Anexampl
eofsuchaspeci
alpr
oper
t
yi
st
he
ef
f
er
v
escentr
eact
i
onofcal
ci
t
et
oaweaksol
ut
i
onofhy
dr
ochl
or
i
caci
d(
5%HCl
)
.Cal
ci
t
e
f
i
zzesoref
f
er
v
escesast
heHClsol
ut
i
ondi
ssol
v
esi
tandcr
eat
esCO2gas.Cal
ci
t
ei
s
easyt
oi
dent
i
f
yev
enwi
t
houtt
est
i
ngt
her
eact
i
ont
oHCl
,byi
t
shar
dness,l
ust
erand
cl
eav
age.
Anot
herspeci
alpr
oper
t
yi
smagnet
i
sm.Thi
scanbet
est
edbyseei
ngi
fasmal
l
magnetr
espondst
ot
hemi
ner
al
.Themostcommonmi
ner
al
t
hati
sst
r
ongl
ymagnet
i
ci
s
t
hemi
ner
almagnet
i
t
e.Aspeci
alpr
oper
t
yt
hatshowsupi
nsomesampl
eofpl
agi
ocl
ase
f
el
dspari
si
t
st
endencyt
o exhi
bi
tst
r
i
at
i
ons on cl
eav
age sur
f
aces.St
r
i
at
i
ons ar
e
per
f
ect
l
yst
r
ai
ght
,
f
i
ne,par
al
l
ell
i
nes.Magni
f
i
cat
i
onmayber
equi
r
edt
oseest
r
i
at
i
onson
pl
agi
ocl
asecl
eav
agesur
f
aces.Ot
herspeci
alpr
oper
t
i
esmaybeencount
er
ed on a
mi
ner
al
t
omi
ner
al
basi
s.
Somemi
ner
al
shav
eot
heruni
quepr
oper
t
i
es,
someofwhi
char
el
i
st
edi
nt
abl
e3.
Cany
ounameauni
quepr
oper
t
yt
hatwoul
dal
l
ow y
out
oi
nst
ant
l
yi
dent
i
f
yami
ner
al
t
hat
’
sbeendescr
i
bedqui
t
eabi
ti
nt
hi
schapt
er
?(
Hi
nt
:I
ti
smostl
i
kel
yf
oundony
our
di
nnert
abl
e.
)
RockI
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on
Exami
ner
ock.Lookf
ort
hef
ol
l
owi
ngchar
act
er
i
st
i
cs:
I
gneousr
ock–t
her
ei
sar
r
angementofmi
ner
al
cr
y
st
al
s;
t
her
ei
snof
ossi
l
sandf
ol
i
at
i
on.
(
Descr
i
becol
orandt
ext
ur
e)
.Thesear
ef
or
medf
r
om t
hecool
i
ngandsol
i
di
f
i
cat
i
onof
magmaorl
av
a.Thewor
d“
i
gneous”i
sder
i
v
edf
r
om Lat
i
ni
gneus,
whi
chmeans“
f
i
er
y
”or
on“
f
i
r
e”
.I
gneousr
ocksf
or
m athi
ghert
emper
at
ur
est
hanot
hert
y
pesofr
ocks.
3Way
si
nwhi
chi
gneousr
ocksf
or
m
1.Bel
owt
hesur
f
ace,f
r
om sl
owl
ycool
i
ngmagma-Thi
sr
esul
t
si
nt
hef
or
mat
i
on
ofcr
y
st
al
st
hatar
ev
i
si
bl
et
ot
henakedey
ewi
t
houtt
heai
dofamagni
f
y
i
ng
l
ens.Ther
esul
t
i
ngt
ext
ur
ei
scal
l
edphaner
i
t
i
c,
whi
chi
sder
i
v
edf
r
om t
heGr
eek
phaner
os,meani
ng“
v
i
si
bl
e”
.Theset
y
pesofi
gneousr
ocksar
ecal
l
edi
nt
r
usi
ve
orpl
ut
oni
c,si
ncet
heycoolunder
neat
ht
hesur
f
aceaspl
ut
ons.Exampl
esof
t
heser
ocksi
ncl
udegr
ani
t
e,
di
or
i
t
e,
andsy
eni
t
e.
2.Ont
hesur
f
ace,f
r
om r
api
dl
ycool
i
ngl
av
a-Thi
sr
esul
t
si
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onofv
er
y
smal
lcr
y
st
al
st
hatmaynotbev
i
si
bl
ewi
t
houtt
heuseofamagni
f
y
i
ngl
ens.
Theset
y
pesofi
gneousr
ocksar
ecal
l
edext
r
usi
veorvol
cani
c,si
ncet
heyar
e
usual
l
yext
r
udeddur
i
ngv
ol
cani
cer
upt
i
ons.Exampl
esoft
hesear
ebasal
t
,
andesi
t
e,
andr
hy
ol
i
t
e.
3.On t
he sur
f
ace,f
r
om t
he consol
i
dat
i
on ofpar
t
i
cl
e er
upt
ed byexpl
osi
v
e
v
ol
cani
cact
i
v
i
t
y
Whenv
ol
canoeser
uptv
i
ol
ent
l
y
,
t
hel
av
aexi
t
i
ngt
hev
ol
canoes
ar
er
i
ppedapar
ti
nt
osmal
l
erpi
ecesbyr
api
dl
yexpandi
nggasesi
nt
hel
av
a,
j
ust
l
i
ket
hebubbl
ei
nabot
t
l
eofsof
tdr
i
nksshakenv
i
gor
ousl
y
.Dependi
ngonhow
much gas i
s pr
esent
,t
he par
t
i
cl
es come t
oget
heron t
he sur
f
ace v
i
a
l
i
t
hi
f
i
cat
i
on,t
heyf
or
m py
r
ocl
ast
i
ci
gneousr
ocks.Py
r
ocl
ast
i
ci
sder
i
v
edf
r
om
t
heGr
eek py
r
o whi
chmeans“
f
i
r
e”and kl
ast
os whi
chmeans“
shat
t
er
ed”
.
Exampl
esoft
heset
y
pear
ei
gni
mbr
i
t
e(
adobe)
,
t
uf
fandv
ol
cani
cbr
ecci
a.
I
gneousr
ocksar
eal
socl
assi
f
i
edaccor
di
ngt
osi
l
i
cacont
ent
:f
el
si
c,i
nt
er
medi
at
e,
maf
i
candul
t
r
amaf
i
c.
• Fel
si
c:al
socal
l
edgr
ani
t
i
c;
>65%si
l
i
ca,
gener
al
l
yl
i
ght
col
or
ed
• i
nt
er
medi
at
e:
al
socal
l
edandesi
t
i
c;
5565%si
l
i
ca;
gener
al
l
ymedi
um
col
or
ed(
medi
um gr
ay
)
• Maf
i
c:al
socal
l
edbasal
t
i
c;
4555%si
l
i
ca;
gener
al
l
ydar
kcol
or
ed•
• Ul
t
r
amaf
i
c:<45%si
l
i
ca;
gener
al
l
y
,
v
er
ydar
kcol
or
ed;
composedmai
nl
yof
ol
i
v
i
neandpy
r
oxenewhi
char
et
hemaj
orconst
i
t
uent
soft
heuppermant
l
e.
Exampl
esofI
gneousr
ocks:
Andesi
t
e
Basal
t
Daci
t
e
Gabbr
o
Ty
pesofI
gneousRocks
Whenmol
t
enr
ocksol
i
di
f
i
esatt
hesur
f
ace(
l
av
a)
,i
ti
scal
l
edext
r
usi
v
ei
gneous
r
ockorv
ol
cani
cr
ock.Howev
er
,
mostmagmal
av
al
osesi
t
smobi
l
i
t
ybef
or
er
eachi
ngt
he
sur
f
aceandcr
y
st
al
l
i
zesatdept
h.I
gneousr
ocksf
or
medatdept
har
er
ef
er
r
edt
oas
i
nt
r
usi
v
ei
gneousr
ocksorpl
ut
oni
cr
ocks.
I
gneousr
ocksmaybechar
act
er
i
zedbyt
hei
rt
ext
ur
eandcomposi
t
i
on.Text
ur
e
descr
i
best
heov
er
al
lappear
anceoft
hei
gneousr
ocksbasedonsi
ze,shape,and
ar
r
angementoft
hei
ri
nt
er
l
ocki
ngcr
y
st
al
s.Ther
at
eofcool
i
ngst
r
ongl
yi
nf
l
uencescr
y
st
al
si
ze.Sl
ow cool
i
ngofmagmar
esul
t
si
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onofl
ar
gecr
y
st
al
s.Ont
heot
her
hand,
r
api
dcool
i
ngr
esul
t
si
nt
ot
hef
or
mat
i
onofsmal
l
cr
y
st
al
s.
o Coar
segr
ai
ned–gr
ai
ns(
cr
y
st
al
s)canbeseenwi
t
hbar
eey
es
o Medi
umgr
ai
ned–gr
ai
nscanonl
ybeseent
hr
oughahandl
ens
o Fi
negr
ai
ned–gr
ai
nscanonl
ybeseent
hr
ought
hemi
cr
oscope
Ami
ner
al
’
scomposi
t
i
oni
sbasedont
hechemi
calmakeupofi
t
spar
entmagma.
Rocksmaybedi
v
i
dedaccor
di
ngt
ot
hei
rcol
or
at
i
ons:
o Li
ght
col
or
ed,suchasgr
ani
t
eandr
hy
ol
i
t
e;composedoff
el
dsparand
quar
t
z
o Medi
umcol
or
ed.Suchasdi
or
i
t
eandandesi
t
e
o Dar
kcol
or
ed,such as gabbr
or
ock and basal
t
;composed mai
nl
yof
py
r
oxene,
cal
ci
umr
i
chpl
agi
ocl
asef
el
dspar
.
Sedi
ment
ar
yr
ock–hasv
i
si
bl
esedi
ment
ar
yl
ay
er
;notf
ol
i
at
edandgener
al
l
yweak;may
bebr
okenbyahammer
;
maycont
ai
nf
ossi
l
s(
Descr
i
bepar
t
i
cl
esi
zeandmi
ner
al
)
.These
ar
et
hepr
oduct
soft
hel
i
t
hi
f
i
cat
i
onorpar
t
i
cl
espr
oducedbyt
heweat
her
i
ngofot
herpr
eexi
st
i
ng r
ocks (
ol
deri
gneous,met
amor
phi
c orev
en sedi
ment
ar
yr
ocks)
,mi
ner
al
f
r
agment
s,or
gani
cmat
er
i
al
sormi
ner
al
st
hatpr
eci
pi
t
at
ef
r
om sol
ut
i
on.Col
l
ect
i
v
el
y
,
t
hesecomponent
sar
ecal
l
edsedi
ment
s.Thet
er
mi
sder
i
v
edf
r
om t
heLat
i
nsedent
ar
i
us,
whi
chmeans“
si
t
t
i
ng”
,ast
hesesedi
ment
swi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
ybedeposi
t
edandset
t
l
eunt
i
l
t
heyar
et
r
ansf
or
medi
nt
osedi
ment
ar
yr
ocks.
3Way
si
nwhi
chsedi
ment
ar
yr
ocksf
or
m
1.Cl
ast
i
c-Sedi
ment
ar
yr
ocksar
ef
or
medf
r
om t
hecement
at
i
onofsedi
ment
sor
l
i
t
hi
f
i
cat
i
onofr
ockandmi
ner
alf
r
agment
st
hathav
ebeendeposi
t
ed,bur
i
ed
andcompact
edov
eral
ongper
i
odoft
i
me.Exampl
eoft
heser
ocksi
ncl
ude
shal
e,
sandst
oneandcongl
omer
at
e.
2.Cr
y
st
al
l
i
ne.Theyar
eal
sof
or
medf
r
om t
hepr
eci
pi
t
at
i
onofmi
ner
al
sf
r
om
i
onsi
nsol
ut
i
on.Rockst
hatar
eexposedt
owat
erandoxy
gencanunder
go
chemi
calchangessuchasoxi
dat
i
onandhy
dr
ol
y
si
st
hr
ought
i
me.These
pr
ocessesbr
eakdownr
ocksi
nt
ot
hei
rchemi
calcomponent
s,par
t
i
cul
ar
l
y
i
nt
oi
onst
hatcanbecar
r
i
edbyr
unni
ngwat
eri
nsol
ut
i
on.
3.Bi
ocl
ast
s.Sedi
ment
ar
yr
ocks can al
so f
or
m f
r
om t
he compact
i
on and
cement
at
i
onofpl
antand/
orani
malr
emai
ns.Exampl
esoft
heser
ocksar
e
coqui
naandor
gani
cl
i
mest
one.
Exampl
esofSedi
ment
ar
yRocks
Coal
Dol
omi
t
e
Hal
i
t
e
Hemat
i
t
e
Li
mest
one
Sandst
one
Met
amor
phi
cr
ock–maybef
ol
i
at
ed;hasnomi
ner
alcr
y
st
al
s;nol
ay
er
sandf
ossi
l
s.
(
I
dent
i
f
yasf
ol
i
at
edornonf
ol
i
at
ed)
.Thesear
ef
or
m whenpr
eexi
st
i
ngorpar
entr
ocks
(
i
gneous,sedi
ment
ar
yorev
enmet
amor
phi
c)ar
eal
t
er
edbyheat
,pr
essur
e,andt
he
chemi
calact
i
v
i
t
yoff
l
ui
ds.Thesepr
ocessesar
ecol
l
ect
i
v
el
ycal
l
ed met
amor
phi
sm,
meani
ng“
changei
nf
or
m”
.
4Way
si
nwhi
chmet
amor
phi
cr
ocksf
or
m
1.Regi
onalMet
amor
phi
sm-When t
he domi
nantal
t
er
i
ng f
act
ori
s pr
essur
e,
usual
l
yduet
ot
ect
oni
cact
i
v
i
t
y
,t
hef
l
atand/
orel
ongat
edmi
ner
alcomponent
s
oft
hepr
eexi
st
i
ngr
ocksr
eactbyal
i
gni
ngper
pendi
cul
art
ot
heaxi
soft
he
pr
essur
e.Thi
sr
esul
t
si
nl
ay
er
edorbandedappear
ancei
nt
her
ockscal
l
ed
f
ol
i
at
i
on,andt
heset
y
pesofr
ocksar
ecal
l
edf
ol
i
at
edmet
amor
phi
cr
ocks.The
t
er
m comesf
r
om t
heLat
i
nf
ol
i
um whi
chmeans“
l
eaf
”
,wher
et
hef
l
atl
eav
es
ar
eont
opofeachot
her
.Exampl
esoft
hesei
ncl
udesl
at
e,
schi
st
,
andgnei
ss.
2.Cont
actMet
amor
phi
sm-Whent
hedomi
nantal
t
er
i
ngf
act
ori
sheat
,usual
l
y
f
r
om di
r
ectcont
actbet
weenanol
derr
ockmat
er
i
alandani
nt
r
udi
ngbodyof
magma,
t
hepar
entr
ocksmayunder
goaf
undament
alchangei
nt
ext
ur
eduet
o
r
ecr
y
st
al
l
i
zat
i
on,orev
enchangei
nmi
ner
al
ogywhenchemi
cal
l
y
act
i
v
ef
l
ui
ds
ar
eal
soi
nv
ol
v
ed.I
tr
esul
t
si
nr
ocksl
i
kemar
bl
eandquar
t
zi
t
et
hatar
ecal
l
ed
nonf
ol
i
at
edmet
amor
phi
cr
ocks.
3.Dy
nami
c Met
amor
phi
sm-Happens due t
oi
nst
ant
aneous ev
ent
s such as
f
aul
t
i
ng.
4.ShockMet
amor
phi
sm-Happensduet
omet
eor
i
t
ei
mpact
.
Cl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofI
gneous,
Sedi
ment
ar
yandMet
amor
phi
cRocks
Tabl
e41showst
hecl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofi
gneousr
ockbasedont
ext
ur
eandcol
or
.
Tabl
e41
I
GNEOUSROCKSCLASSI
FI
EDBYCOMPOSI
TI
ON
Text
ur
e/
Col
or
Coar
segr
ai
ned(
I
nt
r
usi
v
e)
Fi
negr
ai
ned(
Ext
r
usi
v
e)
Li
ght
Gr
ani
t
e
Medi
um
Di
or
i
t
e
Dar
k
Gabbr
o
Rhy
ol
i
t
e
Andesi
t
e
Basal
t
Tabl
e42showst
hecl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofdet
r
i
ment
al
sedi
ment
ar
yr
ocksbasedonpar
t
i
cl
e
si
ze.
Tabl
e42
CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFSEDI
MENTARYROCKSBASEDONPARTI
CLESI
ZE
Par
t
i
cl
eSi
ze
Coar
se
Sedi
ment
Gr
av
el
(
r
oundedpar
t
i
cl
es)
Rock
Congl
omer
at
e
Gr
av
el
(
angul
arpar
t
i
cl
es)
Sand
Mud
Mud
Medi
um
Fi
ne
Ver
yf
i
ne
Br
ecci
a
Sandst
one
Si
l
t
st
one
Shal
e
Tabl
e43showst
hecl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofsedi
ment
ar
yr
ocksbasedont
hei
rchemi
cal
composi
t
i
on.
Tabl
e43
CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFSEDI
MENTARYROCKSBASEDONCHEMI
CALCOMPOSI
TI
ON
Composi
t
i
on
RockName
Li
mest
onecoqui
na
Fossi
l
f
er
r
ous
Bi
ochemi
cal
l
i
mest
one
Li
mest
one
Chal
k
Cher
t(
l
i
ght
col
or
ed)
Fl
i
nt
Fl
i
nt
(
dar
kcol
or
ed)
Rockgy
psum
Rocksal
t
Bi
t
umi
nousr
ock
Cal
ci
t
e(
CaCO3)
Quar
t
z(
Si
O2)
Gy
psum(
CaSO42H2O)
Hal
i
t
e(
NaCl
)
Al
t
er
edpl
antf
r
agment
s
Tabl
e44
COMMONMETAMORPHI
CROCKS
RockName
Sl
at
e
Gnei
ss
Mar
bl
e
Descr
i
pt
i
on
Par
entRock
f
ol
i
at
ed;
f
i
negr
ai
ned
Shal
e
Fol
i
at
ed; medi
um- t
o coar
se- Gr
ani
t
e,
v
ol
cani
cr
ock
gr
ai
ned
Nonf
ol
i
at
ed;medi
um-t
ocoar
se- Li
mest
one
gr
ai
ned
I
mpor
t
anceofMi
ner
al
st
osoci
et
y
Theear
t
h’
scr
usti
scomposedofmanyki
ndsofr
ocks,eachofwhi
chi
san
aggr
egat
eofoneormor
emi
ner
al
s.I
ngeol
ogy
,
t
het
er
m mi
ner
al
descr
i
besanynat
ur
al
l
y
occur
r
i
ngsol
i
dsubst
ancewi
t
haspeci
f
i
ccomposi
t
i
onandcr
y
st
alst
r
uct
ur
e.Ami
ner
al
’
s
composi
t
i
onr
ef
er
st
ot
heki
ndsandpr
opor
t
i
onsofel
ement
smaki
ngupt
hemi
ner
al
.The
wayt
heseel
ement
sar
epackedt
oget
herdet
er
mi
nest
hest
r
uct
ur
eoft
hemi
ner
al
.Mor
e
t
han3,
500di
f
f
er
entmi
ner
al
shav
ebeeni
dent
i
f
i
ed.Ther
ear
eonl
y12commonel
ement
s
(
oxy
gen,si
l
i
con,al
umi
num,i
r
on,cal
ci
um,magnesi
um,sodi
um,pot
assi
um,t
i
t
ani
um,
hy
dr
ogen,manganese,phosphor
us)t
hatoccuri
nt
he ear
t
h’
s cr
ust
.They hav
e
abundancesof0.
1per
centormor
e.Al
lot
hernat
ur
al
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cest
hr
ough
coal
mi
ni
ngandt
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngofoi
l
andgaswel
l
sonl
andandof
f
shor
e.
Ther
ear
et
hr
eemaj
ort
y
pesoff
ossi
lf
uel
s:
 Coa
li
sf
or
medf
r
om f
er
ns,
pl
ant
sandt
r
eeswhi
chhar
denedduet
opr
essur
eand
heat
 Oi
li
sf
or
med f
r
om smal
l
eror
gani
sms,l
i
ke zoopl
ankt
on and al
gae.I
nt
ense
amount
sofpr
essur
ecausedt
hi
scompl
exor
gani
cmat
t
ert
odecomposei
nt
ooi
l
.
 Na
t
ur
alGasunder
goest
hesamepr
ocessasoi
l
;howev
ert
hepr
ocessi
sl
onger
and subj
ect t
o hi
gher amount
s of heat and pr
essur
e,causi
ng f
ur
t
her
decomposi
t
i
on.
SCHOOLOFSAI
NTMATTHI
AS,
I
NC.
Br
gy
.I
VTumaui
ni
,
I
sabel
a
S.
Y.20212022
SUBJECTTI
TLE:EARTHSCI
ENCE
QUARTER:
1st/
Week4
SUBJECTTEACHER:
Jour
neyO.Aggabao/Jest
oniR.Cast
i
l
l
o
GRADELEVEL:
12
CHAPTERTI
TLE/
S
CONTENTSTANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
Geot
her
mal
,
Hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
candWat
erResour
ces
Thel
ear
ner
sdemonst
r
at
eanunder
st
andi
ngof
1.t
hev
ar
i
oussour
cesofener
gy(
f
ossi
l
f
uel
s,
geot
her
mal
,
hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
c)
2.t
heamountofusabl
ewat
err
esour
cesonEar
t
h
Thel
ear
ner
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 makeapl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayuset
o
conser
v
eandpr
ot
ecti
t
sr
esour
cesf
orf
ut
ur
e
gener
at
i
ons
 Pr
epar
epl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayi
mpl
ementt
o
mi
ni
mi
zewast
ewhenpeopl
eut
i
l
i
zemat
er
i
al
sand
r
esour
ces
PRAYER
ComeHol
ySpi
r
i
t
Fi
l
l
t
hehear
t
sofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Andki
ndl
et
hem t
hef
i
r
eofy
ourl
ov
e
Sendf
or
t
hy
ourspi
r
i
t
,
OLor
d
Thatt
hef
aceoft
heear
t
hber
enewed
OGod,
whobyt
hel
i
ghtoft
heHol
ySpi
r
i
t
I
nst
r
uctt
hehear
tofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Gr
antt
hatbyt
hesameSpi
r
i
t
,
wemayev
er
Knowwhati
sr
i
ghtandev
err
ej
oi
cei
nHi
s
Consol
at
i
oni
nt
hr
oughChr
i
st
,
ourLor
d.
Amen.
Geot
her
mal
,
Hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
candWat
er
Resour
ces
I
.LEARNI
NG
I
nt
hi
smodul
e,
t
hest
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 expl
ai
nhow heati
nsi
det
heEar
t
h(
Geot
her
mal
)andf
r
om f
l
owi
ng
wat
er(
Hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
c)i
st
appedasasour
ceofener
gyf
r
om human
use;
and
 i
dent
i
f
yt
hev
ar
i
ouswat
err
esour
cesonEar
t
h;
I
I
.DI
SCUSSI
ON
Geot
her
malandHy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
c
Sour
ceofEner
gyConceptMap
Renewabl
eandNonRenewabl
eResour
ces
Nonr
enewabl
eSour
cesofEner
gy
Mostoft
heener
gyweusecomesf
r
om f
ossi
l
f
uel
s,
suchascoal
,
nat
ur
algasand
pet
r
ol
eum.Butt
hesenat
ur
al
r
esour
cesar
el
i
mi
t
ed.Oncet
heyar
eusedup,
t
heyar
egone
f
or
ev
er
.
Thepr
ocessofgat
her
i
ngt
hesef
uel
scanbehar
mf
ul
t
ot
hebi
omesf
r
om whi
ch
t
heycome.Fossi
lf
uel
sar
eputt
hr
oughapr
ocesscal
l
edcombust
i
oni
nor
dert
o
pr
oduceener
gy
.Combust
i
onr
el
easespol
l
ut
i
on,
suchascar
bonmonoxi
deandsul
f
ur
di
oxi
de,
whi
chmaycont
r
i
but
et
oaci
dr
ai
nandgl
obal
war
mi
ng.
Renewabl
eSour
cesofEner
gy
Renewabl
esour
cesofener
gycanbeusedov
erandov
eragai
n.Renewabl
e
r
esour
cesi
ncl
udesol
arener
gy
,wi
nd,geot
her
malener
gy
,bi
omassandhy
dr
opower
.
They gener
at
e much l
ess pol
l
ut
i
on,bot
hi
n gat
her
i
ng and pr
oduct
i
on,t
han
nonr
enewabl
esour
ces.
• Sol
arener
gycomesf
r
om t
hesun.Somepeopl
eusesol
arpanel
si
nt
hei
rhomes
t
oconv
er
tsunl
i
ghti
nt
oel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
• Wi
ndt
ur
bi
nes,
whi
chl
ookl
i
kegi
antwi
ndmi
l
l
s,
gener
at
eel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
• Geot
her
malener
gycomesf
r
om t
heEar
t
h'
scr
ust
.Engi
neer
sext
r
actst
eam or
v
er
yhotwat
erf
r
om t
heEar
t
h'
scr
ustanduset
hest
eam t
ogener
at
eel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
• Bi
omassi
ncl
udesnat
ur
alpr
oduct
ssuch aswood,manur
eand cor
n.These
mat
er
i
al
sar
ebur
nedandusef
orheat
.
• Damsandr
i
v
er
sgener
at
ehy
dr
opower
.Whenwat
erf
l
owst
hr
oughadam i
t
act
i
v
at
esat
ur
bi
ne,
whi
chr
unsanel
ect
r
i
cgener
at
or
.
Geot
her
mal
Geot
her
malener
gyi
sheatwi
t
hi
nt
heear
t
h.Thewor
dgeot
her
malcomesf
r
om
t
he Gr
eek wor
dsgeo(
ear
t
h)andt
her
me(
heat
)
.Geot
her
malener
gyi
sar
enewabl
e
ener
gysour
cebecauseheati
scont
i
nuousl
ypr
oducedi
nsi
det
heear
t
h.Peopl
euse
geot
her
mal
heatf
orbat
hi
ng,
t
oheatbui
l
di
ngs,
andt
ogener
at
eel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
Geot
her
malEner
gy
I
fy
ouwer
et
odi
gabi
ghol
est
r
ai
ghtdowni
nt
ot
heEar
t
h,y
ouwoul
dnot
i
cet
he
t
emper
at
ur
eget
t
i
ngwar
mert
hedeepery
ougo.That
'
sbecauset
hei
nsi
deoft
heEar
t
hi
s
f
ul
l
ofheat
.Thi
sheati
scal
l
edgeot
her
mal
ener
gy
.
Peopl
ecancapt
ur
egeot
her
malener
gyt
hr
ough:
 Ge
ot
her
malpowerpl
ant
s,
whi
chuseheatf
r
om deepi
nsi
det
heEar
t
ht
ogener
at
e
st
eam t
omakeel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
 Ge
ot
her
malheatpumps,
whi
cht
api
nt
oheatcl
oset
ot
heEar
t
h'
ssur
f
acet
oheat
wat
erorpr
ov
i
deheatf
orbui
l
di
ngs.
Geot
her
malPowerPl
ant
s
Atageot
her
malpowerpl
ant
,wel
l
sar
edr
i
l
l
ed1or2mi
l
esdeepi
nt
ot
heEar
t
ht
o
pumpst
eam orhotwat
ert
ot
hesur
f
ace.You'
r
emostl
i
kel
yt
of
i
ndoneoft
hesepower
pl
ant
si
nanar
eat
hathasal
otofhotspr
i
ngs,gey
ser
s,orv
ol
cani
cact
i
v
i
t
y
,because
t
hesear
epl
aceswher
et
heEar
t
hi
spar
t
i
cul
ar
l
yhotj
ustbel
owt
hesur
f
ace.
HowI
tWor
ks
1.Hotwat
eri
spumpedf
r
om deepunder
gr
oundt
hr
oughawel
l
underhi
ghpr
essur
e.
2.Whent
hewat
err
eachest
hesur
f
ace,
t
hepr
essur
ei
sdr
opped,
whi
chcausest
hewat
ert
o
t
ur
ni
nt
ost
eam.
3.Thest
eam spi
nsat
ur
bi
ne,
whi
chi
sconnect
edt
oagener
at
ort
hatpr
oducesel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
4.Thest
eam cool
sof
fi
nacool
i
ngt
owerandcondensesbackt
owat
er
.
5.Thecool
edwat
eri
spumpedbacki
nt
ot
heEar
t
ht
obegi
nt
hepr
ocessagai
n.
Geot
her
malHeatPumps
Notal
lgeot
her
malener
gycomesf
r
om powerpl
ant
s.Geot
her
malheatpumps
candoal
l
sor
t
soft
hi
ngs—f
r
om heat
i
ngandcool
i
nghomest
owar
mi
ngswi
mmi
ngpool
s.
Thesesy
st
emst
r
ansf
erheatbypumpi
ngwat
erorar
ef
r
i
ger
ant(
aspeci
alt
y
peoff
l
ui
d)
t
hr
oughpi
pesj
ustbel
owt
heEar
t
h'
ssur
f
ace,
wher
et
het
emper
at
ur
ei
saconst
ant50t
o
60°
F.
Dur
i
ngt
hewi
nt
er
,t
hewat
erorr
ef
r
i
ger
antabsor
bswar
mt
hf
r
om t
heEar
t
h,and
t
hepumpbr
i
ngst
hi
sheatt
ot
hebui
l
di
ngabov
e.I
nt
hesummer
,someheatpumpscan
r
uni
nr
ev
er
seandhel
pcool
bui
l
di
ngs.
HowI
tWor
ks
1.Wat
erorar
ef
r
i
ger
antmov
est
hr
oughal
oopofpi
pes.
2.Whent
heweat
heri
scol
d,
t
hewat
erorr
ef
r
i
ger
antheat
supasi
tt
r
av
el
st
hr
ought
hepar
t
oft
hel
oopt
hat
'
sbur
i
edunder
gr
ound.
3.Oncei
tget
sbackabov
egr
ound,
t
hewar
medwat
erorr
ef
r
i
ger
antt
r
ansf
er
sheati
nt
ot
he
bui
l
di
ng.
4.Thewat
erorr
ef
r
i
ger
antcool
sdownaf
t
eri
t
sheati
st
r
ansf
er
r
ed.I
ti
spumpedback
under
gr
oundwher
ei
theat
suponcemor
e,
st
ar
t
i
ngt
hepr
ocessagai
n.
5.Onahotday
,t
hesy
st
em canr
uni
nr
ev
er
se.Thewat
erorr
ef
r
i
ger
antcool
st
hebui
l
di
ng
andt
heni
spumpedunder
gr
oundwher
eext
r
aheati
st
r
ansf
er
r
edt
ot
hegr
oundar
ound
t
hepi
pes.
Hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
c
Hy
dr
opower
,orhy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
c power
,i
sar
enewabl
e sour
ce ofener
gy t
hat
gener
at
espowerbyusi
ngadam ordi
v
er
si
onst
r
uct
ur
et
oal
t
ert
henat
ur
alf
l
owofa
r
i
v
erorot
herbodyofwat
er
.Hy
dr
opowerr
el
i
esont
heendl
ess,
const
ant
l
yr
echar
gi
ng
sy
st
em oft
hewat
ercy
cl
et
opr
oduceel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
,usi
ngaf
uel
—wat
er
—t
hati
snot
r
educedorel
i
mi
nat
edi
nt
hepr
ocess.
Gr
av
i
t
yi
sessent
i
alt
ohy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cener
gy
.Anobj
ectatr
esti
nahi
gherel
ev
at
i
on
hasagr
av
i
t
at
i
onalpot
ent
i
alener
gy
.Wheni
tmov
est
ol
owerel
ev
at
i
on,t
hepot
ent
i
al
ener
gyi
st
r
ansf
or
medi
nt
oki
net
i
cener
gy
.Thepowergener
at
edbyt
heener
gyf
r
om
f
al
l
i
ngwat
erorf
astr
unni
ngwat
eri
scal
l
edhy
dr
opower
.Dur
i
ngt
heanci
entt
i
mes,
hy
dr
opowerwashar
nessedusi
ngwat
erwheel
sf
ort
heoper
at
i
onofmi
l
l
s,l
i
f
t
s,and
t
h
pr
ov
i
si
onofwat
er
.I
nt
he19 cent
ur
y
,hy
dr
opowerwasusedt
ogener
at
eel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
cal
l
edhy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.I
nl
ar
ger
i
v
er
s,damswer
ebui
l
tt
oal
l
ow wat
ert
omov
ef
r
om
hi
ghert
ol
owerel
ev
at
i
ons.
Thepot
ent
i
alofconv
ent
i
onalhy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cdam dependsont
hev
ol
umeofwat
er
st
or
edi
nt
her
eser
v
oi
randt
hedi
f
f
er
encei
nhei
ghtbet
weent
hesour
ceandt
hewat
er
’
s
head.Wat
erent
er
st
hei
nt
akeatt
hebot
t
om oft
her
eser
v
oi
randf
l
owst
hr
oughat
unnel
orl
ar
gepi
pecal
l
ed penst
ockt
or
eacht
het
ur
bi
ne.Thewat
erpr
essur
ecausest
he
t
ur
bi
net
or
ot
at
eandgener
at
eel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.Thehi
ghert
hedam,
andt
hehead,
t
hest
r
onger
t
hepr
essur
et
hatwoul
dcauset
het
ur
bi
net
ogener
at
epower
.Whenar
eser
v
oi
ri
snoti
n
i
t
sf
ul
lcapaci
t
yev
eni
nhi
ghdams,t
heheadi
sl
ower
.Dependi
ngont
heneedf
or
el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
,t
heamountofwat
erent
er
i
ngt
hepenst
ockcanbecont
r
ol
l
edi
nt
heFi
g.4.
Hy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cpowerpl
ant
.Ret
r
i
ev
ed f
r
om i
nt
ake.Excesswat
eri
nt
her
eser
v
oi
ri
s
al
l
owed t
of
l
ow t
hr
ough t
he spi
l
l
way
,par
t
i
cul
ar
l
ydur
i
ng r
ai
nyseason t
o pr
ev
ent
ov
er
f
l
owordam br
each.SanRoqueDam i
nPangasi
nani
st
hel
ar
gesthy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cdam
i
nt
hePhi
l
i
ppi
neswi
t
hahei
ghtof200met
er
s.Ont
heot
herhand,I
sabel
aPr
ov
i
nce,
knownf
orbei
ngt
heQueenoft
heNor
t
handal
soknownf
orhav
i
ngbeaut
i
f
ulscener
i
es,
cul
t
ur
esandt
r
adi
t
i
ons,del
i
ci
ousf
oods,andf
r
eshf
r
ui
t
shasi
t
spr
est
i
gi
ousandoneof
t
hel
ar
gestdam cal
l
ed-t
heMagatDam.MagatDam wasknownf
ori
t
st
wopur
poses:
(
1)
t
hesour
ceofi
r
r
i
gat
i
onofwat
eri
nal
most85,
000hect
ar
esoff
ar
ml
andsand(
2)t
he
sour
ceofhy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cpower
.Thedam i
t
sel
fsuppl
i
esel
ect
r
i
ci
t
yi
nt
hewhol
eI
sabel
a.
Lar
gehy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cdamscangener
at
esev
er
alhundr
edmegawat
t
sofel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
Howev
er
,damsandr
eser
v
oi
rhav
el
i
mi
t
edl
i
f
et
i
mes.Af
t
eraspeci
f
i
ct
i
me,ar
eser
v
oi
r
wi
l
lbef
i
l
l
ed up wi
t
hsedi
ment
s.Ther
ear
eal
so env
i
r
onment
alef
f
ect
s,suchas
al
t
er
i
ngt
her
i
v
erecosy
st
em anddi
spl
aci
ngt
hecommuni
t
i
esl
i
v
i
ngi
nt
hear
eat
hat
wi
l
l
beconv
er
t
edi
nt
or
eser
v
oi
r
.
I
nr
ecent
y
ear
s,smal
l
scal
ehy
dr
opower or r
unof
t
her
i
v
er power has become
mor
e common. I
t gener
at
es
10MW t
o30MW ofel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.I
t
i
sf
ur
t
hersubdi
v
i
ded i
nt
o mi
ni
hy
dr
o,whi
chcangener
at
e<500
kW andmi
cr
ohy
dr
o,whi
chhas
<100kW
capaci
t
y
.
The
r
equi
r
ement
sf
or smal
l
scal
e
hy
dr
opower i
s suf
f
i
ci
ent f
l
ow
andpr
operhei
ghtoff
al
l
ofwat
er
.
Thi
si
smor
ecommoni
nr
ugged
ar
eas si
nce t
he gr
adi
ent of
st
r
eamsi
sst
eeper
,
r
equi
r
i
ngonl
y
smal
l
erf
l
ows t
o gener
at
et
he
desi
r
edpower
.Adi
v
er
si
onst
r
uct
ur
e,
cal
l
edwei
r
,
i
sconst
r
uct
edal
ongt
hest
r
eam Fi
g.
5.Smal
l
scal
ehy
dr
opowersy
st
em.Ret
r
i
ev
edf
r
om t
odi
v
er
twat
erandal
l
owi
tt
of
l
ow
ht
t
ps:
/
/
sswm.
i
nf
o/
wat
er
nut
r
i
ent
cy
cl
e/
wat
er
di
st
r
i
but
i
on/
har
dwar
es/
wat
er
t
hr
ough a
canal
,cal
l
ed headr
ace i
nt
o net
wor
kdi
st
r
i
but
i
on/
hy
dr
opower
%28smal
l
scal
e%29 a
f
or
ebaywher
esedi
ment
scanset
t
l
e.
Theout
l
etoft
hef
or
ebayhasscr
eent
ot
r
apsedi
ment
sanddebr
i
s.Fr
om t
hef
or
ebay
,
wat
erpassest
oapenst
ock(
madeofst
eelpi
pes)andf
l
owst
owar
dt
het
ur
bi
nei
nt
he
power
house.The wat
erwi
l
lt
ur
nt
he t
ur
bi
ne and gener
at
e el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.Fr
om t
he
power
house,t
hewat
erf
l
owsbackt
ot
hest
r
eam.A wat
erst
or
agemaynotbe
necessar
yf
ort
hi
ssy
st
em.Smal
l
scal
esy
st
emshav
el
i
mi
t
edenv
i
r
onment
ali
mpact
s
compar
edt
ol
ar
gehy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cdams.I
nmount
ai
nousar
easi
nt
hePhi
l
i
ppi
nesl
i
ke
t
heCor
di
l
l
er
as,
manysmal
l
scal
ehy
dr
opowerpl
ant
sar
eoper
at
i
onal
.
I
nar
easwi
t
hl
ar
get
i
dalr
ange(
t
hedi
f
f
er
encei
nel
ev
at
i
onoft
hehi
ght
i
deandl
ow
t
i
de)t
hepot
ent
i
alener
gydur
i
nghi
ght
i
dei
sal
sohar
nessedt
ogener
at
epowersi
mi
l
ar
t
oconv
ent
i
onalhy
dr
oel
ect
r
i
cdams.Adam cal
l
edbar
r
agei
sbui
l
ti
nt
het
i
dali
nl
etand
wat
eri
sal
l
owedt
oent
erdur
i
nghi
ght
i
de.Thewat
eri
st
henal
l
owedt
ober
el
eased
dur
i
ngl
owt
i
de.Ast
hewat
erf
l
ows,at
ur
bi
nei
nst
al
l
edatt
hebot
t
om oft
hest
r
uct
ur
e
gener
at
esel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.
Wat
erResour
ces
Wat
eri
san i
nor
gani
c,t
r
anspar
ent
,t
ast
el
ess,odor
l
ess,and near
l
ycol
or
l
ess
chemi
cal
subst
ance,
whi
chi
st
hemai
nconst
i
t
uentofEar
t
h'
shy
dr
ospher
eandt
hef
l
ui
ds
ofal
lknownl
i
v
i
ngor
gani
sms.I
ti
sv
i
t
alf
oral
lknownf
or
msofl
i
f
e,ev
ent
houghi
t
pr
ov
i
desnocal
or
i
esoror
gani
cnut
r
i
ent
s.Wat
eri
sasi
mpl
ecompoundmadeoft
wo
at
omsofhy
dr
ogenandoneat
om ofoxy
genbondedt
oget
her
.Mor
et
hananyot
her
subst
anceont
heEar
t
h,wat
eri
si
mpor
t
antt
ol
i
f
eandhasr
emar
kabl
epr
oper
t
i
es.
Wi
t
houtwat
er
,l
i
f
ecoul
dnotpr
obabl
yev
enexi
stonEar
t
h.Whenl
ooki
ngatEar
t
hf
r
om
space,
t
heabundanceofwat
eronEar
t
hbecomesobv
i
ous.
Di
st
r
i
but
i
onofWat
eronEar
t
h
Ast
hei
magemakescl
ear
,
wat
eri
st
hemostabundantsubst
anceont
heEar
t
h’
s
sur
f
ace.About71%oft
heEar
t
h’
ssur
f
acei
scov
er
edwi
t
hwat
er
,
mostofwhi
chi
sf
ound
i
nt
heoceans.I
nf
act
,
97.
5%ofEar
t
h'
swat
er
,
near
l
yal
l
ofi
t
,
i
si
nt
heEar
t
h’
soceans.
Sur
f
aceasgr
oundwat
er
,
whi
l
et
her
esti
sf
oundi
nl
akes,
r
i
v
er
s,
andst
r
eams,
andwat
er
v
apori
nt
hesky
.
Thi
smeanst
hatj
ust2.
5%ofEar
t
h'
swat
eri
sf
r
eshwat
er
,
wat
erwi
t
hl
ow
concent
r
at
i
onsofsal
t
s.Mostf
r
eshwat
eri
sf
oundasi
cei
nt
hev
astgl
aci
er
sof
Gr
eenl
andandt
hei
mmensei
cesheet
sofAnt
ar
ct
i
ca.
Thatl
eav
esj
ust0.
4%ofEar
t
h’
swat
ert
hati
sf
r
eshwat
ert
hathumanscaneasi
l
y
use.Mostl
i
qui
df
r
eshwat
eri
sf
oundundert
heEar
t
h’
ssur
f
aceasgr
oundwat
er
.Whi
l
e
t
her
esti
sf
oundi
nl
akes,
r
i
v
er
s,
andst
r
eamsandwat
erv
apori
nt
hesky
.
Wat
erCy
cl
e
Thewat
ercy
cl
eshowst
hecont
i
nuousmov
ementofwat
erwi
t
hi
nt
heEar
t
hand
at
mospher
e.I
ti
sacompl
exsy
st
em t
hati
ncl
udesmanydi
f
f
er
entpr
ocesses.Li
qui
d
wat
erev
apor
at
esi
nt
owat
erv
apor
,condensest
of
or
m cl
ouds,andpr
eci
pi
t
at
esbackt
o
ear
t
hi
nt
hef
or
m ofr
ai
nandsnow.Wat
eri
ndi
f
f
er
entphase’
smov
est
hr
ought
he
at
mospher
e(
t
r
anspor
t
at
i
on)
.Li
qui
dwat
erf
l
owsacr
ossl
and(
r
unof
f
)
,i
nt
ot
hegr
ound
(
i
nf
i
l
t
r
at
i
on and per
col
at
i
on)
,and t
hr
ough t
he gr
ound (
gr
oundwat
er
)
.Gr
oundwat
er
mov
esi
nt
opl
ant
s(
pl
antupt
ake)andev
apor
at
esf
r
om pl
ant
si
nt
ot
heat
mospher
e
(
t
r
anspi
r
at
i
on)
.Sol
i
di
ceandsnowcant
ur
ndi
r
ect
l
yi
nt
ogas(
subl
i
mat
i
on)
.Theopposi
t
e
canal
sot
akepl
acewhenwat
erv
aporbecomessol
i
d(
deposi
t
i
on)
.
SCHOOLOFSAI
NTMATTHI
AS,
I
NC.
Br
gy
.I
VTumaui
ni
,
I
sabel
a
S.
Y.20212022
SUBJECTTI
TLE:EARTHSCI
ENCE
st
QUARTER:
1/
Week56
SUBJECTTEACHER:
Jour
neyO.Aggabao/Jest
oniR.Cast
i
l
l
o
GRADELEVEL:
12
CHAPTERTI
TLE/
S
CONTENTSTANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
HumanAct
i
v
i
t
i
est
hataf
f
ect
sWat
er
,
LandandAi
r
Thel
ear
ner
sdemonst
r
at
eanunder
st
andi
ngof
1.t
heamountofusabl
ewat
err
esour
cesonEar
t
h.
2.t
hedi
st
r
i
but
i
onofar
abl
el
andonEar
t
h.
3.wast
egener
at
i
onandmanagement
.
Thel
ear
ner
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 makeapl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayuset
o
conser
v
eandpr
ot
ecti
t
sr
esour
cesf
orf
ut
ur
e
gener
at
i
ons
 Pr
epar
epl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayi
mpl
ementt
o
mi
ni
mi
zewast
ewhenpeopl
eut
i
l
i
zemat
er
i
al
sand
r
esour
ces
PRAYER
ComeHol
ySpi
r
i
t
Fi
l
l
t
hehear
t
sofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Andki
ndl
et
hem t
hef
i
r
eofy
ourl
ov
e
Sendf
or
t
hy
ourspi
r
i
t
,
OLor
d
Thatt
hef
aceoft
heear
t
hber
enewed
OGod,
whobyt
hel
i
ghtoft
heHol
ySpi
r
i
t
I
nst
r
uctt
hehear
tofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Gr
antt
hatbyt
hesameSpi
r
i
t
,
wemayev
er
Knowwhati
sr
i
ghtandev
err
ej
oi
cei
nHi
s
Consol
at
i
oni
nt
hr
oughChr
i
st
,
ourLor
d.
Amen.
HumanAct
i
v
i
t
i
est
hataf
f
ect
sWat
er
,
Landand
Ai
r
I
.LEARNI
NG
I
nt
hi
smodul
e,
t
hest
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 expl
ai
nhowdi
f
f
er
entact
i
v
i
t
i
esaf
f
ectt
hequal
i
t
yandav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yof
wat
erf
orhumanuse;
 i
dent
i
f
y human act
i
v
i
t
i
es,such as f
ar
mi
ng,const
r
uct
i
on of
st
r
uct
ur
es,andwast
edi
sposalt
hataf
f
ectt
hequal
i
t
yandquant
i
t
y
ofsoi
l
;
 gi
v
e way
s of conser
v
i
ng and pr
ot
ect
i
ng t
he soi
lf
or f
ut
ur
e
gener
at
i
ons;
and
 descr
i
behowpeopl
egener
at
edi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofwast
e(
sol
i
d,
l
i
qui
d,
andgaseous)ast
heymakeuseofv
ar
i
ousmat
er
i
al
si
nev
er
y
dayl
i
f
e.

I
I
.DI
SCUSSI
ON
Di
f
f
er
entact
i
v
i
t
i
est
hataf
f
ectt
hequal
i
t
yandav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofwat
erf
orhumanuse
Ourwat
err
esour
cesf
aceahostofser
i
oust
hr
eat
s,al
lofwhi
char
ecaused
pr
i
mar
i
l
y by human act
i
v
i
t
y
. They i
ncl
ude sedi
ment
at
i
on, pol
l
ut
i
on,
cl
i
mat
e
change,
def
or
est
at
i
on,
l
andscapechanges,
andur
bangr
owt
h.
Wat
erqual
i
t
yi
sameasur
eofhow cl
eanorpol
l
ut
edwat
eri
s.Whet
heri
twi
l
l
becomebenef
i
ci
al
ordet
r
i
ment
al
t
ol
i
f
el
ar
gel
ydependsoni
t
squal
i
t
ybasedonphy
si
cal
,
chemi
cal
,
andbi
ol
ogi
cal
char
act
er
i
st
i
cs.
Wat
ersuppl
y
,ont
heot
herhand,r
ef
er
st
ot
heav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofwat
eri
napar
t
i
cul
ar
pl
ace.Suchav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yi
sv
i
t
ali
nsust
ai
ni
nganddev
el
opi
ngf
ar
msandcommuni
t
i
es.
Wher
epeopl
edonothav
ewat
ersuppl
yi
nt
hei
rhomes,
t
heygot
ol
ocalst
r
eams,
wel
lor
pumpt
ogat
herwat
erf
orcooki
ng,
cl
eani
ng,
anddr
i
nki
ng.
Sedi
ment
s
Sedi
ment
soccuri
nwat
erbodi
esbot
hnat
ur
al
l
yandasar
esul
tofv
ar
i
oushuman
act
i
ons.When t
hey occurexcessi
v
el
y
,t
hey can dr
amat
i
cal
l
y change ourwat
er
r
esour
ces.Sedi
ment
soccuri
nwat
ermai
nl
yasadi
r
ectr
esponset
ol
andusechanges
and agr
i
cul
t
ur
alpr
act
i
ces,al
t
hough sedi
mentl
oads can occurnat
ur
al
l
yi
n poor
l
y
v
eget
at
edt
er
r
ai
nsandmostcommonl
yi
nar
i
dandsemi
ar
i
dcl
i
mat
esf
ol
l
owi
nghi
gh
i
nt
ensi
t
yr
ai
nf
al
l
.summar
i
zest
hepr
i
nci
palsour
cesofexcessi
v
esedi
mentl
oadsand
i
dent
i
f
i
est
hemaj
ori
mpact
st
hatt
hi
sdegr
eeofsedi
mentl
oadi
ngcanhav
eonaquat
i
c
sy
st
emsandt
heser
v
i
cest
hatwat
err
esour
cescanpr
ov
i
de.Ar
ecent
l
ydocument
edand
i
ncr
easi
ngsour
ceofhi
ghsedi
mentl
oadsi
st
heconst
r
uct
i
onofnewr
oadsi
ndev
el
opi
ng
count
r
i
eswher
el
i
t
t
l
econsi
der
at
i
oni
sgi
v
ent
ot
hei
mpact
sofsuchact
i
onsonaquat
i
c
sy
st
ems and downst
r
eam wat
er suppl
i
es. Gl
obal
l
y
,t
he ef
f
ect
s of excessi
v
e
sedi
ment
at
i
oncommonl
yext
endbey
ondourf
r
eshwat
ersy
st
emsandt
hr
eat
encoast
al
habi
t
at
s,wet
l
ands,f
i
shandcor
alr
eef
si
nmar
i
neenv
i
r
onment
s.Thei
mpor
t
anceof
sedi
ment cont
r
olshoul
d be an i
nt
egr
alconsi
der
at
i
on i
n any wat
er r
esour
ces
dev
el
opmentandpr
ot
ect
i
onst
r
at
egy
.UNESCO’
sI
nt
er
nat
i
onalSedi
mentI
ni
t
i
at
i
v
e(
I
SI
)
pr
oj
ectwi
l
lat
t
emptt
oi
mpr
ov
et
heunder
st
andi
ngofsedi
mentphenomena,
andpr
ov
i
de
bet
t
erpr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heaquat
i
candt
er
r
est
r
i
al
env
i
r
onment
s.
Pol
l
ut
i
on
Humanshav
el
ongusedai
r
,l
andandwat
err
esour
cesas‘
si
nks’i
nt
owhi
chwe
di
sposeoft
hewast
eswegener
at
e.Thesedi
sposalpr
act
i
cesl
eav
emostwast
es
i
nadequat
el
yt
r
eat
ed,t
her
ebycausi
ng pol
l
ut
i
on.Thi
si
nt
ur
n af
f
ect
s pr
eci
pi
t
at
i
on,
sur
f
acewat
er
,andgr
oundwat
er
,aswel
lasdegr
adi
ngecosy
st
ems.Thesour
cesof
pol
l
ut
i
ont
hati
mpactourwat
err
esour
cescandev
el
opatdi
f
f
er
entscal
es(
l
ocal
,
r
egi
onal
andgl
obal
)butcangener
al
l
ybecat
egor
i
zedaccor
di
ngt
oni
net
y
pes.I
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onof
sour
cet
y
pesandl
ev
elofpol
l
ut
i
oni
sapr
er
equi
si
t
et
oassessi
ngt
her
i
skoft
hepol
l
ut
i
on
bei
ngcr
eat
edt
obot
ht
heaquat
i
csy
st
emsand,
t
hr
ought
hatsy
st
em,
t
ohumansandt
he
env
i
r
onment
.Wi
t
ht
he knowl
edge oft
he pr
i
nci
palsour
ces oft
he pol
l
ut
i
on,t
he
appr
opr
i
at
emi
t
i
gat
i
onst
r
at
egycanbei
dent
i
f
i
edt
or
educet
hei
mpactont
hewat
er
r
esour
ces.Thesour
cesofpol
l
ut
i
ont
hati
mpactourwat
err
esour
cescandev
el
opat
di
f
f
er
entscal
es-l
ocal
,r
egi
onalandgl
obal
,butcangener
al
l
ybecat
egor
i
zedaccor
di
ng
t
oni
net
y
pes:1)or
gani
cmat
t
er
,
2)pat
hogensandmi
cr
obi
alcont
ami
nant
s,
3)nut
r
i
ent
s,
4)sal
i
ni
zat
i
on,
5)aci
di
f
i
cat
i
on,
6)heav
ymet
al
s,
7)t
oxi
cor
gani
ccompoundsandmi
cr
oor
gani
cpol
l
ut
ant
s,
8)t
her
mal
,
and9)si
l
tandsuspendedpar
t
i
cl
es.
Di
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofPol
l
ut
ant
s
1.Or
gani
cMat
t
er-At
y
peofor
gani
cpol
l
ut
i
oncanoccurwheni
nor
gani
cpol
l
ut
ant
s
suchasni
t
r
ogenandphosphat
esaccumul
at
ei
naquat
i
cecosy
st
ems.Hi
ghl
ev
el
sof
t
hesenut
r
i
ent
scauseanov
er
gr
owt
hofpl
ant
sandal
gae.Ast
hepl
ant
sandal
gaedi
e,
t
heybecomeor
gani
cmat
er
i
ali
nt
hewat
er
.Or
gani
cpol
l
ut
i
onoccur
swhenanexcess
ofor
gani
cmat
t
er
,suchasi
ndust
r
i
alwast
ewat
eranddomest
i
csewageent
er
st
he
wat
er
.Whenor
gani
cmat
t
eri
ncr
easesi
napond,t
henumberofdecomposer
swi
l
l
i
ncr
ease.Thesedecomposer
sgr
ow r
api
dl
yanduseagr
eatdealofoxy
gendur
i
ng
t
hei
rgr
owt
h.Thi
sl
eadst
oadepl
et
i
onofoxy
genast
hedecomposi
t
i
onpr
ocess
occur
s.Al
ackofoxy
gencanki
l
laquat
i
cor
gani
sms.Ast
heaquat
i
cor
gani
smsdi
e,
t
heyar
ebr
okendownbydecomposer
swhi
chl
eadst
of
ur
t
herdepl
et
i
onoft
he
oxy
genl
ev
el
s.
2.Pat
hogensandMi
cr
obi
alCont
ami
nant
s-Pat
hogensar
ebact
er
i
a,v
i
r
us,andot
her
mi
cr
oor
gani
sm t
hatcancausedi
seasesl
i
kedi
ar
r
hea,gast
r
oi
nt
est
i
nali
l
l
nesses,
nausea,andpossi
bl
yj
aundi
ceaswel
lasheadachesandf
at
i
gue.I
fi
ngest
edby
humans,t
heycanr
el
easet
oxi
nscausi
ngsi
cknessorev
endeat
h.Themai
nor
i
gi
ns
ofmi
cr
obi
alcont
ami
nat
i
onofnat
ur
alaquat
i
cr
esour
cesar
edi
schar
gesofwat
er
t
r
eat
mentpl
ant
s,decont
ami
nat
i
onst
at
i
ons,hospi
t
al
s,i
ndust
r
i
esar
econsi
der
edas
poi
ntsour
ces,et
c.Di
f
f
usesour
cesl
i
kesl
ur
r
y
,manur
e,andsl
udgeappl
i
cat
i
onmay
al
so be consi
der
ed. Thespr
ead ofi
nf
ect
i
ousdi
seasest
hr
ough cont
ami
nat
ed
dr
i
nki
ng wat
erl
eads t
oi
nt
est
i
nalpar
asi
t
es and i
ncr
eased chi
l
dhood mor
t
al
i
t
y
especi
al
l
yi
ndev
el
opi
ngcount
r
i
es.
3.Nut
r
i
entpol
l
ut
i
on -i
s one oft
he mostwi
despr
ead,cost
l
y and chal
l
engi
ng
env
i
r
onment
alpr
obl
emsi
nt
hewor
l
dt
oday
.Thi
si
scausedbyexcessni
t
r
ogenand
phosphor
usi
nt
heai
randwat
er
.I
npar
t
i
cul
ar
,
t
oomuchni
t
r
ogenandphosphor
usi
n
t
hewat
ercausesal
gaet
ogr
owf
ast
ert
hanecosy
st
emscanhandl
e.Al
gal
bl
oom,
t
he
l
ar
gegr
owt
hofal
gae,cansev
er
el
yr
educeorel
i
mi
nat
eoxy
geni
nt
hewat
er
,l
eadi
ng
t
oi
l
l
nessesi
nf
i
shandt
hedeat
hofl
ar
genumber
soff
i
sh.Someal
galbl
oomsar
e
har
mf
ult
ohumansbecauset
heypr
oduceel
ev
at
edt
oxi
nsandbact
er
i
algr
owt
ht
hat
canmakepeopl
esi
cki
ft
heycomei
nt
ocont
actwi
t
hpol
l
ut
edwat
er
,consume
t
ai
nt
edf
i
shorshel
l
f
i
sh,ordr
i
nkcont
ami
nat
edwat
er
.Hi
ghl
ev
el
sofni
t
r
at
esi
n
dr
i
nki
ngwat
eral
sol
eadt
oi
l
l
nessi
nhumans.Ev
eni
fal
galbl
oomsar
enott
oxi
c,
t
hey
cannegat
i
v
el
yi
mpactaquat
i
cl
i
f
ebybl
ocki
ngoutsunl
i
ghtandcl
oggi
ngf
i
shgi
l
l
s.
Al
galbl
oomsal
socausehy
poxi
a–ar
easi
nwat
erwi
t
hl
i
t
t
l
eornooxy
genwher
e
aquat
i
cl
i
f
ecannotsur
v
i
v
e.
4.Sal
i
ni
zat
i
on–I
st
hei
ncr
easeofsal
tconcent
r
at
i
oni
nsoi
landi
s,i
nmostcases,
causedbydi
ssol
v
edsal
t
si
nt
hewat
ersuppl
y
.Thi
ssuppl
yofwat
ercanbecausedby
f
l
oodi
ngoft
hel
andbyseawat
er
,seepageofseawat
erorbr
acki
shgr
oundwat
er
t
hr
ought
hesoi
lf
r
om bel
ow.Sal
i
ni
zat
i
oni
sagl
obalenv
i
r
onment
alphenomenont
hat
af
f
ect
smanydi
f
f
er
entaspect
sofourl
i
f
e:changi
ngt
hechemi
calcomposi
t
i
onof
nat
ur
alwat
err
esour
ces(
l
akes,r
i
v
er
s,andgr
oundwat
er
)
,degr
adi
ngt
hequal
i
t
yof
wat
ersuppl
yt
ot
he domest
i
c and agr
i
cul
t
ur
alsect
or
s,cont
r
i
but
i
on l
oss t
o
bi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
,t
axonomi
cr
epl
acementbyhal
ot
ol
er
antspeci
es,l
ossoff
er
t
i
l
esoi
l
,
col
l
apseofagr
i
cul
t
ur
alandf
i
sher
yi
ndust
r
i
es,changi
ngofl
ocalcl
i
mat
econdi
t
i
ons,
andcr
eat
i
ngsev
er
eheal
t
hpr
obl
ems
5.Aci
di
f
i
cat
i
on–Aci
di
f
i
cat
i
oni
st
hepr
ocessofbecomi
ngaci
dorbei
ngconv
er
t
edi
nt
o
anaci
d.Fr
eshwat
eraci
di
f
i
cat
i
oni
shar
mf
ult
ov
ar
i
ousaquat
i
cor
gani
sms.Themai
n
r
easonf
orf
r
eshwat
eraci
di
f
i
cat
i
oni
sat
mospher
i
cdeposi
t
i
onsandsoi
ll
eachi
ngof
sul
f
uroxi
des(
SOx)andni
t
r
ogenoxi
des(
NOx)
nanaci
dsensi
t
i
v
eecosy
st
em,
whi
ch
.I
i
ncl
udessl
owweat
her
i
ngbedr
ockanddepl
et
edbasecat
i
onpool
s,SOx andNOx
f
r
om r
unof
fwi
l
lbe accompani
ed by aci
di
f
y
i
ng hy
dr
ogen i
ons and i
nor
gani
c
al
umi
num,
whi
chcanbet
oxi
ct
omar
i
neor
gani
sms.Aci
dr
ai
ni
sal
soacont
r
i
but
ort
o
f
r
eshwat
eraci
di
f
i
cat
i
on,howev
er
,aci
dr
ai
ni
sf
or
medwhenSOxandNOxr
eactwi
t
h
wat
er
,
oxy
genandoxi
dant
swi
t
hi
nt
hecl
ouds.
6.Heav
ymet
al
s–Heav
ymet
alt
oxi
ci
t
ycanr
esul
ti
ndamagedorr
educedment
aland
cent
r
alner
v
ousf
unct
i
on,l
owerener
gyl
ev
el
s,anddamaget
obl
oodcomposi
t
i
on,
l
ungs,
ki
dney
s,
l
i
v
er
,
andot
herv
i
t
alor
gans.Longt
er
m exposur
emayr
esul
ti
nsl
owl
y
pr
ogr
essi
ngphy
si
cal
,
muscul
ar
,
andneur
ol
ogi
cal
degener
at
i
v
epr
ocessest
hatmi
mi
c
Al
zhei
mer
'
s di
sease,Par
ki
nson'
s di
sease,muscul
ar dy
st
r
ophy
,and mul
t
i
pl
e
scl
er
osi
s.Al
l
er
gi
esar
enotuncommonandr
epeat
edl
ongt
er
m cont
actwi
t
hsome
met
al
sort
hei
rcompoundsmayev
encausecancer(
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalOccupat
i
onal
Saf
et
yandHeal
t
hCent
r
e1999)
.
7.Toxi
cor
gani
ccompoundsandmi
cr
oor
gani
cpol
l
ut
ant
s–Or
gani
cpol
l
ut
i
onoccur
s
when l
ar
ge quant
i
t
i
es of or
gani
c compounds,whi
ch actas subst
r
at
es f
or
mi
cr
oor
gani
sms,
ar
er
el
easedi
nt
owat
ersour
ces.Dur
i
ngt
hedecomposi
t
i
onpr
ocess
t
hedi
ssol
v
edoxy
geni
nt
her
ecei
v
i
ngwat
ermaybeusedupatagr
eat
err
at
et
hani
t
canber
epl
eni
shed,causi
ngox
y
gendepl
et
i
onandhav
i
ngsev
er
econsequencesf
or
t
he st
r
eam bi
ot
a.Or
gani
c ef
f
l
uent
s al
so f
r
equent
l
ycont
ai
nl
ar
ge quant
i
t
i
esof
suspendedsol
i
dswhi
chr
educet
hel
i
ghtav
ai
l
abl
et
ophot
osy
nt
het
i
cor
gani
smsand,
onset
t
l
i
ngout
,al
t
ert
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
csoft
her
i
v
erbed,r
ender
i
ngi
tanunsui
t
abl
e
habi
t
atf
ormanyi
nv
er
t
ebr
at
es.Toxi
cammoni
ai
sof
t
enpr
esent
.Or
gani
cpol
l
ut
ant
s
consi
stofpr
ot
ei
ns,car
bohy
dr
at
es,f
at
s and nucl
ei
c aci
ds i
n a mul
t
i
pl
i
ci
t
yof
combi
nat
i
ons.Raw sewagei
s99.
9percentwat
er
,andoft
he0.
1% sol
i
ds,70% i
s
or
gani
c(
65% pr
ot
ei
ns,25% car
bohy
dr
at
es,10% f
at
s)
.Or
gani
cwast
esf
r
om peopl
e
andt
hei
rani
mal
smayal
sober
i
chi
ndi
seasecausi
ng(
pat
hogeni
c)or
gani
sms.
8.Ther
mal-Ther
malpol
l
ut
i
oni
st
hedi
schar
geofheat
edwat
eri
nt
obodi
esofwat
er
.
Themai
ncont
r
i
but
or
st
ot
her
malheatpol
l
ut
i
onar
et
her
malornucl
earpowerpl
ant
s;
i
ndust
r
i
alef
f
l
uent
ssuchaspet
r
ol
eum r
ef
i
ner
i
es,pul
pandpapermi
l
l
s,chemi
cal
pl
ant
s,st
eelmi
l
l
sandsmel
t
er
s;sewageef
f
l
uent
s;andbi
ochemi
calact
i
v
i
t
y
.The
ef
f
ect
soft
her
malpol
l
ut
i
oni
ncl
udedecr
easet
heamountofdi
ssol
v
edoxy
geni
nt
he
wat
er
,
whi
chaquat
i
cl
i
f
er
equi
r
es,
damaget
ol
ar
v
aeandeggsoff
i
shi
nr
i
v
er
s,
ki
l
l
i
ng
of
fsomespeci
esoff
i
shandmacr
oi
nv
er
t
ebr
at
est
hathav
eal
i
mi
t
edt
ol
er
ancef
or
t
emper
at
ur
echange,
andmi
gr
at
i
onofl
i
v
i
ngent
i
t
i
esf
r
om t
hei
renv
i
r
onment
.
9.Si
l
tandsuspendedpar
t
i
cl
es–Si
l
ti
scomposedoff
i
nesand,
cl
ay
,
orot
hermat
er
i
al
car
r
i
edbyr
unni
ngwat
eranddeposi
t
edasasedi
ment
,especi
al
l
yi
nachannelor
har
bor
.I
tmayoccurasasoi
l(
of
t
enmi
xedwi
t
hsandorcl
ay
)orassedi
mentmi
xed
i
nsuspensi
onwi
t
hwat
er(
al
soknownassuspendedl
oad)andsoi
li
nabodyof
wat
ersuchasr
i
v
er
s,
dams,
andl
akes.Sedi
mentdeposi
t
si
nr
i
v
er
scanal
t
ert
hef
l
ow
ofwat
erandr
educewat
erdept
hmaki
ngnav
i
gat
i
onandr
ecr
eat
i
onalusemor
e
di
f
f
i
cul
t
.
Cl
i
mat
eChange
Cl
i
mat
echangeappear
st
oi
ncr
easeexi
st
i
ngpr
essur
es,f
orexampl
ei
nar
eas
al
r
eadysuf
f
er
i
ngf
r
om wat
ershor
t
ages.Landandmount
ai
ngl
aci
er
sar
eshr
i
nki
ngmor
e
r
api
dl
yi
nr
ecenty
ear
s.Ext
r
emeweat
herev
ent
sst
emmi
ngf
r
om gl
obalwar
mi
ng,such
asst
or
msandf
l
oods,ar
el
i
kel
yt
obecomemor
ef
r
equentandsev
er
e.Howev
er
,based
oncur
r
entknowl
edge,
sci
ent
i
st
scanonl
ymakegener
alpr
edi
ct
i
onsaboutt
hei
mpactof
cl
i
mat
echangeonwat
err
esour
ces.
Asnot
edabov
e,t
her
ei
sempi
r
i
calev
i
denceofi
mpact
sonwat
err
esour
cesf
r
om
gl
obalwar
mi
ng.TheI
nt
er
gov
er
nment
alPanelon Cl
i
mat
eChange(
I
PCC)based i
n
Genev
a,
Swi
t
zer
l
and,
i
ncooper
at
i
onwi
t
hnewpar
t
ner
s,
hasbegunt
oaddr
esst
hi
si
ssue
i
n addi
t
i
on t
ot
hei
rmor
et
r
adi
t
i
onalf
ocuson gr
eenhousegasesand t
emper
at
ur
e
changes(
www.
gr
eenf
act
s.
or
g)
.
Soi
l
Soi
li
st
hel
oosesur
f
acemat
er
i
alt
hatcov
er
smostl
and.I
tconsi
st
sofi
nor
gani
c
par
t
i
cl
esandor
gani
cmat
t
er
.Soi
lpr
ov
i
dest
hest
r
uct
ur
alsuppor
tt
opl
ant
susedi
n
agr
i
cul
t
ur
eandi
sal
sot
hei
rsour
ceofwat
erandnut
r
i
ent
s.Soi
l
sv
ar
ygr
eat
l
yi
nt
hei
r
chemi
calandphy
si
calpr
oper
t
i
es.Soi
li
sanat
ur
albodycompr
i
sedofsol
i
ds(
mi
ner
al
s
andor
gani
cmat
t
er
)
,l
i
qui
d,andgasest
hatoccur
sont
hel
andsur
f
ace,occupi
esspace,
andi
schar
act
er
i
zedbyoneorbot
hoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:hor
i
zons,orl
ay
er
s,t
hatar
e
di
st
i
ngui
shabl
ef
r
om t
hei
ni
t
i
almat
er
i
alasar
esul
tofaddi
t
i
ons,l
osses,t
r
ansf
er
s,and
t
r
ansf
or
mat
i
onsofener
gyandmat
t
erort
heabi
l
i
t
yt
osuppor
tr
oot
edpl
ant
si
nanat
ur
al
env
i
r
onment
.
Di
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofwast
e(
Sol
i
d,
Li
qui
dandGaseous)
Sol
i
dwast
es-i
ncl
udesol
i
dpor
t
i
onsoft
hedi
scar
dedmat
er
i
alsuchasgl
assbot
t
l
es,
cr
ocker
i
es,
pl
ast
i
ccont
ai
ner
s,
met
al
sandr
adi
oact
i
v
ewast
es.Thesol
i
dwast
esmaybe
bi
odegr
adabl
eornonbi
odegr
adabl
e.Thebi
odegr
adabl
esol
i
dwast
esar
eagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
wast
es,
f
oodwast
es,
paper
,
f
oodpr
ocessi
ngbypr
oduct
s,
manur
e,
y
ar
dwast
es,
et
c.The
nonbi
odegr
adabl
e wast
es i
ncl
ude pl
ast
i
cs,met
al
s,sy
nt
het
i
c mat
er
i
al
s,pol
y
t
hene,
r
adi
oact
i
v
ewast
es,et
c.Thesol
i
dwast
emanagementi
nv
ol
v
esdi
sposalofsol
i
dwast
e
t
ol
and(
orocean)orr
ecov
er
i
ngandr
epr
oduci
ngusef
ulsubst
ancesf
r
om t
hewast
e
t
hr
oughr
ecy
cl
i
ng.
Theent
i
r
emet
hodol
ogyofsol
i
dwast
emanagementi
sbasedon:
(
a)col
l
ect
i
onof
wast
e(
b)di
sposal
,and(
c)r
esour
cer
ecov
er
y
.Sol
i
dwast
ei
sal
soknownasmuni
ci
pal
wast
e.Thi
ski
ndofwast
epr
i
mar
i
l
ycomesf
r
om peopl
e’
shomes,
buti
tal
socomesf
r
om
somef
act
or
i
es,busi
nesses,andschool
s.How dowemanageSol
i
dWast
e?TheU.
S.
Env
i
r
onment
alPr
ot
ect
i
onAgency(
EPA)r
ecommendst
heuseofa“
wast
emanagement
hi
er
ar
chy
,
”whi
chr
anksmet
hodsofwast
emanagementi
nor
derofpr
ef
er
ence.EPA’
s
wast
emanagementhi
er
ar
chyi
ncl
udes:
 Sour
ceReduct
i
on.Sour
cer
educt
i
oni
sal
soknownaswast
epr
ev
ent
i
on.
As t
he name i
mpl
i
es,t
hi
s met
hod pr
ev
ent
s wast
e att
he sour
ce by
decr
easi
ngconsumpt
i
onandr
eusi
ngpr
oduct
s.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesusi
ngnonhazar
doussubst
i
t
ut
esasanal
t
er
nat
i
v
et
ot
oxi
cpr
oduct
st
hatcoul
dend
upi
nt
hewast
est
r
eam.
 Recy
cl
i
ng,i
ncl
udi
ngCompost
i
ng.Recy
cl
i
ngr
ef
er
st
oaser
i
esofact
i
v
i
t
i
es
wher
edi
scar
dedmat
er
i
al
sar
ecol
l
ect
ed,
sor
t
ed,
pr
ocessed,
conv
er
t
edi
nt
o
r
aw mat
er
i
al
s,and used t
o make new pr
oduct
s.Compost
i
ng i
st
he
decomposi
t
i
onofor
gani
cmat
er
i
al
ssuchasy
ar
dt
r
i
mmi
ngsandf
ood
scr
apsbymi
cr
oor
gani
sms.
 Di
sposal
:Combust
i
on and Landf
i
l
l
s.Tr
ash t
hatcannotbe r
educed,
r
ecy
cl
ed,orcompost
edmustbedi
sposedof
.Combust
i
oni
st
hebur
ni
ng
ofwast
ei
n speci
al
l
y desi
gned f
aci
l
i
t
i
es of
t
en cal
l
ed i
nci
ner
at
or
s.I
t
r
educest
hebul
kofwast
e,
andsomef
aci
l
i
t
i
espr
ov
i
det
headdedbenef
i
tof
ener
gyr
ecov
er
y(
“
wast
et
oener
gy
”f
aci
l
i
t
i
es)
.Landf
i
l
l
s ar
e al
so maj
or
component
sofwast
emanagement
.Al
andf
i
l
li
sal
ar
gear
eaofl
andoran
excav
at
edsi
t
et
hatr
ecei
v
eswast
e.
Li
qui
d wast
es -ar
et
he l
i
qui
d par
toft
hewast
emat
er
i
al
.Li
qui
d wast
ei
ncl
udes
ef
f
l
uent
sofi
ndust
r
i
es,
f
er
t
i
l
i
zerandpest
i
ci
desol
ut
i
onsf
r
om agr
i
cul
t
ur
ef
i
el
ds,
l
eachat
e
f
r
om l
andf
i
l
l
s,ur
banr
unof
fofunt
r
eat
edwast
ewat
erandgar
bage,mi
mi
ngwast
eset
c.
The l
i
qui
d wast
e may cont
ai
n nont
oxi
ci
nor
gani
c subst
ances ort
oxi
c or
gani
c
subst
ances.
Thecomposi
t
i
onofl
i
qui
dwast
e,al
soknownaswast
ewat
er
,
i
shi
ghl
yv
ar
i
edand
dependspr
i
nci
pal
l
yoni
t
ssour
ce.I
nt
ownsandci
t
i
es,t
het
hr
eemai
nsour
cesar
e
r
esi
dent
i
al
,commer
ci
al
,andi
ndust
r
i
alar
eas.Thel
i
qui
dwast
esf
r
om r
esi
dent
i
alar
eas
ar
eof
t
enr
ef
er
r
edt
oasdomest
i
cwast
ewat
er
s.Thet
y
peofi
ndust
r
ydet
er
mi
nest
he
composi
t
i
onoft
hewast
e.Thewast
ewat
er
sf
r
om f
aci
l
i
t
i
est
hatmakef
oodpr
oduct
swi
l
l
notbehar
mf
ult
ohumans,butt
hosef
r
om ot
heri
ndust
r
i
esmaycont
ai
nav
ar
i
et
yof
chemi
calcompounds,someofwhi
chmaybehazar
dous(
andt
her
ef
or
epot
ent
i
al
l
y
har
mf
ul
)
.
Thegaseouswast
esar
egener
at
edi
nt
oenv
i
r
onmentmai
nl
yduet
oant
hr
opogeni
c
act
i
v
i
t
i
es.The gaseous wast
es i
ncl
ude car
bon di
oxi
de (
CO2)
,met
hane (
CH4)
,
chl
or
of
l
uor
ocar
bon(
CFC)
,oxi
desofni
t
r
ogen(
NOx)
,car
bonmonoxi
de(
CO)
,oxi
desof
sul
f
ur(
SOx)
,et
c.Thesegaseouswast
escancauseser
i
ousenv
i
r
onment
alhazar
ds.
Ther
ef
or
e,i
ti
shi
ghl
yessent
i
alt
ot
akeappr
opr
i
at
est
epsf
ort
hepr
opermanagement
andcont
r
ol
ofgaseouswast
esi
nt
heenv
i
r
onment
.
SCHOOLOFSAI
NTMATTHI
AS,
I
NC.
Br
gy
.I
VTumaui
ni
,
I
sabel
a
S.
Y.20212022
SUBJECTTI
TLE:EARTHSCI
ENCE
st
QUARTER:
1/
Week56
SUBJECTTEACHER:
Jour
neyO.Aggabao/Jest
oniR.Cast
i
l
l
o
GRADELEVEL:
12
CHAPTERTI
TLE/
S
CONTENTSTANDARD
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
Ef
f
ect
sofWast
eonPeopl
e’
sHeal
t
handEnv
i
r
onment
Thel
ear
ner
sdemonst
r
at
eanunder
st
andi
ngof
1.wast
egener
at
i
onandmanagement
.
Thel
ear
ner
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 makeapl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayuset
o
conser
v
eandpr
ot
ecti
t
sr
esour
cesf
orf
ut
ur
e
gener
at
i
ons
 Pr
epar
epl
ant
hatt
hecommuni
t
ymayi
mpl
ementt
o
mi
ni
mi
zewast
ewhenpeopl
eut
i
l
i
zemat
er
i
al
sand
r
esour
ces
PRAYER
ComeHol
ySpi
r
i
t
Fi
l
l
t
hehear
t
sofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Andki
ndl
et
hem t
hef
i
r
eofy
ourl
ov
e
Sendf
or
t
hy
ourspi
r
i
t
,
OLor
d
Thatt
hef
aceoft
heear
t
hber
enewed
OGod,
whobyt
hel
i
ghtoft
heHol
ySpi
r
i
t
I
nst
r
uctt
hehear
tofy
ourf
ai
t
hf
ul
Gr
antt
hatbyt
hesameSpi
r
i
t
,
wemayev
er
Knowwhati
sr
i
ghtandev
err
ej
oi
cei
nHi
s
Consol
at
i
oni
nt
hr
oughChr
i
st
,
ourLor
d.
Amen.
Ef
f
ect
sofWast
eonPeopl
e’
sHeal
t
hand
Env
i
r
onment
I
.LEARNI
NG
I
nt
hi
smodul
e,
t
hest
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
et
o:
 expl
ai
n how di
f
f
er
entact
i
v
i
t
i
es t
y
pes ofwast
e af
f
ectpeopl
e’
s
heal
t
handenv
i
r
onment
.

I
I
.DI
SCUSS
I
ON

Wast
e
Wast
esar
et
hemat
er
i
al
st
hatar
enotneededandar
enotusabl
eeconomi
cal
l
y
wi
t
houtf
ur
t
herpr
ocessi
ng.I
ft
hesewast
esr
emai
nunt
r
eat
ed,i
tl
eadst
oai
r
,wat
er
,soi
l
orsol
i
dwast
epol
l
ut
i
on.Hence,
wast
emanagementi
sv
er
yessent
i
al
.
Wast
escanpol
l
ut
eai
r
,wat
erandsoi
l
,andl
eav
ev
ar
i
ousenv
i
r
onment
ali
mpact
s,
andcauseheal
t
hhazar
d,duet
oi
mpr
operhandl
i
ngandt
r
anspor
t
at
i
on.Theseadv
er
se
ef
f
ect
sar
eseenonheal
t
handenv
i
r
onment
,
someoft
hem ar
easf
ol
l
ows:
Env
i
r
onment
alI
mpact
s
1.
Leachat
esf
r
om dumpsper
col
at
ei
nt
ot
hesoi
l
andcont
ami
nat
eunder
gr
oundwat
er
.
2.
Scav
enger
sandst
r
ayani
mal
si
nv
adet
her
oadsi
degar
bageandl
i
t
t
ert
hewast
e
ov
erl
ar
gear
eacausi
ngmuchaest
het
i
cdamaget
ot
heat
mospher
e.
3.
Wast
epr
oduct
swhenbur
ntl
i
kepl
ast
i
candr
ubberpol
l
ut
et
heat
mospher
ewi
t
h
noxi
ousf
umes.
4.
Or
gani
csol
i
dwast
esemi
tobnoxi
ousodoront
hei
rdecomposi
t
i
onandmaket
he
env
i
r
onmentpol
l
ut
ed.
5.
Somepaper
sandpl
ast
i
csar
ebur
nedi
nl
andf
i
l
l
swhi
chemi
tgasandchemi
cal
s
t
hathur
tt
heozonel
ay
er
.Wast
est
hatr
el
easedi
oxi
nsar
eal
sodanger
ousandpose
heal
t
hr
i
skwhent
heyar
edi
f
f
usedi
nt
ot
heai
rt
hatwebr
eat
he.I
naddi
t
i
on,
met
hane
gasest
hatdecomposewast
esar
er
el
eased.
6.
Hazar
douswast
esi
nt
heenv
i
r
onmentl
eachi
nt
ot
hegr
ound,andul
t
i
mat
el
y
,i
nt
o
t
hegr
oundwat
er
.Thi
swat
eri
susedf
ormanyt
hi
ngs,
f
r
om wat
er
i
ngt
hel
ocal
f
i
el
ds
t
odr
i
nki
ng.Toxi
cl
i
qui
dchemi
cal
sf
r
om wast
ecanal
soseepi
nt
owat
erst
r
eams
andbodi
esofwat
er
.
7.
I
nci
ner
at
i
ngwast
eal
socausespr
obl
ems,becausepl
ast
i
cst
endt
opr
oducet
oxi
c
subst
ances,suchasdi
oxi
ns,whent
heyar
ebur
nt
.Gasesf
r
om i
nci
ner
at
i
onmay
causeai
rpol
l
ut
i
onandcont
r
i
but
et
oaci
dr
ai
n,
whi
l
et
heashf
r
om i
nci
ner
at
or
smay
cont
ai
nheav
ymet
al
sandot
hert
oxi
ns.
Heal
t
hI
mpact
1.
Vect
or
sl
i
ker
at
sandi
nsect
si
nv
ader
ef
usedumpsandspr
eadv
ar
i
ousdi
seases.
2.
Dur
i
nghandl
i
ngandt
r
ansf
erofhospi
t
alandcl
i
ni
cwast
es,di
seaset
r
ansmi
ssi
on
mayt
akepl
ace.
3.
Wat
erandf
oodcont
ami
nat
i
ont
hr
oughf
l
i
escausesv
ar
i
ousdi
seasesi
nhumans
l
i
kedy
sent
er
y
,
di
ar
r
heaandamoebi
cdy
sent
er
y
.
4.
Rat
s dwel
l
i
ng wi
t
hi
nf
ect
i
ous sol
i
d wast
es mayspr
ead di
seases l
i
ke pl
ague,
sal
monel
l
osi
s,
t
r
i
chi
nosi
s,
andendemi
ct
y
phus.
5.
Wat
ersuppl
y
,
i
fget
scont
ami
nat
edwi
t
hpat
hogenspr
esenti
nwast
es,
mayr
esul
ti
n
chol
er
a,
j
aundi
ce,
hepat
i
t
i
s,
andgast
r
oent
er
i
cdi
seases.
6.
Choki
ngofdr
ai
nsandgul
l
ypi
t
sbyt
hesol
i
dwast
esr
esul
t
si
nwat
erl
oggi
ngwhi
ch
f
aci
l
i
t
at
esbr
eedi
ng ofmosqui
t
oesand r
esul
t
si
nt
hespr
ead ofdi
seasesl
i
ke
mal
ar
i
aandpl
ague.
7.
Mi
nesandot
heri
ndust
r
i
al
companyusedmer
cur
yt
opr
oducev
i
ny
l
chl
or
i
de,
t
hel
ef
t
ov
ermer
cur
ywasdumpedi
nt
obaywhi
chent
er
edt
het
i
ssuesoff
i
shes,whi
chi
n
t
ur
nwer
econsumedbypeopl
el
i
v
i
ngi
nt
hatar
ea.Thecont
ami
nat
edf
i
shest
hus
causedanout
br
eakofpoi
soni
ng,
ki
l
l
i
ngandaf
f
ect
i
ngsev
er
al
peopl
e.
8.
Exposur
et
oi
mpr
oper
l
yhandl
edwast
escancauseski
ni
r
r
i
t
at
i
ons,
bl
oodi
nf
ect
i
ons,
r
espi
r
at
or
ypr
obl
ems,
gr
owt
hpr
obl
ems,
andev
enr
epr
oduct
i
v
ei
ssues.
9.
Mosqui
t
oesandr
at
sar
eknownt
ol
i
v
eandbr
eedi
nsewagear
eas,andbot
har
e
knownt
ocar
r
yl
i
f
et
hr
eat
eni
ngdi
seases.Mosqui
t
oesbr
eedi
ncansandt
i
r
est
hat
col
l
ectwat
er
,
andcancar
r
ydi
seasessuchasmal
ar
i
aanddengue.