Intro and Chapter 1
I.
Culture
A.
The __________________ and _______________________ of a society
B.
“the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members
of one human group over another…
Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among
the building blocks of culture”
Geert Hofstede
II.
The “_________________” Approach
A.
B.
ABC’s of Culture
1.
__________________________
2.
Behavior
3.
Cognitions
Culture is _________________________
1.
Rather than inherited biologically
2.
________________________________: The transmission of
culture from one generation to the next
C.
Culture is Shared
1.
By members of a society and produces behavior that is intelligible
(able to be understood) to other members of that society
D.
Society vs. Culture
1.
_________________________: An organized group or groups of
interdependent people who generally share a common territory,
language, and culture and who act together for collective survival
and well-being.
a)
There can be no __________________________ without a
society, there are no known human societies that do not
exhibit culture.
E.
Non-Verbal Gestures
F.
_______________________________
1.
Cultural variation between subgroups in societies that share an
overarching culture.
2.
Ex: Ethnic group (A type of subculture).
a)
People who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a
distinct group based on various cultural features such as
shared ancestry and common origin, language customs and
traditional beliefs.
b)
Ethnicity: The expression of the set of cultural ideas held by
an ethnic group
3.
Others
III.
But culture is also
IV.
__________________________________
A.
The belief that one’s own culture or ethnic group is __________________
and the related tendency to use one’s own culture as a standard by which
to judge other cultures.
B.
Examples
1.
When the European settlers came to this land and believed they
were civilizing the native heathens.
2.
Some believe that the Iraqi war is ethnocentric on the U.S.’s part –
as some believe we tried to go there to make them have a
democracy like us.
3.
V.
What is considered normal? Who decides?
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
VI.
Interculturalism and ______________________________
A.
VII.
The problem with these types of classes.
Psychology with a Cultural Perspective
A.
Psychology and Culture
1.
Cultural psychology
a)
Examines the cultural foundations of psychological
processes and human behavior
2.
Goals of psychology
a)
To build a body of knowledge about people
b)
To apply the body of knowledge into people’s lives to
improve their lives
3.
4.
Psychological research has been based on ___________________
a)
Western
b)
______________________________
c)
Industrialized
d)
______________________________
e)
Democratic cultures
f)
______________ representative of all humans
Cross-cultural research: Tests the cultural parameters of
psychological knowledge
a)
Involves research on human behavior that compares
psychological processes between two or more cultures
B.
Contribution of the Study of Culture
1.
On psychological truths
a)
Understands human behaviors within a global perspective
b)
Tests people’s limited knowledge by examining whether
theories and principles are culture-___________________
or ________________________
C.
In people’s lives
1.
Encourages one to ask questions from a cultural perspective
a)
Is the knowledge true for all people regardless of their
cultural backgrounds?
b)
D.
Under what conditions do differences occur, and why?
Growth of Cultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Research
1.
Cultural psychology has popularized psychology worldwide
a)
Highlights the importance of culture on behavior
b)
Increases awareness about intercultural conflicts
2.
Theoretical models and books are incorporating culture
3.
Increased interest in cultural psychology is a normal and healthy
development
VIII.
What is Culture?
A.
Culture
B.
____________________________
1.
Provides _________________________ or roadmaps on what to
do, how to think, and what to feel
2.
Ways of living use universal psychological toolkits to meet basic
human needs
C.
Definition
1.
Unique information system shared by a group, and transmitted
across __________________________
2.
Allows the group to meet basic needs, pursue well-being, and
derive __________________________ from life
D.
Figure 1.3 - A Functional Understanding of Culture
E.
Is Culture a Uniquely Human Product?
1.
Animals have a basic form of culture
a)
Social beings that have clear social networks and
hierarchies
2.
b)
Invent and use tools
c)
Communicate with each other
Characteristics of human life that differentiates it from those of
animals
a)
Complexity
b)
Differentiation
c)
F.
__________________________________
Difference Between Society and Culture
1.
Society - System of interrelationships among people
a)
2.
Human societies are __________________________
_______________________ - Meanings and information
associated with social networks
G.
3.
Human cultures give concept of family its own unique meaning
4.
Different human cultures assign different meanings to family
Table 1.3 - Contrasting Groups that Have Cultures from Social Constructs
that are Not Culture
H.
Contrasting Culture, Race, Personality, and Popular Culture
1.
_____________________ - More of a social construction than a
biological essential
a)
_________________________ provides race its meaning
(1)
Racial differences are not useful for scientific or
practical purposes without a clear understanding of
the underlying causes of the similarities and
differences observed
2.
Personality - Unique constellation of traits, attributes, qualities, and
characteristics
a)
Culture is ___________________ across individuals,
whereas personality is vastly different
3.
Popular culture - Trends in music, art, and other expressions that is
popular among people
a)
Does not involve sharing a wide range of psychological
attributes across various domains
b)
Values come and go as ____________ or ______________
unlike culture, which is stable over time
IX.
The Contents of Culture
X.
Contents of Culture
XI.
Subjective Elements of Culture
XII.
How Does Culture Influence Human Behaviors and Mental Processes?
A.
Influence of Culture on Human Behavior and Processes
1.
Culture influences psychological processes through
__________________________ contexts
2.
____________________________: Process of learning and
adopting the ways and manners of a specific culture
3.
Culture produces changes in people in terms of their attitudes,
values, and opinions
4.
Relationship between culture and individual behaviors is
____________________, dynamic, and complex
B.
Understanding Culture in Perspective: Universals and Culture-Specifics
1.
There are psychological processes in which all humans engage
a)
________________________: Ability to recognize others as
intentional agents while drawing inferences
(1)
People of different cultures make attributions in
________________________ ways
2.
C.
Psychological process is __________________ in all humans
Etics and Emics
1.
______________________: Universal psychological processes
2.
______________________: Culture-specific processes
a)
3.
Cultural differences arise due to:
(1)
Geography
(2)
______________________________
(3)
Resources
(4)
Previous culture and contact with other cultures
People around the world want the same things, but they work
toward it differently
a)
Is this a true statement?