CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that this report was done by me, LAWAL KASALI OLADEPO with
Matriculation number MST/17/2703, and submitted to the Department of Marine Science and
Technology, School of Earth and Mineral Sciences, FUTA. The technical report was written based
on my experience on field at Ugbonla community, Araromi Seaside and Aiyetoro seaside, Ilaje
Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The report was done as a partial requirement for the
grading of the course, MST320.
Dr A.A ADELODUN
Ag. Head of Department, MST
LAWAL KASALI OLADEPO
DATE
DATE
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give thanks to God almighty, the Alpha and Omega for the wisdom knowledge and understanding
for the completion of the MST 320 fieldwork, I sincerely appreciate my parent, Dr & Mrs. Folasade
Lawal for their parental care, prayer and support, May God continually bless them. I will like to
appreciate the Head of Department, Marine Science and Technology, Dr. A. A. Adelodun, all
lecturers and technicians in the department for their commitment and relentless effort to make sure
we understand the principle of the ocean and all it entails, May God bless you all. I will also like
to thank the likes of John Glory, Etietop Udofia for providing me with their Template and for
guiding me through writing this Report, I also appreciate all my departmental colleagues especially
Group 2 and most especially Group 2A members for their commitment and the respect given to
me when I was mantled to lead them. We will meet in great places in the nearest future.
iii
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Charts/Plots
Summary of Abbreviations and Notations
Abstract
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.2 LOCATION
1.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRIANAGE
1.4 VEGETATION
1.5 SOIL CONDITIONS
1.6 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREAS
2.0 METHOD OF STUDY
2.1 PREAMBLE
3.0 PROCEDURES
3.1 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
3.1.1
FIELD METHOD ADOPTED
3.1.2
INSTRUMENTATION
3.1.3
DATA PROCESSING
3.2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
3.2.1
FIELD METHOD ADOPTED
3.2.2
INSTRUMENTATION
3.2.3
DATA PROCESSING
3.3 MARINE GEOPHYSICS
3.3.1
FIELD METHOD ADOPTED
3.3.2
INSTRUMENTATION
3.3.3
DATA PROCESSING METHODOLOGY
iv
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 MARINE GEOLOGY
4.2 MARINE GEOPHYSICS
4.3 MARINE GEOLOGY
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDNDATION
5.1 KNOWLEDGE GAP
5.2 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMMENDATION
6.0 REFERENCES
v
List of Figures
Fig 1.0: Percentage distribution of major minerals Present in the ocean
Fig 1.1: Map of Ondo State showing Ilaje LGA where the field work was done
Fig 1.2: Map of Ilaje Local Government Area showing the Study Locations
Fig 1.3: A drainage map of Ilaje Local Government Area
Fig 1.4: A vegetation diagram of Araromi Beach, Ondo state
Fig 1.5: Geological map of Ondo State showing the rock types
Fig 2.1: Tree diagram of fieldwork
Fig 3.0 Auto-Leveling Instrument
Fig 3.1: Tripod stand fitted with leveling instrument
Fig 3.2: GPS
Fig 3.3: Stop watch
Fig 3.4: Level staff
Fig 3.5: Peg
Fig 3.6: Measuring Tape
Fig 3.7: Equipotential and current lines for a pair of current electrodes A and B on a homogeneous
half-space
Fig 3.8: Coated Electrode
Fig 3.9: Hammer
Fig 3.10: Measuring Tape
Fig 3.11: Peg
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Fig 3.12: Reel of cable
Fig 3.13: Battery
Fig 3.14: Ohmega Resistivity Meter
Fig 3.15: Walkie-Talkie
Fig 3.16: Types of Array configuration
Fig 3.17: The Schlumberger Array
Fig 3.18: Dipole Dipole array
Fig 3.19: Schlumberger Array configuration for Vertical Electrical sounding
Fig 3.20: Dipole Dipole Array configuration for Vertical Electrical sounding
Fig 3.21: Weather Tracker
Fig 3.22: Phone Camera
Fig 3.23: Multi parameter water analyzer
Fig 3.24: Grab sampler
Fig 3.25: Sample bottle
Fig 3.26: Black polythene bags
Fig 3.27: Field note and pen
Fig 3.28: Echo sounders
Fig 3.29: GPS
Fig 3.30: Pipette and burette
Fig 3.31: Picture showing test and analysis equipment
Fig 3.31: Chemical analysis setup
vii
List of Charts
Chart 4.0: longshore current plot
Chart 4.1: Wave height (day 1) plot
Chart 4.2: Wave height (day 2) plot
Chart 4.3: Wave period (day 1) plot
Chart 4.4: Wave height (day 2) plot
Chart 4.5: Intertidal (day 1) plot
Chart 4.6: Intertidal (day 2) plot
Chart 4.7: Profile 1
Chart 4.8: Profile 2
Chart 4.9: Profile 3
Chart 4.10: Profile 4
Chart 4.11: Profile 5
Chart 4.12: pH plot
Chart 4.13: Temperature plot
Chart 4.14: Pressure plot
Chart 4.15: Resistivity plot
Chart 4.16: Salinity plot
Chart 4.17: ORP plot
Chart 4.18: TDS plot
viii
Chart 4.19: Conductivity plot
Chart 4.20: Coleration between atmospheric temperature and heat index plot
Chart 4.21: Atmospheric Pressure plot
Chart 4.22: Heat index plot
Chart 4.23: Dew point plot
Chart 4.24: humidity plot
Chart 4.25: Atmospheric Pressure plot
Chart 4.26: Altitude plot
Chart 4.27: Wind speed plot
Chart 4.28: Air temperature plot
Chart 4.29: Bicarbonate bar plot
Chart 4.30: Chloride bar plot
Chart 4.31: Calcium bar plot
Chart 4.32: Total hardness bar plot
List of Tables
Table 4.0: Longshore current
Table 4.1: Wave height (Day 1)
Table 4.2: Wave height (Day 2)
Table 4.3: Wave period (Day 1)
Table 4.4: Wave period (Day 2)
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Table 4.5: Inter tidal range (Day 1)
Table 4.6: Inter tidal range (Day 2)
Table 4.7: Profile 1
Table 4.8: Profile 2
Table 4.9: Profile 3
Table 4.10: Profile 4
Table 4.11 Profile 5
Table 4.12 2B VES data
Table 4.13: 2D VES data
Table 4.14: Pseudo Data table
Table 4.15: Table showing coordinate of locations
Table 4.16: Water analyzer data
Table 4.17: Weather tracker data
Table 4.18: Coleration between weather tracker parameter
Table 4.19: Anions and cations table
Table 4.20: Total hardness table
SUMMARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATION
TDS
Total dissolved solids
DO
Dissolved oxygen
HI
Heat index (⁰C)
x
DP
CL
Dew Point (⁰C)
Chloride ion
WS
Wind Speed (mph)
WD
Water Density
Hu.
Humidity (%)
Tem.
Temperature (⁰c)
Long. - Longitude (E)
Lat. -
Latitude (⁰N)
AP
atmospheric pressure
DO -
Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
TDS
Total Dissolved Solid
Sal.
Salinity
GPS
Global Positioning System.
Mg
Magnesium
M
metre
C
Conductivity
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ABSTRACT
The ocean also referred to as the chemical soup of the earth covers about 70.8% of its spaces. The
ocean is composed of many minerals which have not been or rarely explored. The ocean and its
environment hold a very large economic advantage over the land. This explains why most of the
earth population (about 60%) lives in the coastal environment. It is very disheartening that the
floor of the ocean is poorly mapped, in fact, we have more know about space and space technology
than we do about the ocean floor. MST320 as a course that introduces students to the marine
environment which is a dynamic environment. The course helps the student to understand the
physical properties of the ocean, its geomorphology, the geophysical aspect of the ocean and the
chemical properties of the ocean. The MST 320 fieldwork took place at Ilaje, the coastal town of
Ondo State, Nigeria where the areas of study are; Ayetoro-Igbokoda waterway, Awoye-Abereke
waterway, and the coastline of Ayetoro muddy Beach. This book take turn to explain the work I
did on the field to justify this course and explains the process (from taking readings to
interpretation) of each aspect of marine geosciences as taught in The Federal University of
Technology, Akure. We were able to make inferences on the various hazard in this environment
and in the end devise a way to solve this problem.
xii
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The ocean covers about 70.8% of the earth is the most dominant feature of earth when
viewed from space and hosts about 94% of its living species, Geologically the ocean is highly
dynamic and it hosts the largest mountain range in the world covering about 65,000km. The
ocean waters also consist of dissolved solute and solvent in different proportions. The bed of
the world’s ocean holds large amount of minerals such as halite, sand, petroleum etc., that
maybe explored to serve as such of nutrient and energy for humankind. The ocean also affects
and is affected by the weather, it regulates the earth’s temperature and control the climate.
Major minerals and natural resources are trapped in the ocean floor and this are the interest of
marine geophysicist or intending marine geophysicist like myself.
The fieldwork aimed and succeeded in training students at using suitable science and
technologies to survey the ocean environment.
Fig 1.0: Percentage distribution of major minerals Present in the ocean
LOCATION
Araromi sea-side is located in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo state Nigeria. Ilaje LGA
was carved out of the former Ilaje/Ese Odo LGA on 1st October, 1996. It shares boundary in
the North with Okitipupa Local Government, the south by Atlantic Ocean, in the West by Ogun
State and in the East by Delta State. Araromi lies within latitude 6°19'51.8"N and longitude
1
4°29'41.4"E. They mainly occupy the Atlantic coastline of Ondo State of Nigeria while a large
population of them settles on land in the hinterland. The Ilaje are a distinct migratory coastal
linguistic group of Yoruba peoples spread along the coastal belts of Ondo, Ogun, Lagos and
Delta states, and originally made up of four geo-political entities namely: Ode Ugbo, Ode
Mahin, Ode Etikan and Aheri. While most towns and villages in the Mahin kingdom (Ode
Mahin) are distributed on arable lands, the towns and villages in the other three geo-polities of
Ugbo, Aheri and Etikan kingdoms are spread out along the beaches and swampy terrains of
the Atlantic Ocean coast.
Araromi Sea-side is one of the villages which occupies the Atlantic coastline of Ondo State of
Nigeria while a large population of them settles on land in the hinterland.
Some important features of the Ilaje Local Government Area are:
•
Headquarters: Igbokoda Town
•
Coordinate: Within Longitudes 5o45’ N – 6o15’ and Latitudes 4o30’ – 5o00’ E
•
Total land area: 2,300 km2
•
Population: 290,615 -National Population Commission, 2006.
•
Mineral Resources: Petroleum, Salt, Glass sand, Bitumen, Quartz and Clay.
•
Agricultural Produce: Fish, Poultry, Piggery, Cassava, Bananas, Cocoyam, Vegetables,
Timber, Copra, Rafia, Rice and Maize.
•
Occupation(s): Fishing, Lumbering, Mat making, Net making, Trading and Farming.
(Glory, 2019)
Ugbonla, is also located at Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo state with a latitude
6o8’23’’N, 4o47’30’’E longitude. 6.13975,4.79174(Latitude/Longitude direction),
Thnumber1. And it has all the qualities of Araromi as stated above, Ugbonla community
pride itself as a center for trade as most people in this environment sell a thing or the other.
Aiyetoro, is also in Ilaje local government, and it is made up of muddy beach, the socioeconomic standing of people in Aiyetoro is also Trades In Aqua organisms most especially
crayfish. The muddy beach of Aiyetoro gives it a displeasing view compared to Araromi.
2
Fig 1.1: Map of Ondo State showing Ilaje LGA where the field work was done
Fig 1.2: Map of Ilaje Local Government Area showing the Study Locations
3
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The course aim to teach student how to take various oceanographic studies using physical,
chemical, geological, geophysical and biological survey in the marine environment.
Some other objectives of the course are:
Chemical Oceanography:
● To teach student ways and method of taking chemical samples, how to use water analyzer
and weather tracker on a sea vehicle.
● To teach student the various complexometric and analytical titrations relevant in chemical
oceanography
● To help student estimate the pollution extent, infer the causes of pollution in marine
environment and provide relevant solutions as the case may be.
Geological Oceanography:
● To teach student how to carry out geomorphological survey
● To teach student how to determine shoreline changes and shoreline topography
● To determine the rate at which sediment are been eroded or deposited on the coast
● To take wave height and period at regular interval of time.
Geophysical Oceanography:
● To make student understand and be involved in processes of geophysical data acquisition,
processing and interpretation.
● To familiarize student with various programs for interpreting geophysical data
● To familiarize student with the culture, socio culture of communities near the seaside
Physical Oceanography:
● To make student understand the process of acquisition of physical oceanography data in
the marine environment, its method of processing and interpretation.
1.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRIANAGE
Araromi, Aiyetoto and Ugbonla holds no clear draining system, The water there flow naturally
with the ocean current. I did not see a drainage in the area, because it is in a river line community,
the water has an easy inflow and runoffs. There's an inflow of water from the stream in the
4
community into rivers and them later find their way to the ocean, because this area is waterlogged,
we have interlocked roads instead of tiled road,
Compared to the Northern part of Ondo state, Ilaje community is a sedimentary environment. Ilaje
community is a sedimentary environment which is made up of about 15m thick fine sand sediment
which are deposited from the ocean through wave activities and topography increases as we move
away from the sea.
Fig 1.3: A drainage map of Ilaje Local Government Area
1.3 VEGETATION
The areas are highly vegetated, there was a clear pattern of the population of plant species as we
move close to the Beach(es), we can classify the vegetation of this community into two namely
coastal forest and mangrove swamp.
The coastal environment is composed majorly of palm trees, and a specie of suborn grass, this
plant has a unique ability of holding firmly to the ground such they are not disturbed by wind
action. The coastal environment is use less for agricultural purpose in the environment.
5
Moving away from the sea. We have the mangrove swamps with comprises of multiple species of
plant which can live in this environment. Farmers in this environment plant their agricultural
products here.
Fig 1.4: A vegetation diagram of Ararom beach, Ondo state
1.4 SOIL CONDITIONS
The soil in Araromi are predominantly fine sand sediments for the sea, basement rock can be seen
when we move father into the community. The soils not good for agricultural purpose. The sandy
beach can be noted throughout the community.
The soil in Aiyetoro is muddy, this is due to the ocean current depositing mood at the beach over
time, the water in this area is dirty, and black in color, this is due to pollution in the environment.
1.5 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDEY AREAS
The geology of Ondo state is divided into two (2) namely; the complex Pre-Cambrian rock and
Sedimentary rock formation. The Ondo state is underlain by rocks of the Precambrian Basement
complex of the southwestern Nigeria. The major lithological units include the granite gneiss and
6
migmatite gneiss. These rocks form inselbergs, isolated or residual hills and Continuous ridges.
(Epuh EE1).
The Ilaje Local Government Area is covered by troughs and undulating low land surfaces. The
area is covered by silt, and mud and superficial sedimentary deposits. There is sand formation at
the Western part of the Local Government extending from the Lekki peninsula in Lagos State to
Araromi Sea-side and Zion pepe, Agba to Etugbo and Ipare all, Mahin and Ugbonla the Eastern
part of the Local Government Area. The surface expression of the geology of this area consists of
unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sand in the south underlain by lateritic hardpan and oolitic
sandstone to the north and northwest of the surveyed area. These are strongly foliated rocks
frequently occurring as out crops. On the surface of these outcrops, severely contorted, alternating
bands of dark and light-colored minerals can be seen. These bands of light-colored minerals are
essentially feldspar and quartz, while the dark colored bands contain abundant biotic mica. A small
proportion of the state, especially to the northeast, overlies the coarse-grained granites and
gneisses, which are poor in dark ferromagnesian minerals. (Smyth, 1962)
Due to its geology, Ilaje Communuity have reservoirs that can hold crude oil, various oil fields are
present in ilaje community (both onshore and offshore) and this oil are presently explored by the
oil giants in Nigeria, i.e. Shell Petroleum Development company (SPDC) and Chevron Companies.
7
Fig 1.5: Geological map of Ondo State showing the rock types
8
2.0 METHOD OF STUDY
2.1 PREAMBLE
The MST320 fieldwork which lasted for 14days spanned through October 4, 2021 to October 17,
2021, this fall in a “abnormal;” raining season, which is evident as the sea flows highly because of
the wind. There was intense sunlight both on boat and by the beach.
The Geological and Physical oceanography was conducted at Araromi seaside which is a sandy
beach (i.e. the beach is made up of very fine sand). We took a 4hours to-fro walk to Oke-siri which
was explained to be an estuary but has been covered by sand due to what can be defined as a storm
surge.
While the Geophysical oceanography survey was done by Aiyetoro seaside which is muddy, and
the chemical oceanography at the waterways of Awoye.
Each survey was carried out in groups and batches in a way that all students will learn and
participate. For the Physical oceanography and Geological oceanography survey, we were grouped
in respect to our matric number, I happen to be in group C, where I served as the group leader.
While working on the Chemical and Geophysical oceanography and the geophysical oceanography
aspect we were placed in two groups, I was placed in group 2, where I also serve as the group
leader.
Most of the surveys were carried out in situ, but in some cases, such as analyzing for the chloride
present in seawater, we had to do the interpretation in the base.
9
Fig 2.1: Tree diagram of fieldwork
10
11
3.0 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Geological oceanography is the study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has
changed through time; the creation of sea floor features; and the history of sediments deposited
on it. (Thurman, 2011)
Geological oceanography helps us understand the paleo-environment of sediments in the ocean
floor and its environment, it helps us make inference on the various type of minerals to expect in
a particular ocean, and it also help in coastal engineering. The study of wave form, wave speed
and strength help us determine the type of structures to build in the coastal environment.
3.1.2 INSTRUMENTATION
Various parameters were taken at the fieldwork such include taking the inter tidal range variation
with time, wave height etc. this will be discuses in chapter 3.1.3. This sub chapter focuses on
listing the various instrument used in Geological oceanography survey during the fieldwork.
Instrument used include:
•
Auto-leveling system
•
Tripod stand
•
GPS
•
Tape rule
•
Stopwatch
•
Leveling Staff
•
Pegs
•
Field Note and Pen
AUTO-LEVELING SYSTEM: also known as dumpy level, an Autp-leveling instrument is an
optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal lane (211) . The auto
leveling system was used to check the height of the measuring staff during the Beach survey.
12
Fig 3.0 Auto-Leveling Instrument
TRIPOD STAND: It is a portable three-legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting
the weight and maintain the stability of some other object. The auto leveling system was placed
on the tripod stand.
Fig 3.1: Tripod stand fitted with leveling instrument
GPS: (Global Positioning System) is a global navigation satellite system that provides location,
velocity and time synchronization. It was used to take the location of our pegged area and the
elevation to sea-level.
13
Fig 3.2: GPS
Stop Watch: The stopwatch is a timepiece designed to measure the amount of time that lapse
during its activation and deactivation. We used to stop watch to measure the wave period during
the field work.
Fig 3.3: Stopwatch
Level staff: This is a graduated aluminum rod was used alongside the leveling instrument to
determine the difference in height between points or height of points above a vertical datum. The
Level staff was used during the beach survey to check the sea-level of the beach from the auto
levelling instrument
Fig 3.4: Level staff
14
Pegs: The pegs are wooden rectangle sticks with sharp edges. They are used to delineate the
distance between one place to another during the fieldwork, they are also used to delenate points
along a profile.
Fig 3.5: pegs
Measuring Tape: The measuring tape is a tape of flexible ruler that measure size or distance,
during the fieldwork, the measuring tape was used to take the distance between pegs, measure
the inter-tidal range etc.
Fig 3.6: Measuring Tape
3.1.3
FIELD METHOD ADOPTED
The Geological oceanography was carried out at the Araromi Seaside, the aim of the survey was to access
the slope of the beach, to know the rate of sediment deposited and eroded on the Atlantic coastline of
Ondo state, and also to know the intertidal variation of the sea, The survey also aim at quantifying the rate
of erosion by determining the factors responsible for it so we can make references in the further.
The following activities were measured during the marine geology field activities;
15
•
Longshore current
•
Wave height
•
Wave Period
•
Inter-tidal Range
•
Beach survey
1. LONGSHORE CURRENT
Introduction
Longshore current is simply an ocean current that moves parallel to shore. It is caused by large swells
sweeping into the shoreline at an angle and pushing water down the length of the beach in one
direction (Dada, 2021)
The longshore current is the angle of prevailing sediment deposition or erosion from the coast. The
more prominent the swell size and direction, the longer and straighter the beach is, the more powerful
and swift the long shore current will be.
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of the activity was to understand and determine the relationship between the distance
covered by the mid-Atlantic longshore current, the travel and return time of the current and the
predominant direction of the current over a defined span of time. This was necessary to understand
the accumulation and erosion of sediments by longshore currents along the coast.
Equipment used
This includes; Wooden Floater (we used the cover of a bottle), Measuring tape, Notebook, Pen and
Stopwatch.
.
Data acquisition
To measure the longshore Current, a reference point was established on the beach and when the wave
approaches the shore, the bottle cover was dropped into the sea. The cover is allowed to travel around
the shore until when the wave stops taking the float around and the float eventually stops. The point
where the float stops is marked and then time taken (t), direction and distance (m) and the direction
of travel for this procedure to occur is recorded. These readings were taken for different times.
2. WAVE HEIGHT
Introduction
16
Wave height is described as the average height of the highest third wave, the significant wave height
is average of the 3/10 highest wave.
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of this activity is to determine the height of the wave, this can be used to calculate the
steepness. Very high waves can damage boat and other vessels, so we have to know the wave height
of waves in this particular region.
Equipment used
This includes; Measuring rod, Notebook, Pen and Wristwatch.
Data acquisition
We measured the wave height in intervals of 5minutes, the wave height is gotten by placing a graduated
measuring rod at the wave break region, the peak of the wave that hit this rod is taken as the wave
height. The wave height is recorded and also the time of the day Successive data were taken and
recorded.
3. WAVE PERIOD
Introduction
Measured in seconds, wave period (t) is the time taken for a wave to complete one circle i.e. the time
taken for two consecutive waves to pass through a fixed point.
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of the activity is to understand and determine the wave period at Araromi seaside between
two wave session. waves bring/ erode sediments in the coast, this can lead to the damage of structures
along the coat. This study was carried out in the view of stopping/ minimizing this effect. highly
consistent waves can also be used to generate waves energy.
Equipment used
This includes: Measuring tape, Notebook, Pen, local time (GMT) and Stopwatch.
.
Data acquisition
17
To measure the Wave period, we observed the wave crest (since it is easily recognizable) at a point, at
that point we check for the time taken by successive wave form to reach that place. Our readings were
taken in 5 minutes interval, the wave period and the actual time was recorded.
4. INTER-TIDAL RANGE
Introduction
Measured in meters, the intertidal range refers to the distance between the low tides and the high
tides, the tidal range varies with time and as costal geoscientist, we need to know the difference
between the high tides and low tides so as to know where to place our exploration structures and also
to know if the beach is been eroded or replenished.
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of the activity is to understand and determine the Intertidal range between high and low tides
and also to delineate the shoreline of the sea at Araromi.
Equipment used
This includes: Measuring tape, Pegs, Notebook, Pen, local time (GMT) and Stopwatch.
.
Data acquisition
To measure the intertidal range
•
The shoreline was firstly identified (by the debris rock and the berm) and marked and the
GPS for this location was taken
•
The wave front that hit the coast was recorded and measured from the shoreline
•
The GPS and distance from the shoreline to the wave front is taken at an interval of
5minutes
•
It can be noted that the intertidal range varies with time as the sea appears to move
towards the land, and sometimes it look far off.
5. BEACH SURVEY
Introduction
A beach profile survey is a topographic and bathymetric survey of a beach and adjacent
regions. The surveys are conducted along multiple shore perpendicular transects that
typically initiate at the dune or other limiting landward feature (may be a wall or road) and
extend across the beach and offshore to the depth of closure. (Beach Survey Tutorial, 2009)
18
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of taking this reading are to;
•
To help delineate the amount of sediment eroding/ deposited in this environment
•
To investigate the effects of seasonal changes around the coast.
•
To gain better understanding and knowledge of the coastline and its processes.
•
To know the type of structure a beach can take, i.e. To know the soil intensity of the
beach.
•
To help design better coastal defenses to protect against both coastal flooding and
erosion.
Equipment used
This includes: Measuring tape, Pegs, Auto-levelling meter, Global Positioning system (GPS), Tripod
stand, Notebook, Pen, Stopwatch.
.
Data acquisition
To do the Beach Survey, we divided ourselves into four (4) subgroup where we identified the
backshore, the foreshore and we did the following;
•
Affect identifying the Backshore, we make transects perpendicular to the shoreline
with Pegs such that the horizontal distance between the pegs was 50meters and the
vertical distance was 10meters, we make a total of 5 profiles, we used a total of 74
pegs.
•
The profile was picked from the shoreline seaward to a place where there is no dry
land.
•
After this we make a reference point (which is a coconut tree), The elevation of the
point was marked as 3m using G.P.S, the reference level was also 300.00 relative to
the sea-level.
•
The Auto-level meter was then mounted correctly on a tripod and properly aligned
using the focusing knob at a distance from the reference point towards the sea, the
elevation of that point was also recorded with GPS and summed up with the previous
reference point.
19
•
A 5m long leveling staff was always placed at transect or peg points to enable readings
to be taken from the auto-level mounted farther away.
•
The measuring staff was viewed from the auto leveling meter and we pick where the
four-cardinal point of the auto leveling meter concise on the levelling staff.
•
After all these procedures had been followed and beach data had been recorded for
profile 1, the next step is to move the instrument by a distance of 10 m along the beach
and other equipment are pulled out from the ground and moved progressively to the
10meters mark.
•
If the auto leveling meter is shifted from its mean position, the reference point is firstly
viewed and recorded as FS (fore sight) before going to the next reading of pegs.
•
Our readings were recorded as BS (base station), IS (Intermediate site), FS (fore
sight), HI (instrument height), RL (Reduce level).
•
These procedures were carefully repeated for the remaining profiles.
20
21
3.1 GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
3.1.4
INTRODUCTION
Geophysical Oceanography involves the application of geophysical methods to solve geological
problems. Marine geophysics as it is called think more of HOW to explore for mineral and
natural resources in the marine environment for human consumption and environmental
sustainability.
Geophysical oceanography does this by the use of many geophysical methods such as Marine
gravity prospecting method, Marine magnetics method, marine electromagnetics method
(CSTEM etc.) and Marine Electrical survey (which was mostly used during the fieldwork), each
type of survey is used based on the susceptibility of what we are looking for.
Marine Electrical resistivity method was used to explore for ground water along the Araromi
coast, because the water in this environment is salty. The people in this region need freshwater
which is in fact one of the major reasons why we carried out the survey.
Theory Applied:
Consider a single point electrode, located on the boundary of a semi-infinite, electrically
homogeneous medium, which represents a homogeneous earth. If the electrode carries a current
I, measured in amperes (A), the potential at any point in the medium or on the boundary is given
by:
U=
ρ
,
2πr
Where: U = potential, in V, ρ = resistivity of the medium, r = distance from the electrode.
For an electrode pair with current I at electrode A and I at electrode B, the potential at a point is
given by the algebraic sum of the individual contributions:
𝐔=
𝛒𝐈
𝛒𝐈
𝛒𝐈 𝟏
𝟏
−
=
[ − ],
𝟐𝛑𝐫𝐀 𝟐𝛑𝐫𝐁
𝟐𝛑 𝐫𝐀 𝐫𝐁
Where: rA and rB = distances from the point to electrodes A and B
22
Fig 3.7: Equipotential and current lines for a pair of current electrodes A and B on a homogeneous
half-space
In addition to current electrodes A and B, the illustration above shows a pair of electrodes M and
N, which carry no current, but between which the potential difference V may be
measured. Following the previous equation, the potential difference V may be written as
V = UM − UN =
ρI 1
1
1
1
[
−
+
−
]
2π AM BM BN AN
Where: UM and UN = potentials at M and N,
AM = distance between electrodes A and M, etc.
These distances are always the actual distances between the respective electrodes, whether or not
they lie on a line. The quantity inside the brackets is a function only of the various electrode
spacing. The quantity is denoted 1/K, which allows rewriting the equation as:
𝐕=
𝛒𝐈 𝟏
,
𝟐𝛑 𝐊
Where: K = array geometric factor.
Equation above can be solved for ρ to obtain:
𝛒 = 𝟐𝛑𝐊
𝐕
,
𝐈
The resistivity of the medium can be found from measured values of V, I, and K, the geometric
factor K is a function only of the geometry of the electrode arrangement.
23
3.1.5
INSTRUMENTATION
The Instruments used in Geophysical oceanography surveys are:
•
Coated Electrodes
•
Hammer
•
Measuring Tape
•
Pegs
•
Reels of Cables
•
Battery
•
Ohmega Resistivity Meter
•
Walkie-Talkie
•
Record Sheet
COATED ELECTRODES: the electrodes are coated steel which are used to send current through
the ground. They are connected to the resistivity meter via the cables, the electrodes include 2
current electrodes (C1 and C2) and 2 potential Electrodes (P1 and p2). In cases where we have dry
ground, the ground is moisturized (with water) so that the electrode can conduct electricity.
3.8: Coated Electrode
HAMMER: The hammer is a T-shaped heavy metal used to hammer down the electrodes and
pegs to a specific dept.
24
3.9: Hammer
MEASURING TAPE: This is a long-calibrated ruler used to measure the distance between pegs
during the fieldwork. The measuring tape is also used to measure the distance between electrodes
when moving them.
3.10: Measuring Tape
PEGS: The pegs are wooden rectangle sticks with sharp edges. They are used to delineate the
distance between one place to another
3.11: Pegs
25
REELS OF CABLES: Cables are long wires made up of aluminum coil used to transfer energy
from one point to another. We made used of 4 cables during the fieldwork (each one for each
electrode at any given time)
3.12: Reels of Cable
BATTERY: The battery was used to charge the Ohmega resitivty meter during the fieldwork, it
serves as a source of energy.
3.13: Battery
OHMEGA RESISTIVITY METER: This is a machine programmed in such a way that it provides
the voltage and current of any given medium provided the connections are airtight and under ambient
conditions. The Ohmega Restivity meter have 4 port each for the two potential ( P1 and P2) and the two
current(C1 and C2) electrodes.
26
3.14: Ohmega Resistivity meter
WALKIE-TALKIE: The walkie-talkie is like a telephone device that transmits radio signals at
short frequencies. The walkie-talkie was used for communicating during the fieldwork.
3.15: Walkie Talkie
RECORD SHEET: This are field materials used for recording data gotten on field. The record
sheet was used to record the current and voltage and subsequent calculations was done on it.
3.1.6 ARRAY CONFIGURATION USED
27
Fig 3.16: Types of Array configuration
In the geophysical oceanography survey of Ayetoro seaside, we used 2 types of array
configuration namely
❖ The Schlumberger Array
❖ The Dipole-dipole Array
THE SCHLUMBERGER ARRAY
The Schlumberger array is an array where four electrodes are placed in line around a common
midpoint. The two outer electrodes, A and B, are current electrodes, and the two inner electrodes,
M and N, are potential electrodes placed close together. With the Schlumberger array, for each
measurement the current electrodes A and B are moved outward to a greater separation
throughout the survey, while the potential electrodes M and N stay in the same position until the
observed voltage becomes too small to measure (source). At this point, the potential electrodes
M and N are moved outward to a new spacing. As a rule of the thumb, the reasonable distance
between M and N should be equal or less than one-fifth of the distance between A and B at the
28
beginning. This ratio goes about up to one-tenth or one-fifteenth depending on the signal
strength. (Hassan, 2017)
Fig 3.17: The Schlumberger Array
The Schlumberger Array is mostly used in carrying out VES of a point.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE (DOUBLE DIPOLE) ARRAY SYSTEM
A dipole is a pair of oppositely charged electrodes that are so close together that the electric field
seems to form a single electric field rather than a field from two different electric poles. (On the
other hand, when the separation of the two charged electrodes is large enough that the observer
detects the electric field from two poles, it’s called a bipole.)
The dipole-dipole array consists of a current electrode pair A and B and a potential electrode pair
M and N, and it offers a way to plot raw data in order to get an idea of a cross-section of the
earth. Those using the dipole-dipole array look at a measurement value called apparent
resistivity, which represents a weighted average of the resistivities under the four electrodes used
29
to take the reading. The apparent resistivity is typically calculated by modern instruments from
the geometry between the four electrodes and the injected current and measured potential.
The result of a dipole-dipole survey is plotted in a pseudo-section. For each measurement, the
apparent resistivity data is plotted at the midpoint between the two dipoles and at a depth half the
distance between the two dipoles. (Hasan, 2017)
3.18: Dipole Dipole Array
3.1.7
FIELD METHOD ADOPTED
Two (2) types of survey was done on the field
•
•
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)
•
Electrical profiling
VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING
Introduction
Vertical Electrical sounding involves the use of electrical resistivity method to map out an area
vertically down a point. Vertical electrical sounding gives data that shows the electrical layers of the
30
survey area, this layer is referred to as electrical layers or equipotential layers. VES (Vertical
electrical sounding) probes a point and it helps us to note the various electrical units in an area.
During the fieldwork, we use the Schlumberger array to take the VES readings.
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of the activity is to
•
Understand and determine the Vertical electrical sounding in this area,
•
Group the sub-layers into electrical layers.
Equipment used
This includes: Omega Resistivity Meter, Battery, Coated Electrodes, Hammer, Reels of
Cables, Walkie-Talkie, Record Sheet, Measuring tape, Pegs, Notebook, Pen, Global
Positioning system (GPS).
.
Data acquisition
To take the Vertical Electrical sounding we;
•
Delineate the point where we want to take the VES, and we take the GPS location of the
point,
•
We arranged the electrode as in fig 3.19 placing the probed point at the middle, we used
the Schlumberger array, because this array can probe in deeper than other array types.
Fig 3.19: Schlumberger array configuration for Vertical Electrical Sounding
•
We marked out a profile of 400meters where we placed our pegs at 10meters intervals
•
The resistivity meter was on and we use it to take our readings and subsequently too along
the profile.
31
•
The potential electrodes are moved at intervals when current can no longer circulate.
•
The apparent resistivities value were gotten and recorded by calculating the gotten values
with precise/ calibrated numbers
•
•
When the current does not circulate, we put water on ground near the electrodes
•
The gotten values were plotted using the standard curves.
ELECTRICAL PROFILING
Introduction
Electrical Profiling uses electrical resistivity survey to know the laterally extent/ dept of
electrical layers. Electrical profiling coupled with the VES can be used to form a 2D survey
of an area.
Aim of Field Activity
The aim of the activity is to
•
Know the lateral variation of rock materials
•
Get a 2D resistivity survey of the area.
Equipment used
This includes: Ohmega Resistivity Meter, Battery, Coated Electrodes, Hammer, Reels of
Cables, Walkie-Talkie, Record Sheet, Measuring tape, Pegs, Notebook, Pen, Global
Positioning system (GPS).
.
Data acquisition
We did the profiling at Araromi by;
•
Delineate the central point where we want to take the profile
•
We arranged the electrode as in fig 3.20 in the Dipole-Dipole array to take the profile of the
area.
32
Fig 3.20: Dipole-dipole array configuration for 2D-Electrical Resistivity
•
We marked out a profile of 400meters where we placed our pegs at 10meters intervals
•
The resistivity meter was on and we use it to take our readings and subsequently too along
the profile.
•
The potential electrodes are moved at intervals when current can no longer circulate.
•
The apparent resistivities value were gotten and recorded by calculating the gotten values
with precise/ calibrated numbers
•
When the current does not circulate, we put water on ground near the electrodes
•
The gotten values were plotted using the standard curves.
Data Processing:
SOFTWARE USED: DIPOWIN and WINRESIST
We processed the data focusing on having the following parameters
1. Number of layers
2. Resistivity values for each layer
3. Thickness for each layer
4. Lateral variation in rock types
•
Firstly, we plotted the data of the VES on a log-log graph (AB/2 along the horizontal
axis and resistivity along the vertical axis), The VES data was divided amidst group
members, after plotting we compared the curve on of data with the standard curves (shown
in the figure below) after comparing with the standard curve, we were able to make
33
calculations to infer the number of layers (Geo electric layers) and thickness for each
layers.
•
After getting the layers I compared the analyzed the values by using WinResist and I
noticed that we have too much noise in this environment, this is due to the seawater influx
by wave action, we try to iterate our data to give us required accuracy.
•
To check for the lateral variation in rock types, we plotted our readings on the
DIPRofWIN ro give us pseudo section of the area.
Fig 3.20: Electrical Sounding Curve
34
Fig 3.21: 2-layer master curve
35
3.2CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Sea water quantity is affected by almost all chemicals, increase of about 0.001percent of some of
this chemical species can make the water unsafe for human consumption or animal productivity.
This give rise to the need to understand the chemical composition of water thus the birth of
chemical oceanography.
Chemical Oceanography: The study of the chemical composition and properties of seawater;
how to extract certain chemicals from seawater and the effect of pollutant (THURMAN, 2011).
Chemical oceanography helps us understand the anions and cations in seawater how it is been
affected and how it affects the environment. Chemical oceanographer’s studies sediments, soil
sample, water sample, biota and air samples over the ocean and at the coast and tend to analyze
how these parameters affect the ocean.
The ocean is the home to millions of people, the livelihood of this people releases various
chemicals into the ocean, additionally those that live inland have their chemicals washed away into
the ocean. This chemical can be unsafe for humans and oceanic life.
The chemical oceanography aspect in the fieldwork was done on the Awoye-waterways where
various immaterial and material readings were taken, ocean parameters like density, salinity, pH,
dissolved oxygen, TDS, water temperature, to mention a few were taken during the fieldwork
using various instruments which will be explained below. We also used the grabber to take
sediments, and we collected the water sample at 31 locations seaward. We took water samples and
we try to quantify the major anions (bicarbonate and chloride) and the cations (calcium and
magnesium ions) present in the seawater. Although there are many other constituent-like traced
elements. But the purpose of this fieldwork (as explain below) is majorly on the Cations and
Anions. We did both the trimetric and complexometric reaction at base.
Purpose of Study:
The chemical oceanography also aims at introducing student to the marine environment making
us understand the basic chemical interaction that take place in the marine environment.
Other aims and objectives include:
•
To determine the physio-chemical properties of the ocean and investigate the
concentration of the analyte (Anions and Cations) present in seawater.
•
To understand how human activities, affect the environment
36
•
To know the chemical properties of the ocean.
•
To know the total hardness of seawater
•
To acquire, analyze, and present data from which observations, inferences and
conclusions can be made.
3.2.1 FIELD METHOD ADOPTED
The field procedure was done on the department’s boat, where we moved from Awoye towards
the Idi-Ogba community, we paused at notable community in this areas to take our readings,
putting in mind human activities that may have added to the pollution of the ocean examples
includes filling stations, mechanic workshops, intense live hood in an area.
The survey done in each location includes:
1. Weather Tracking
2. Water Sampling
3. Sediment Sampling
4. Water Analysis
5. GPS
For each location along the water profile, GPS location was taken, water analyzer was deployed
to know the composition of the water, Weather tracker was used to delineate many things such as
the wind direction, The grabber was used to grab sediment from the sea floor, the water samples
were also taken in a labeled plastic bottle for further analysis.
The water samples were later taken to base and subsequently laboratory for anions and cations
analysis. It should be noted that the water sample should not be allow to settle down in fact they
were stored in a fridge upon further analysis, the sediments were also not to be sun dried and this
will kill some of the biota present.
3.2.2 INSTRUMENTATION
The following instruments were used in the fieldwork
1. Weather Tracker
37
2. Phone Cameras
3. Multi-parameter Water Analyzer
4. Grab Sampler
5. Sample Bottles
6. Polythene Bags
7. Pen and Notebooks
8. Echo Sounder
9. GPS
1. Weather Tracker
Model: POCKET WEATHER TRACKER [KESTREL 4500NV]
The weather tracker was used to determine metrological properties of the study area. The
device had a screen, a lid and fan. At point of use the power button was pressed and lid
opened for the fan to roll (due to wind action). There were three interfaces on which results
were displayed. The navigation key was pressed to move from one interface to the other.
The parameters measured are: Temperature (oC), Heat Index (oC), Dew Point (oC),
Humidity (0/0), Pressure (mmHg), Altitude (m), Wind Speed (m/s) and Density Altitude
(m).
Fig 3.21: Weather tracker
2. Phone Cameras
38
The phone cameras where used to take pictures of each location so that student can see the
physical changes in the color of seawater as we moved seaward.
Fig 3.22: Phone Camera
3. Multi-parameter Water Analyzer
Model: HANNA H19828 MULTI-PARAMETER WATER ANALYZER
This is used to take multiple chemical properties of seawater at once, The auto chemical
analyzer is made up of two components, one is the sensor and the other is the probe. They are
both connected together by a very long cable and being powered by a battery source built in
the oribe. At a particular location, the sensor is dipped into the water and the instruments
takes all the parameters and it is logged, the sensor is then removed from water after the data
is logged.
The parameters measured are: Salinity(ppm). Conductivity, Water Temperature(oC),
Water Pressure(mmHg), Total dissolved solids (ORP), Resistivity (Ω.cm), Coordinates,
Depth(m), pH, specific gravity.
3.23: Multi Parameter water analyzer
4. Grab Sampler
39
This is a clamshell bucket shaped device made of steel which were brought together to cut part
of the bed. It was used to grab the topmost sediment on the ocean floor which was then
packaged and labeled in a polytene bag. Since our analysis is an inorganic analysis, an organic
material is used to take water samples at different location.
Fig 3.24: Grab sampler
5. Sample Bottles
We used small 2 ½ bottles during the field work, they are used to store water samples for
further analysis
Fig 3.25: Sample Bottles
6. Polythene Bags
This are bags made from petroleum resources, they are used to store sediment during the
fieldwork.
40
Fig 3.26: Black polytene bag
7. Pen and Notebooks
The pen and notebook are basic writing devices, they were used to record data during the
fieldwork.
Fig 3.27: Field Note and Pen
8. Echo Sounder
The Echosounder is a device used to evaluate the dept of the water. it does so by sending
acoustic wave through the water column, this acoustic wave get reflected and the reflected
wave is being recorded by the device.
During the fieldwork, we used the Echo sounder to check for the dept of the seawater.
Fig 3.28: Echo sounders
41
9. GPS
The GPS (global positioning system) is used for Navigation, that is, determining one's position
and orientation in space, is an important task for all instrument platforms. For physical
oceanography this means knowledge of latitude, longitude and depth H (or height z, which
increases upward and is often referenced to a 0 value at or near the sea surface).
During the chemical oceanography field survey, we used the GPS to know the exact location
of where we are picking our samples
Fig 3.29: GPS
Pipette: Used to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser.
Burette: Used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or gas.
pH indicator: This a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so
the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually.
Conical flask: This type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body and a
cylindrical neck. It is also known as Erlenmeyer flask.
Analyte: This is a substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured.
Titrant: This is a standard solution of known concentration, a common one is aqueous sodium
carbonate.
42
Fig 3.30: Pipette and Burette
Fig 3.31: Classical Analysis instrument
43
Fig 3.32: Classical Analysis Setup
3.2.3 DATA PROCESSING
The data processing was meant to be done 24hours within which the water sample were taken so
that the chemical properties of the water will be analyzed, although we did the test for
Bicarbonate and chloride that same say, we were unable to do the calcium and magnesium, so we
have to preserve (by refrigerating) the water samples. Which was then analyzed immediately we
got back to school.
We analyze for anions (Bicarbonate and chloride) using titrimetric methods, while we analyzed
for calcium and magnesium using complexometric reactions, a total of three titrations was done
for each of the analyzed ions, the values were later averaged.
The value of magnesium was gotten by subtracting the value of calcium from the total hardness
as calcium and magnesium account for 99% of hardness in water.
Data was represented graphically using Microsoft Excel for easy statistical treatment and
interpretation. Inferences and conclusions were then made on comparing results with the World
44
Health Organization (WHO), standard to determine if the water was healthy for domestic or
industrial use.
3.2.4 CONCENTRATION DETERMINATION PROCEDURES
Note: For all calculations where Dilution Factor (D. F) was employed;
Dilution factor (D. F) =
Initial volume + Final volume
Initial volume of sample (ml)
3.2.5 ANALYTIC QUANTITIES
We analyze for two basic ions type namely cations (Magnesium and calcium) and anions
(Bicarbonate, Chloride)
1. ANIONS
Introduction:
The basic anions in seawater are Chloride (about 18.98%) and Bicarbonate (0.14%), Chloride is
mostly common in seawater having a percentage of about 55% of the total dissolved substance in
the ocean.
The next headlines show how we analyzed the water sample gotten along the Awoye waterways
in terms of Anions determination.
1. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
Method: Titrimetric
Reagents used:
a. Standard H2S04 0.05M (Sulfuric acid)
b. Phenolphthalein Indicator
c. Mixed Indicator
Procedure followed:
a. The apparatus to be used for analysis were carefully rinsed with distilled water and with the
solution was to be poured into them.
45
b. 25ml of the sample was measured into the conical flask.
c. Three drops of Phenolphthalein indicator were added but no color change was observed.
d. Two drops of mixed indicator were added to the same solution and a blue color was
observed.
e. The solution was titrated against Sulfuric acid until a color change from blue to pink which
marked the end point was observed.
f. The titration was done for distilled water to note the blank.
The procedures listed above were repeated twice for each of the samples (from each location) to
obtain the average titre values.
Calculation
Dilution factor= (Initial volume + Final volume)/ Initial volume of sample (ml)
Where T is the average titre value for each sample.
2. CHLORIDE ION (CL-)
Method: Argentometric Titrimetric
Reagents used:
a. Silver Nitrate AgNO3 titrant
b. Potassium Chromate (K2CrO7)
c. Argentometric indicator
d. Distilled water.
Procedure followed:
a. All apparatus used were carefully rinsed with distilled water
b. Due to the classical instrument we have, the sample was diluted with 49mil of distilled water
c. 1ml of indicator (K2CrO7) was added to the aliquot in the conical flask, which changes the
color to yellow
d. The burette was then filled with dilute AgNO3 solution.
46
e. Then we titrated till a color change from (yellow to brick red) which indicated the end point
of the reaction.
f. The titration process was also done for distilled water as blank.
The above procedures were repeated twice for all samples to get the average titre values.
Calculation
Concentration of Chloride ion (mg/l) =
(A - B) × N × 35450 × D. F
Volume of sample (ml)
Where; A = ml titration for sample
B = ml titration for sample
N = Normality of AgNO3 (0.025M)
D. F = Dilution Factor
2. CATIONS
Introduction
Examples of cations in seawater are magnesium and calcium, as stated earlier they jointly account
for about 99% of the hardness in seawater and they behave chemically alike such that the analysis
for calcium is been affected by magnesium and via versa, to stop this, we had to use masking agent
to mask the interference of magnesium.
Magnesium was gotten by subtracting the calcium from the total hardness.
1. Calcium ion (Ca2+)
Method: EDTA Titrimetric
Reagents used:
a. 1ml of 1% NaOH buffer solution
b. Standard EDTA 0.01M solution
c. Indicator (Murezide + NaCl)
47
d. Standard Calcium solution
Procedure followed:
a. All apparatus used were carefully rinsed with distilled water and then with the solution with
which they were to be filled.
b. 10ml of the water samples from all locations were measured and diluted with 40ml aliquot of
distilled water.
c. 1ml of 1% NaOH was then added to the solutions.
d. A pinch of indicator (Murexide + NaCl) was added to the flask which changed the color of the
aliquot to light purple.
e. The burette was then filled with EDTA solution,
f. We titrated with the EDTA solution with continuous mixing till a color change from pink to
purple which marked the end point of the reaction was noticed.
g. This procedure was repeated for the blank.
The above procedures were repeated twice for all samples to get the average titre value.
Calculation
Ca2+ ppm = A × B × 400.8 x D.F
Volume of sample
Where; A= Average volume of acid
B= ml of titrant for sample
Ca2+ + EDTA-4↔ CaEDTA-2
2. Total Hardness
Method: EDTA Titrimetric
Reagents used:
a. Standard EDTA 0.01M solution
b. Ammonium buffer
48
c. Distilled water
d. Masking agents (KNC and hydroxyl ammonium chloride (OH.NH3Cl)
e. Eriochrome Black T (indicator)
Procedure followed:
a. All apparatus used were carefully rinsed with distilled water and then with the solution
which was to be poured into them.
b. The burette was then filled with 0.01M EDTA solution.
c. 5ml of the water samples were measured, and diluted with 45ml aliquot of distilled water
and all the measured samples were poured into a conical flask.
d. 1ml of Ammonium Buffer was then added to the solutions to produce a suitable pH.
e. Masking agents (5 drops of KCN and 3 drops of hydroxyl ammonium chloride
(OH.NH3Cl) were added to mask the effects of other constituents in the water samples.
f. 3 drops of Eriochrome Black T (indicator) was added to the aliquot in the conical flask.
g. We titrated till a color change from purple to blue was observed indicating the end point
of the reaction.
h. We also repeat this procedure for the blank.
The above procedures were repeated twice for all samples to get the average titre values.
Calculation
Total Hardness (EDTA), mg CaCO3 /L =
(A x B x 1000)
Volume of sample (ml)
A= ml EDTA titrated for sample
B = mg CaCO3 equivalent to 1.00ml EDTA titrant.
49
3. Magnesium ion (Mg2+)
Calculation
Concentration of Mg2+ (mg/l) = (Total Hardness – Calcium Ca2+) × 0. 0.224
50
4.0RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1MARINE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Program used for analysis: Microsoft Excel, Microsoft word
Data and Results
4.1.1 LONGSHORE CURRENT
Time of the day
Distance
covered(m)
Floater Direction
travel
and
return
time(s)
11:35AM
10.5
13.78
E
11:38AM
17
24.35
W
11:40AM
11
21.25
W
11:42AM
3
11.9
W
11:43AM
10.5
8.59
E
11:44AM
7
15
E
12:14PM
2.8
26.07
E
12:20PM
7.87
30.7
W
12:23PM
8.37
25.93
E
12:25PM
6.68
13.42
E
12:26PM
3.58
27.39
E
12:28PM
7.98
32.27
W
12:30PM
3.94
13.28
W
12:33PM
6.72
19.35
E
12:34PM
5.84
16.21
E
Table 4.0: Longshore Current
51
LongShore current plot
40
30
20
10
0
Distance covered
Distance covered
Floater Travel and Return time
Chart 4.0: Long Shore current plot
Inference:
The longshore current move in a predominant East direction which is correct for the western
Nigeria coast.
4.1.2 WAVE HEIGHT
Time of the day(s)
Height(m)
11:50
90
11:55
90
12:00
120
12:05
155
12:10
150
12:15
180
12:20
140
52
12:25
170
12:30
180
12:35
130
12:40
120
Table 4.1: Wave Height (Day 1) Table
Wave Height (m)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
11:50 11:55
12:00 12:05
12:10 12:15
12:20
12:25
12:30
Height(m)
Chart 4.1: Wave Height (Day 1) plot
Time of the day(s)
Height(m)
11:59
160
12:04
140
12:09
135
12:14
130
12:19
138
12:24
160
53
12:35
12:40
12:29
150
12:34
130
12:39
130
12:44
140
Table 4.2: Wave Height (Day 2) table
Wave Height(m)
200
150
100
50
0
11:59 12:04
12:09 12:14
12:19 12:24
12:29
12:34
12:39
12:44
Wave Height(m) Day 2
Chart 4.2: Wave Height (Day 2) plot
Inference:
The wave height varies with time, it is quite noticeable that we have stronger wave heights
after noon than in the morning, this is due to tides, Since the Ondo state coast of Nigeria
experience semi diurnal tide( 2 high and 2 low tides), the wave heights is expected to vary
(largely) every 6hour 13minutes.
4.1.3 WAVE PERIOD
54
Time of the day(s)
Wave Period (s)
11:50
12.68
11:55
13
12:00
16.02
12:05
13.02
12:10
12.62
12:15
19.96
12:20
16.41
12:25
15.07
12:30
17.67
12:35
12.05
12:40
13.51
Table 4.3: Wave period (Day 1) table
Wave Period (s) Day 1
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
11:50 11:55
12:00 12:05
12:10 12:15
12:20
12:25
Wave Period (s) Day 1
55
12:30
12:35
12:40
Chart 4.3: Wave Period (Day 1) plot
Time of the day(s)
Wave Period (s)
11:59
14.7
12:04
18.18
12:09
22.59
12:14
10.15
12:19
14.4
12:24
21.19
12:29
15.13
12:34
9.05
12:39
10.08
12:44
14.28
Table 4.4: Wave Period (Day 2) table
56
Wave Period(s) Day 2
25
20
15
10
5
0
11:59 12:04
12:09 12:14
12:19
12:24
12:29
12:34
12:39
12:44
Wave Height(m) Day 2
Chart 4.4: Wave Period (Day 2) plot
Inference:
The wave period also varies, since the wave height and wavelength are affected by ties, the wave period is
too, from the charts above it can be inferred that the wave period along the Ondo state coast fall and rise
with high and low tides respectively.
4.1.4 INTER TIDAL RANGE
Time of the day(s)
Distance
Elevation(m)
10:30
32.5
7
10:45
31.5
7
11:00
34
8
11:15
33.38
7
11:30
33.5
7
11:45
33.88
7
57
12:00
31
7
12:15
28
8
12:30
25.75
8
12:45
26.75
8
13:00
24.75
8
13:15
25.13
8
13:30
24.75
8
13:45
24
9
Table 4.5: Intertidal range (Day 1)
Inter Tidal Vairation
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Inter Tidal Vairation
Time of the day(s)
Elevation(m)
Elevation(m)
10:00
31.25
6
10:15
31.63
7
58
10:30
33.75
7
10:45
32.63
7
11:00
29.88
8
11:15
30.63
8
11:30
32.88
8
11:45
26.5
8
12:00
24.88
9
12:15
26.25
9
12:30
22.5
9
12:45
22
9
13:00
20.75
9
13:15
21.5
9
13:30
21.88
9
13:45
19.5
9
14:00
18.5
9
Table 4.6: Intertidal range (day 2)
59
Inter-Tidal Variation
35
30
25
20
15
10
Inter-Tidal Variation
Inference:
The Intertidal range varies with time with is expected, as the region changes from low
tides to high tides, the water in the sea moves landward thus shorten the intertidal range.
4.1.5 BEACH SURVEY
PROFILE 1
SEA
Distance BS
0
1.75
IS
FS
HI
RL
LEVEL
0
301.75
300
10
1.55
301.75
300.2
20
1.54
301.75
30
1.44
301.75
40
1.352
50
60
Elevation Biomass Latitude
longitude
5
2 004'29.208 06'19.464
0.2
6
3 004'29.205 06'19.459
300.21
0.01
6
2 004'29.204 06'19.454
300.31
0.1
5
3 004'29.201 06'19.449
301.75 300.398
0.088
6
2 004'29.198 06'19.445
0.9
301.75
300.85
0.452
5
2 004'29.197 06'19.440
0.56
301.75
301.19
0.34
5
2 004'29.195 06'19.435
60
70
0.45
301.75
301.3
0.11
5
2 004'29.192 06'19.430
80
0.51
301.75
301.24
-0.06
5
2 004'29.190 06'19.425
90
0.35
301.75
301.4
0.16
6
3 004'29.188 06'19.421
100
0.26
301.75
301.49
0.09
7
3 004'29.185 06'19.416
110
0.34
301.75
301.41
-0.08
6
2 004'29.182 06'19.411
120
0.55
301.75
301.2
-0.21
6
2 004'29.178 06'19.406
130
1
301.75
300.75
-0.45
5
2 004'29.175 06'19.401
140
1.68
301.75
300.07
-0.68
4
2 004'29.184 06'19.396
150
3.148
301.75 298.602
-1.468
5
3 004'29.180 06'19.479
Table 4.7: Profile 1
PROFILE 1
301.5
301
300.5
300
299.5
299
298.5
298
297.5
297
0 10
20 30 40
50 60
70 80
90 100
110 120
130 140
150
RL
Chart 4.7: Profile 1 plot
PROFILE 2
SEA
Distance BS
10
IS
FS
1.75
HI
RL
301.75
LEVEL
300
61
1.398
Elevation Biomass Latitude
4
Longitude
3 004'29.176 06'19.476
20
1.62
301.75
300.13
0.13
6
2 004'29.172 06'19.472
30
1.5
301.75
300.25
0.12
6
2 004'29.169 06'19.468
40
1.32
301.75
300.43
0.18
6
2 004'29.164 06'19.463
50
1.1
301.75
300.65
0.22
6
2 004'29.161 06'19.460
60
0.85
301.75
300.9
0.25
6
2 004'29.157 06'19.456
70
0.64
301.75
301.11
0.21
7
2 004'29.153 06'19.452
80
0.64
301.75
301.11
0
5
2 004'29.149 06'19.448
90
0.52
301.75
301.23
0.12
6
2 004'29.146 06'19.444
100
0.52
301.75
301.23
0
5
2 004'29.143 06'19.440
110
0.41
301.75
301.34
0.11
5
2 004'29.140 06'19.435
120
0.36
301.75
301.39
0.05
6
3 004'29.138 06'19.431
301.67
300.43
-0.96
5
3 004'29.134 06'19.427
130
1.24
1.32
140
1.82
301.67
299.85
-0.58
4
3 004'29.131 06'19.422
150
2.55
301.67
299.12
-0.73
4
3 004'29.158 06'19.417
160
3.82
301.67
297.85
-1.27
5
3 004'29.155 06'19.485
Table 4.8: Profile 2
PROFILE 2
RL
302
301
300
299
298
297
296
10 20 30
40 50
60
70
80
90 100
110 120
130 140
150
Chart 4.8: Profile 2 plot
62
160
PROFILE 3
SEA
Distance BS
IS
FS
10 2.52
2.4
HI
RL
LEVEL
Elevation Biomass Latitude
longitude
301.75
299.23
1.38
5
3 004'29.153 06'19.480
20
2.3
301.75
299.45
0.22
6
3 004'29.152 06'19.475
30
2.07
301.75
299.68
0.23
7
3 004'29.150 06'19.470
40
1.61
301.75
300.14
0.46
7
3 004'29.148 06'19.464
50
1.21
301.75
300.54
0.4
6
3 004'29.146 06'19.460
60
1.11
301.75
300.64
0.1
7
3 004'29.143 06'19.455
70
1.24
301.75
300.51
-0.13
7
3 004'29.141 06'19.450
80
1.18
301.75
300.57
0.06
7
3 004'29.138 06'19.445
90
1.11
301.75
300.64
0.07
6
3 004'29.135 06'19.440
100
1.14
301.75
300.61
-0.03
7
3 004'29.133 06'19.436
110
1.14
301.75
300.61
0
6
3 004'29.130 06'19.431
120
1.65
301.75
300.1
-0.51
6
3 004'29.127 06'19.426
130
2.18
301.75
299.57
-0.53
5
3 004'29.131 06'19.421
140
3.3
301.75
298.45
-1.12
6
3 004'29.129 06'19.496
Table 4.9: Profile 3
63
PROFILE 3
RL
301
300.5
300
299.5
299
298.5
298
297.5
297
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Chart 4.9: Profile 3 plot
PROFILE 4
Distance BS
IS
10 2.65
RL
SEA
FS
HI
LEVEL
Elevation Biomass Latitude
longitude
2.45
301.95
299.3
0.85
7
2 004'29.128 06'19.490
20
2.38
301.95
299.57
0.27
6
2 004'29.127 06'19.486
30
2.15
301.95
299.8
0.23
7
2 004'29.124 06'19.480
40
1.78
301.95
300.17
0.37
6
2 004'29.126 06'19.475
50
1.38
301.95
300.57
0.4
7
2 004'29.121 06'19.470
60
1.28
301.95
300.67
0.1
7
3 004'29.119 06'19.465
70
1.32
301.95
300.63
-0.04
9
2 004'29.116 06'19.462
80
1.31
301.95
300.64
0.01
8
2 004'29.114 06'19.455
90
1.21
301.95
300.74
0.1
9
2 004'29.112 06'19.450
100
1.12
301.95
300.83
0.09
10
2 004'29.109 06'19.444
64
110
1.3
301.95
300.65
-0.18
9
2 004'29.107 06'19.440
120
1.74
301.95
300.21
-0.44
6
2 004'29.105 06'19.436
130
2.04
301.95
299.91
-0.3
5
2 004'29.103 06'19.432
140
3.62
301.95
298.33
-1.58
5
3 004'29.108 06'19.429
Table 4.10: Profile 4
PROFILE 4
RL
301
300.5
300
299.5
299
298.5
298
297.5
297
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Chart 4.10: Profile 4 plot
PROFILE 5
SEA
Distance BS
IS
10 2.65
FS
HI
RL
LEVEL
Elevation Biomass Latitude
longitude
2.45
302.15
299.5
0.25
5
3 004'29.105 06'19.506
20
2.4
302.15
299.75
0.24
7
3 004'29.103 06'19.502
30
2.16
302.15
299.99
0.41
6
3 004'29.101 06'19.498
40
1.75
302.15
300.4
0.37
6
2 004'29.098 06'19.491
50
1.38
302.15
300.77
0.18
7
2 004'29.096 06'19.487
65
60
1.2
302.15
300.95
-0.15
7
2 004'29.093 06'19.482
70
1.35
302.15
300.8
0.05
7
3 004'29.091 06'19.477
80
1.3
302.15
300.85
0
7
3 004'29.084 06'19.470
90
1.3
302.15
300.85
-0.08
7
3 004'29.088 06'19.467
100
1.38
302.15
300.77
0.1
8
3 004'29.086 06'19.462
110
1.28
302.15
300.87
-0.82
9
2 004'29.083 06'19.457
120
2.1
302.15
300.05
-0.88
8
2 004'29.081 06'19.452
130
2.98
302.15
299.17
-1
7
3 004'29.098 06'19.447
140
3.98
302.15
298.17
6
3 004'29.097 06'19.443
Table 4.11: Profile 5
PROFILE 5
RL
301
300.5
300
299.5
299
298.5
298
297.5
297
296.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Chart 4.11: Profile 5 plot
Inference:
We can see the slope of the beach relative to sea-level as we move seaward from the graph, the
trendlines also indicate that the rate of deposition (by longshore current) and erosion (by wave
activities) is almost the same.
4.2MARINE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
66
Programs used for analysis: WinResist, DIPORofWin, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft
word
Computed data analysis data was used for analysis
2B VES DATA
S/N
Half current
Potential
Geometric Factor
spacing (m)
Spacing (m)
(G)
AB/2
MN/2
G
(Ohm-m)
1
1
0.5
6.28
2.9202
2
2
0.5
25.13
2.2014
3
3
0.5
56.55
2.9632
4
4
0.5
100.53
3.9709
5
6
0.5
226.19
2.9172
6
6
1.0
113.10
4.6484
7
8
1.0
201.06
2.3323
8
12
1.0
452.39
1.8038
9
15
1.0
706.86
39.6548
10
15
2.0
353.43
12.7942
11
25
2.0
981.75
22.4821
12
32
2.0
1608.50
72.2217
13
40
2.0
2513.27
11.3097
14
40
5.0
1005.31
69.9695
15
65
5.0
2654.65
6.477
16
100
5.0
6283.19
13.3203
17
100
10.0
3141.59
7.6655
18
150
10.0
7068.58
25.4468
19
200
10.0
15904.31
86.0908
67
Apparent Resistivity
Table 4.12: 2B VES data
2D VES DATA
S/N
Half current
Potential Spacing
Geometric
Apparent
spacing (m)
(m)
Factor (G)
Resistivity
AB/2
MN/2
G
(Ohm-m)
1
1
0.5
6.28
1.54488
2
2
0.5
25.13
1.03033
3
3
0.5
56.55
10.46175
4
4
0.5
100.53
3.588921
5
6
0.5
226.19
3.460707
6
6
1.0
113.10
13.6851
7
8
1.0
201.06
5.22756
8
12
1.0
452.39
8.640649
9
15
1.0
706.86
17.176698
10
15
2.0
353.43
39.23073
11
25
2.0
981.75
4.417875
12
32
2.0
1608.50
16.4067
13
40
2.0
2513.27
457.41514
14
40
5.0
1005.31
33.677885
15
65
5.0
2654.65
95.5674
16
100
5.0
6283.19
37.070821
17
100
10.0
3141.59
358.14126
Table 4.13: 2D VES data
68
ANALYZED VES DATA
Fig 4.0: Analyzed VES data
Inference:
There are four layers in the surveyed area, from the geology of the area
•
the first layer contain mud, wet mud which are influenced by seawater,
•
the second layer also consist of mud which are dry and have been compacted over time,
•
The third layer contains fine sandstone
•
And we can’t make inference for the fourth layer because energy attenuate there.
The resistivity varies with layers, from fig 4.0 above, we can see that the region where we can
find fresh water is probably layer 3 because of its low resistivity compared to the layer thickness.
Although this has also been suspected to be du to salt water intrusion.
PESUDO SECTION FIELD DATA
69
R (ohm)
Rest.
(ohm/m)
C2
C1
P1
P2
K
0+A3A3:A75
1
2
3
188.4956
0.00302
0.56926
3
4
753.9822
0.0016
1.20637
4
5
1884.956
0.0138
26.0124
5
6
3769.911
0.0332
125.161
6
7
6597.345
0.0085
56.0774
30
40
188.4956
0.047
8.85929
40
50
753.9822
0.253
190.757
50
60
1884.956
0.0172
32.4212
60
70
3769.911
0.0217
81.8071
70
80
6597.345
0.0043
28.3686
40
50
188.4956
0.0056
1.05558
50
60
753.9822
0.099
74.6442
60
70
1884.956
0.135
254.469
70
80
3769.911
0.043
162.106
80
90
6597.345
0.0149
98.3004
50
60
188.4956
0.0036
0.67858
60
70
753.9822
0.0247
18.6234
70
80
1884.956
0.00813
15.3247
80
90
3769.911
0.0281
105.935
90
100
6597.345
0.0438
288.964
60
70
188.4956
0.0294
5.54177
70
80
753.9822
0.00761
5.7378
80
90
1884.956
0.00432
8.14301
10
20
30
40
20
30
40
50
70
50
60
70
80
90
60
70
80
90
100
90
100
3769.911
0.0016
6.03186
100
110
6597.345
0.00612
40.3757
70
80
188.4956
0.02
3.76991
80
90
753.9822
0.11
82.938
90
100
1884.956
0.00238
4.48619
100
110
3769.911
0.00262
9.87717
110
120
6597.345
0.00542
35.7576
80
90
188.4956
0.0096
1.80956
90
100
753.9822
0.0143
10.7819
100
110
1884.956
0.016
30.1593
110
120
3769.911
0.0339
127.8
120
130
6597.345
0.0102
67.2929
90
100
188.4956
0.0071
1.33832
100
110
753.9822
0.0231
17.417
110
120
1884.956
0.0349
65.785
120
130
3769.911
0.023
86.708
130
140
6597.345
0.0066
43.5425
100
110
188.4956
0.046
8.6708
110
120
753.9822
0.0079
5.95646
120
130
1884.956
0.02
37.6991
130
140
3769.911
0.013
49.0088
140
150
6597.345
0.0474
312.714
110
120
188.4956
0.0099
1.86611
120
130
753.9822
0.04
30.1593
130
140
1884.956
0.017
32.0442
140
150
3769.911
0.016
60.3186
150
160
6597.345
0.038
250.699
71
100
110
120
130
140
110
120
130
140
150
120
130
188.4956
0.029
5.46637
130
140
753.9822
0.0166
12.5161
140
150
1884.956
0.0145
27.3319
150
160
3769.911
0.00135
5.08938
160
170
6597.345
0.00576
38.0007
13
14
188.4956
0.0256
4.82549
14
15
753.9822
0.0397
29.9331
15
16
1884.956
0.00477
8.99124
16
17
3769.911
0.0229
86.331
17
18
6597.345
0.0237
156.357
14
15
188.4956
0.0299
5.63602
15
16
753.9822
0.00348
2.62386
16
17
1884.956
0.00283
5.33442
17
18
3769.911
0.00614
23.1473
18
19
6597.345
0.00154
10.1599
150
160
188.4956
0.0069
1.30062
160
170
753.9822
0.0217
16.3614
170
180
1884.956
0.00548
10.3296
180
190
3769.911
0.0358
134.963
190
200
6597.345
0.00335
22.1011
160
170
188.4956
0.00229
0.43165
170
180
753.9822
0.0077
5.80566
180
190
1884.956
0.00335
6.3146
190
200
3769.911
0.0183
68.9894
200
210
6597.345
0.00967
63.7963
72
160
150
170
160
170
180
190
180
190
200
170
180
188.4956
0.0319
6.01301
180
190
753.9822
0.005
3.76991
190
200
1884.956
0.0055
10.3673
200
210
3769.911
0.00671
25.2961
210
220
6597.345
0.00154
10.1599
180
190
188.4956
0.0384
7.23823
190
200
753.9822
0.0215
16.2106
200
210
1884.956
0.0178
33.5522
210
220
3769.911
0.0163
61.4496
220
230
6597.345
0.0199
131.287
190
200
188.4956
0.0079
1.48912
200
210
753.9822
0.0043
3.24212
210
220
1884.956
0.0036
6.78584
220
230
3769.911
0.00554
20.8853
230
240
6597.345
0.0059
38.9243
200
210
188.4956
0.0069
1.30062
210
220
753.9822
0.00167
1.25915
220
230
1884.956
0.00386
7.27593
230
240
3769.911
0.0556
209.607
240
250
6597.345
0.0453
298.86
210
220
188.4956
0.00515
0.97075
220
230
753.9822
0.0604
45.5405
230
240
1884.956
0.0134
25.2584
240
250
3769.911
0.0235
88.5929
250
260
6597.345
0.0058
38.2646
73
200
210
220
230
240
210
220
230
240
250
220
230
188.4956
0.0577
10.8762
230
240
753.9822
0.0063
4.75009
240
250
1884.956
0.1075
202.633
250
260
3769.911
0.086
324.212
260
270
6597.345
0.0063
41.5633
230
240
188.4956
0.0381
7.18168
240
250
753.9822
0.0265
19.9805
250
260
1884.956
0.0256
48.2549
260
270
3769.911
0.0021
7.91681
270
280
6597.345
0.0541
356.916
240
250
188.4956
0.00541
1.01976
250
260
753.9822
0.0281
21.1869
260
270
1884.956
0.0115
21.677
270
280
3769.911
0.0578
217.901
280
290
6597.345
0.00335
22.1011
250
260
188.4956
0.0217
4.09035
260
270
753.9822
0.0153
11.5359
270
280
1884.956
0.0704
132.701
280
290
3769.911
0.04027
151.814
290
300
6597.345
0.00568
37.4729
260
270
188.4956
0.00605
1.1404
270
280
753.9822
0.003
2.26195
280
290
1884.956
0.00257
4.84434
290
300
3769.911
0.041
154.566
300
310
6597.345
0.00257
16.9552
74
250
260
270
280
290
260
270
280
290
300
270
280
188.4956
0.00915
1.72473
280
290
753.9822
0.00836
6.30329
290
300
1884.956
0.00424
7.99221
300
310
3769.911 0.001334
5.02906
310
320
6597.345
0.00135
8.90642
280
290
188.4956
0.00334
0.62958
290
300
753.9822
0.00308
2.32227
300
310
1884.956
0.0681
128.365
310
320
3769.911
0.00102
3.84531
320
330
6597.345
0.00179
11.8092
290
300
188.4956
0.0574
10.8196
300
310
753.9822
0.0443
33.4014
310
320
1884.956
0.0235
44.2965
320
330
3769.911
0.00045
1.69646
330
340
6597.345
0.00566
37.341
300
310
188.4956
0.00619
1.16679
310
320
753.9822
0.00244
1.83972
320
330
1884.956
0.0031
5.84336
330
340
3769.911
0.00863
32.5343
340
350
6597.345
0.00425
28.0387
310
320
188.4956
0.00645
1.2158
320
330
753.9822
0.03199
24.1199
330
340
1884.956
0.00529
9.97142
340
350
3769.911
0.00438
16.5122
350
360
6597.345
0.00464
30.6117
75
300
310
320
330
340
310
320
330
340
350
320
330
188.4956
0.00512
0.9651
330
340
753.9822
0.00154
1.16113
340
350
1884.956 0.001795
3.3835
350
360
3769.911 0.002698
10.1712
360
370
6597.345
0.00147
9.6981
330
340
188.4956
0.01005
1.89438
340
350
753.9822
0.0457
34.457
350
360
1884.956
0.0229
43.1655
360
370
3769.911
0.00902
34.0046
370
380
6597.345
0.00502
33.1187
340
350
188.4956
0.01166
2.19786
350
360
753.9822
0.0045
3.39292
360
370
1884.956
0.08684
163.69
370
380
3769.911
0.03936
148.384
380
390
6597.345 0.005924
39.0827
350
360
188.4956
0.00502
0.94625
360
370
753.9822
0.0068
5.12708
370
380
1884.956
0.00799
15.0608
380
390
3769.911
0.00618
23.2981
390
400
6597.345
360
370
188.4956
0.0768
14.4765
370
380
753.9822
0.00335
2.52584
380
390
1884.956
0.0908
171.154
390
400
3769.911
400
410
6597.345
76
350
360
360
370
370
380
188.4956
0.00683
1.28742
380
390
753.9822
0.0191
14.4011
390
400
1884.956
400
410
3769.911
410
420
6597.345
380
390
188.4956
390
400
753.9822
400
410
1884.956
410
420
3769.911
420
430
6597.345
0.014
2.63894
ANALYZED PSEUDO SECTION DATA
We analyzed the Pseudo section data using DIPRofWIN
Fig 4.1: Pseudo-section Data Interpretation
77
Inference:
•
The analyzed VES point was around 160m in the pseudo section.
•
The point has a completely different geology from the area and we could not come to a
conclusion until we check the geology of the area
•
The area (the analyzed VES point) was said to have been covered by a storm surge in the past
few years such that the people of the community had to drench the area to give it new look.
•
The area is covered with mud, and again due to the presence of seawater, we expect
relatively small resistivity,
•
From our analyses we should be able to get freshwater at a dept of 6,3 meters but it is not
advisable to build a Borehole in this area as we can have influx of seawater into groundwater
due to the nature of the environment.
Since we analysed point 160m on the VES data, we can see from the pseudo section that the
proposed aquifer, it has the same resistivity as the first layer. So, I concluded that the layer is
intruded with saltwater, thus there is no saltwater in the surveyed area.
78
4.3 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
The following were the activities carried out during the field work: Water Analysis, Weather
Tracking, Sediment Sampling and Analysis and Environment Observation.
CODE
CO-ORDINATES
LOCATION
LANDMARK
N 05°54.987̕
AWOYE
An Estuarine Environment
GBABIRA
Petrol Stations, Containers
OD0-FRADO
Mechanic Workshops
AKINSOLU
Furniture Workshop, Construction Materials
NAME
B1
E 004° 58.248̕
B2
N 05° 55.221̕
E 004° 58.125̕
B3
N 05° 55.492̕
E 004° 57.912̕
B4
N 05° 55.657̕
E 004° 57.746̕
B5
N 05° 55.907̕
Store
JINRINWO
Hotel
ILU-ABO
Residential Area, Domestic Activities
ONDO NLA
Residential Area
IKORIWO
Abandonment of a dredging vessel, Solar
E 004° 57.544̕
B6
N 05° 56.490̕
E 004° 56.937̕
B7
N 05° 56.978̕
E 004° 56.978̕
B8
N 05° 57.574̕
E 004° 55.609̕
B9
N 05° 58.265̕
Panels decay, Vegetations
OJU-IMOLE
E 004° 54.988̕
B10
N 05° 59.095̕
OBEREWOYE
NDDC Water Reservoir, Vegetations
OBE-NLA
Wrecked Ferry, Marine Police check-point,
E 004° 54.328̕
B11
N 06° 00.921̕
E 004° 52.602̕
B12
N 06° 02.225̕
Vegetations
ILE-PETE
NDDC Water Reservoir
ILU-OWO
Hospital, Jetty, NDDC Water Reservoir
E 004° 51.323̕
B13
N 06° 03.282̕
79
E 004° 50.154̕
B14
N 06° 04.802̕
OROTO
Religious ground, Residential Area
IDI-OGBA 1
Mechanic Workshop, Filling Station
IDI-OGBA 2
Waterways diverged in four directions, Marine
E 004° 48.451̕
B15
N 06° 06.270̕
E 004° 47.202̕
B16
N 06° 6.55’
E 07° 46.31’
B17
N 06° 7.5’
police
ENU-ONA
Church, filling station, Banana plantation
OLOTU
Residential area, filling station, mechanic
E 04° 46.16’
B18
N 06° 7.40’
E 04° 45.30’
B19
N 06° 7.49’
workshop
NIYE
Residential area
YAYO
Commercial area, filling station
OGBOTI
Filing station, retail shop, residence area,
E 04° 45.16’
B20
N 06° 7.59’
E 04° 44.57’
B21
B22
N 06° 8.15’
E 04° 44.40’
banana plantation
N 06° 8.22’
Filling Station, School, Church, Game Station
E 04° 44.28’
B23
N 06° 8.55’
E 04° 43.51’
B24
B28
Residence, Creek
GBABIJO
Residence, filling station, Gas station
OJU OGUN
Filling station, wood sales, residence
SEJA
N 06° 11.11’
E 04° 40.55’
B29
ASISA
N 06° 11.12’
E 04° 41.21’
N 06° 12.57’
shop, Residential area.
Wood industry, Residence
N 06° 10.50’
E 04° 42.25’
B27
EYINMORE
N 06° 10.18’
E 04° 42.25’
B26
Gas filling station, Photography shop, Barbing
N 06° 9.49’
E 04° 42.52’
B25
EGBE
Water divergence
ORI OKE
Residence, filling station
80
B30
E 04° 39.37’
OGOGORO
N 06° 14.39’
ABEREKE
Estuary, Residence
ABOROHO
The Atlantic, open ocean
E 04° 37.36’
B31
N 06° 13.58’
E 04° 37.50’
Table 4.15: Table showing the coordinates of the Locations
Water Analysis
S/N pH
Temp©
mmHg
resistivity
salinity
ORP
Ppm
y.S/cm
(Ω.cm)
1
7.3
28.69
758.8
0.0001
8.64
-13.3
7037
17920
2
7.08
28.78
760.6
0.0001
7.58
28.6
6521
12960
3
7.13
28.76
760.4
0.0001
6.74
41.7
6086
12180
4
6.96
28.77
760.4
0.0001
5.64
29.6
5196
10390
5
7
28.88
760.7
0.0001
5.76
33.1
5308
10620
6
6.9
28.88
761
0.0001
4.63
50.9
4333
3665
7
6.81
29.12
761
0.0001
3.91
2.7
3708
7416
8
6.75
29.04
760.4
0.0002
3.44
-20.4
3284
6568
9
6.76
28.76
760.1
0.0002
3.12
-39.1
2991
5983
10
6.46
28.49
760.1
0.0002
2.91
-8.5
2797
5594
11
6.65
29.64
760.3
0.0001
4.67
-14.4
4401
8802
12
6.76
28.8
760.1
0.0001
4.75
19.7
4473
8949
13
6.37
28.92
760
0.0002
2.88
12
2782
5564
14
6.29
28.96
760.1
0.0001
5.3
38.3
4913
9826
15
6.15
28.33
759.9
0.0098
0.05
39.6
51
102
16
5.97
27.41
764.6
0.0026
0.18
4.6
189
378
17
6.02
27.49
764.8
0.0023
0.2
74
215
430
18
5.91
27.38
765.1
0.0014
0.33
84.9
347
695
19
5.94
27.32
765.3
0.0012
0.41
88.6
427
854
81
20
6.11
27.27
765.6
0.0007
0.67
32.7
686
1373
21
6.32
27.18
765.1
0.0007
0.73
19.6
743
1485
22
6.46
27.25
758.6
0.0007
0.74
48.6
760
1520
23
6.22
27.25
756.7
0.0007
0.71
80.5
726
1453
24
6.52
27.5
756.8
0.0004
1.36
81.5
1351
2701
25
6.97
29.69
757.6
0
17.91
92.6
15170
30340
26
6.62
29.1
758.8
0
13.86
86.1
11950
23900
27
6.74
28.22
760
0.0001
3.82
67.7
3596
7793
28
6.74
27.99
760.5
0.0002
2.81
63.5
2691
53182
29
6.96
28.18
760.4
0.0002
2.96
74.4
2834
5668
30
7.6
29.6
760.8
0
20.57
83.7
17190
34380
31
7.67
29.01
760.9
0
22.06
33.2
18210
36420
Table 4.16: Water Analyzer Data
Water Analyzer Data Interpretation.
pH
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
0
5
10
15
20
pH
25
30
35
Linear (pH)
Chart 4.12: pH plot
pH: This is a measure of how acidic or alkaline the water is. It ranges between 1 – 14, Seawater
pH is expected to be alkaline in nature because of the presence of salt and it is also expected to
82
increase in alkalinity as it approaches the ocean. This is exactly what happen from our chart
above. The pH of the surveyed area ranges from 5.5 to 8.
Temp(o)
30
29.5
29
28.5
28
27.5
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
0
5
10
15
20
Temp(o)
25
30
35
Linear (Temp(o))
Chart 4.13: Temperature plot
Temperature: This is the measure of the internal energy of water. It is measured in ◦C through
the use of a thermometer. The temperature of the surveyed location reduces over distance and time,
each measurement was taken at different time (so we cannot really judge) although we can notice (from
the chart) that the temperature of the open ocean is higher compared to those in the littoral zone.
83
mmHg
768
766
764
762
760
758
756
754
752
750
0
5
10
15
20
mmHg
25
30
35
Linear (mmHg)
Chart 4.14: Pressure plot
Water Pressure: This is the normal force per unit area exerted by a water layer/the atmosphere
on the next layer. Pressure is the force that pushes water through pipes. Water pressure determines
the flow of water from the tap. The amount of pressure at your tap can depend on how high the
service reservoir or water tower is above your home, or on how much water other customers are
using. (ofwat, n.d.) It is measured in Newton per square metre or decibar. The pressure on the
seawater was almost constant all through from the graph plotted above.
The water pressure increases from location 15 to 21, this may be due to the structures built on
water in this environment.
84
resistivity(Ω.cm)
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0
5
10
15
20
resistivity(Ω.cm)
25
30
35
Linear (resistivity(Ω.cm))
Chart 4.15: Resistivity plot
Resistivity: refers to the resistance to the flow of current, it is the resistance per unit length and per
unit of cross-sectional area at a specified temperature.
Normally, seawater allow the passage of electricity due to the mobility of its ions, and the salt
content present in them. However, we can see that the resistivity value of our water analyzer
increases rapidly at location 15-24, comparing with salinity we can see this area have little or no
Salinity.
salinity
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
salinity
25
Linear (salinity)
85
30
35
Chart 4.16: Salinity plot
Salinity: This is the total amount of solid materials in grams dissolved in one kilogram of sweater
when all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromine and iodine replaced by chlorine
and all organic matter completely oxidized. It is measured in PSU (practical salinity unit).
Commenting on the salinity of this region, we can see that the salinity increases as we move
oceanward, area with zero to no salinity can also be seen in this data. The major reason why a body
of the same water will have different salinity is due to human activities, barricades etc.
ORP
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-40
ORP
Linear (ORP)
Chart 4.17: ORP plot
Oxidation reduction potential: Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measures the ability of a
lake or river/ocean to cleanse itself or break down waste products, such as contaminants and dead
plants and animals.The ORP of temperate seawater are smaller compared to the ocean, the ORP
profile is in an uptrend as we approach the ocean.
86
TDS
18040
16040
14040
12040
10040
8040
6040
4040
2040
40
0
5
10
15
ppm
20
25
30
35
Linear (ppm)
Chart 4.18: Pressure plot
Total dissolved solids: This is the quantity of minerals or ions that are soluble or are dissolved in
the water. The total dissolved solid increases with water dept and seaward, as we move seawater
the water has more dept and it is sparely affected by river influx (which dilute seawater salt
content)
y.S/cm
50100
40100
30100
20100
10100
100
0
5
10
15
20
25
y.S/cm
Linear (y.S/cm)
Linear (y.S/cm)
Linear (y.S/cm)
Chart 4.19: Conductivity plot
87
30
35
Conductivity: This depends on the number of dissolved ions per volume (salinity) and the
mobility of the ions (temperature and pressure). It is measured in milli-Siemens per
centimeter(mS/cm). (Salami, 2019)
Seawater conduct electricity because it has many dissolved solutes, looking at the trend, the
conductivity increases with increasing salt content. Location 15 to 24 do not have a high
conductivity because there is no salt in the waters.
Weather Tracking
time of the
atm.
heat
due
wind
location
day
Pressure
index
point
B1
10:44 AM
28.8
18.6
26.7
87.9
1014.6
B2
10:50 AM
30.5
38.8
26.2
82
B3
10:55 AM
32.2
40.4
26.1
B4
10:59 AM
33.3
38
B5
11:04 AM
32.2
B6
11:16 AM
B7
speed
Temperature
14
1.2
29
1014.6
13
2.4
29.1
74.7
1014.5
14
0.6
31.5
26.3
82.2
1014.5
14
0.4
32.2
39
25.3
80.8
1014.6
13
0.2
32
32
41.3
25.4
87.6
1014.3
15
4.6
29.3
11:23 AM
29.2
38.1
26.9
80
1014.4
16
1
31
B8
11:30 AM
30.6
31.7
27
87.5
1014.2
17
4.2
29.4
B9
11:49 AM
31.4
40.3
26.4
78.2
1013.6
21
1.7
30.9
B10
11:57 AM
33.7
46
27.6
72.6
1013.8
20
2.1
31.6
B11
12:00 AM
33.4
45.4
26.3
72.9
1013.6
21
3
30
B12
12:15 AM
31.8
41.2
27.3
78.9
1013.5
23
1.3
30.4
B13
12:25 AM
30.9
40
27
83.8
1013.3
24
3.9
30
B14
12:36 AM
31.4
37.2
24.9
75.4
1013.6
26
4.8
30
B15
12:42 AM
33
45
28.2
77.3
1013
26
0.4
32.3
B16
9:56 AM
30.9
38.3
26.2
80
1014.4
15
1
30.1
B17
10:00 AM
30.1
38.1
26
79.2
1014.4
15
0.8
2.4
B18
10:09 AM
30.2
38.1
25.6
76.8
1014.3
15
0.6
29
B19
10:11 AM
30.6
38.4
28.1
76.7
1014.3
16
0.6
28.2
88
humidity Pressure Altitude
B20
10:15 AM
30.4
38
28.2
76.1
1014.5
16
0.8
28.6
B21
10:18 AM
28.6
33.5
24.5
82.1
1014.3
16
1
29.1
B22
10:22 AM
31.8
37.8
24.6
74.6
1014.4
15
1.3
28
B23
10:27 AM
30.5
37.9
25.2
75.5
1014.5
15
1.1
28.9
B24
10:30 AM
30.5
37.3
26.2
80
1014.3
15
0.6
30.6
B25
10:32 AM
29.8
34.5
24.1
79.5
1014.3
16
0.2
28
B26
10:36 AM
29.7
37.5
26.1
80.3
1014.4
15
0.4
29.2
B27
10:40 AM
29.4
37.5
26.1
81.4
1014.2
17
0.9
38.1
B28
10:45 AM
32.4
44.2
27.1
76.4
1014.2
16
1.1
30.9
B29
10:50 AM
31.5
37.2
24.8
76.5
1014.2
17
1.8
28.7
B30
10:57 AM
32.4
44
27.1
74.2
1013.8
20
2.3
29.6
B31
11:05 AM
30.9
38.4
25.4
77.4
1014.2
16
1.4
28.8
Table 4.17: weather tracker data
Column1
atm.
atm.
heat
due
Pressure
index
point
humidity
pressur
altitude
e
1
Pressure
heat
index
due point
Humidity
Pressure
Altitude
0.706235
1
272
0.241166
0.260402
1
753
402
-
-
-
0.453307
0.606850
0.05614
002
56
646
-
-
-
0.24673
0.433738
0.483744
0.33997
717
642
45
007
0.353962
0.388427
0.30677
-
-
206
533
418
0.26675
0.96238
44
13
1
89
1
1
wind
Temperat
speed
ure
wind
0.198867
0.081641
-
0.21479
-
0.44145
836
057
0.03298
158
0.38059
7
speed
815
Temperat
1
71
0.166821
0.236254
0.20363
0.04188
-
0.15732
-
683
066
508
38
0.18745
83
0.1461
ure
57
1
25
Table 4.18: Coleration between weather tracker parameter
heat index
11:05 AM…
10:50 AM…
10:40 AM…
10:32 AM…
10:27 AM…
10:18 AM…
10:11 AM…
10:00 AM…
12:42 AM…
12:25 AM…
12:00 AM…
11:49 AM…
11:23 AM…
11:04 AM…
10:55 AM…
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10:44 AM…
Parameters with strong coleration are analyzed together examples are temperature and heat index
Temperature
Chart 4.20: Coleration between Atmospheric temperature and Heat index
As shown above, the heat and the temperature are directly proportion to each other, the rise and
fall in heat index is caused by temperature change, the average temperature of the surveyed region
is about 30oC. The temperature and heat index have the same variation since temperature causes
the heat index of the atmosphere to rise
90
atm. Pressure
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
0
5
10
15
20
atm. Pressure
25
30
35
Linear (atm. Pressure)
Chart 4.21: Atmospheric Pressure plot
Atmospheric pressure: This is the pressure exerted on a surface by the atmosphere, the
atmospheric pressure varies with distance according to the graph above the atmospheric pressure
reduces as we move through the waterways
heat index
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
heat index
Chart 4.22: Heat Index plot
91
30
35
dew point
29
28.5
28
27.5
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
0
5
10
15
20
due point
25
30
35
Linear (due point)
Chart 4.23: Dew point plot
The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water
vapor, assuming constant air pressure and water content. When cooled below the dew point,
moisture capacity is reduced and airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid water known
as dew (Wikipedia, 2022). The dew point reduces with distance ocean ward. The trend is seen in
fig
humidity
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
0
5
10
15
20
humidity
25
Linear (humidity)
Chart 4.24: Humidity plot
92
30
35
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of
water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[1] Humidity indicates the likelihood for
precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. (Humidity, 2022)
Atomspheric pressure
1015
1014.5
1014
1013.5
1013
1012.5
1012
0
5
10
15
pressure
20
25
30
35
Linear (pressure)
Chart 4.25: Atmospheric Pressure plot
Pressure is the force per unit area acting on a surface, the pressure along the area surveyed is
almost the same all through. The pressure exerted by air on the seawater is almost constant
throughout, except in location 1 which the sharp decreases is attributed to the formation of a 4
cardinal points.
93
altitude
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
altitude
25
30
35
Linear (altitude)
Chart 4.26: Altitude plot
Altitude is the vertical elevation of an object above a surface (such as sea level or land) of a planet
or natural satellite (merriam-webster, 2022)
The altitude reduces as move closer to the ocean. Because as we move closer, the altitude of air
fet lower and it can also get lower during low tides.
wind speed
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
5
10
15
20
wind speed
25
Linear (wind speed)
Chart 4.27: Wind speed plot
94
30
35
In meteorology, wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused
by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed is
now commonly measured with an anemometer. (wikipedia, 2021)
Th windspeed reduces seaward and this is dew to the concentration of air over the ocean, wind
will not be able to move faster because of the humidity and dew point.
Air Temperature
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
0
5
10
15
20
Temperature
25
30
35
Linear (Temperature)
Chart 4.28: Air temperature plot
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance.
It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence
of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder or hotter.
(Temperature, 2022).
The temperature of seawater’s mostly homogeneous as water is not quickly affected by
temperature change. And this is portrayed by our chart above.
Anions And Cations
location
B1
Conc. HCO65
conc of cl
Conc. Of Ca
3941.63
791.99
95
Total Hardness
1590
Con. Of Mg
178.75
B2
85
2992.88
974.22
1466
110.16
B3
115
3475.88
609.76
1560
212.85
B4
50
2415.00
602.75
1120
115.86
B5
100
2216.63
455.57
1080
139.87
B6
35
3018.75
532.67
892
80.49
B7
145
2070.00
371.46
930
125.11
B8
65
2095.88
609.76
740
29.17
B9
48.5
1612.88
469.59
1050
130.01
B10
40
1750.88
518.65
920
89.90
B11
25
1897.50
161.20
826
148.91
B12
90
2389.13
441.55
600
35.49
B13
65
922.88
322.40
630
68.90
B14
175
922.88
378.47
494
25.88
B15
105
457.13
70.09
230
35.82
B16
35
172.50
448.56
1014
126.66
B17
115
629.63
259.32
314
12.25
B18
25
603.75
154.19
200
10.26
B19
50
319.13
91.11
160
15.43
B20
50
776.25
140.18
240
22.36
B21
65
836.63
217.27
306
19.88
B22
45
1060.88
364.46
430
14.68
B23
130
629.63
245.31
570
72.73
B24
35
1086.75
322.40
560
53.22
B25
90
1035.00
252.32
472
49.21
B26
35
1095.38
350.44
520
37.98
B27
135
2070.00
483.60
840
79.83
B28
35
1492.13
413.52
820
91.05
B29
90
2044.13
378.47
710
74.26
B30
50
2501.25
441.55
860
93.73
B31
250
11359.13
2481.10
3966
332.62
96
Table 4.19: Anions and cations table
1. Bicarbonate [HCO3-]
Conc. HCO300
250
200
150
100
50
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
B30
B31
0
Conc. HCO-
Chart 4.29: Bicarbonate bar plot
The bicarbonate in the seawater reaches its peak at location 31 which is Agboroho and it is in the
open ocean already, Typical bicarbonate level in seawater is about 145 mg/l. The plot above shows
that all locations had HCO3- concentrations significantly lower than this, which is reasonable since
we did not sample farther offshore.
2. CHLORIDE
97
conc of cl
12000.00
10000.00
8000.00
6000.00
4000.00
2000.00
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
B30
B31
0.00
conc of cl
Chart 4.30: Chloride bar plot
The concentration of Chloride ranges from 500ppt to about 95000ppt, since we did not far go
offshore. Seawater has a chloride ion concentration of about 19,400 mg/L (a salinity of 35.0 ppt).
Brackish water in tidal estuaries may have chloride levels between 500 and 5,000 mg/L (salinity
of 1 to 10 ppt). Even freshwater streams and lakes have a significant chloride level that can range
from 1 to 250 mg/L (salinity of 0.001 to 0.5 ppt). (Chloride and salinity, 2022)
3. CALCIUM
98
Conc. Of Ca
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
B30
B31
0.00
Conc. Of Ca
Chart 431: Calcium bar plot
Calcium is essential for animals that use it to make their shells, if the calcium content of the ocean
decreases randomly these animals will lose their shells and inviably die, thus one of the reasons to
measure the calcium quantity of seawater.
The calcium content also increases ocean ward, the area with the largest content of calcium is the
location 31 because it is far out at sea.
4. MAGNESIUM
99
Con. Of Mg
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
B30
B31
0.00
Con. Of Mg
5. TOTAL HARDNESS
Total Hardness
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
B30
B31
0
Total Hardness
Chart 4.32: total hardness bar plot
100
Water hardness is the traditional measure of the capacity of water to react with soap hard water
requiring considerably more soap to produce a lather. Hard water often produces a noticeable
deposit of precipitate (e.g. insoluble metals, soaps or salts) in containers. (Hardness in Drinkingwater, 2021)
Magnesium and Calcium account for the total hardness in seawater (i.e. Subtracting the calcium
form the total hardness will give us the magnesium)
Total hardness varies with positions but it was noticed that we have higher total hardness in
locations where we have petroleum, wooden and gas activities.
Typical Concentrations (in mg/l)
Ions Sampled
River Water
Ocean Water
Bicarbonate
58
142
Chloride
7.8
19,000
Calcium
15
400
Magnesium
4.1
1,350
Table 4.20: Typical Concentration of minerals.
Comparing these values to those obtained from our analysis, we can infer that sampled locations
lie in chemical concentrations between river and sea water and not exclusively river or sea.
Classification
Hardness (mg/l)
Soft
0-60
Moderately Hard
61-120
Hard
121-180
Very Hard
≥ 181
101
Table 4.21: WHO total hardness table
According to the table above which is the world health organization table for calculating the total
hardness of seawater (note mg/L is equal to ppt), The table above shows that the water is very
hard.
102
Chapter 5
KNOWLEDGE GAP
We understand from the geology of Nigeria that the longshore current along the western coast travels in
the Eastern direction, the waters of most coastal environment is highly polluted and freshwater is rarely
gotten in the marine or marine marginal environment, this is due to seawater intrusion of this
environments.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMMENDATION
In summary, the geological Oceanography research as said earlier show that the beach of
Araromi is a depositional beach and the rate at which the longshore current deposit sediment is
more that the rate at which they are been eroded by waves activities. The longshore current
predominately travel in the eastern direction.
Secondly, from the resistivity images, we observed that the Transverse at which we took our
readings have an entirely different geology for the area, the layers was said to have been eroded
and it was filled up back. Groundwater exploration is not advisable at Ayetoro beach because of
the saline intrusion is very high even to a dept of about 60m, buildings are also advisable not to
be build there.
For the chemical aspect, the water in Araromi are higher polluted and this invariably increases
their hardness, the pollution I due to intense fossil fuel burning activities from vessels and human
consumption.
5.1 Recommendations
I recommend that buildings should be shifted far inland when building at Araromi beach, Ground
water should be source for in another area of Ayetoro or the polluted saline water can be purified
for human consumption, the use of fossil fuel should be reduced in the Awoye waterways and/or
afforestation should be encouraged.
103
6.0 References
(n.d.). Retrieved 1 8, 2021
Beach Survey Tutorial. (2009, 10 17). Retrieved 02 01, 2022, from https://www.cbi.tamucc.edu/wpcontent/uploads/Beach-Profile-Tutorial.pdf
Chloride and salinity. (2022). 8.
Dada. (2021). MST320 feildwork Manual. In D. dada, MST320 feildwork Manual (p. 28). Akure.
Epuh EE1, J. E. (n.d.). Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping of Ondo State Using Multi-criteria. Journal of
Geology & Geophysics, IX(4), 14.
Glory, J. (2019). MST320 feildwork report. Akure.
Hardness in Drinking-water. (2021). Background document for development of WHO guideline for
drinking water quality, 10.
Hasan. (2017, 06 10). AGI. Retrieved 01 17, 2022, from AGI: agiusa.com/dipole-dipole%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Barray%E2%80%8B
Hassan. (2017, 06 10). AGI. Retrieved 01 17, 2022, from AGI: https://www.agiusa.com/schlumbergerarray
Humidity. (2022, 01 27). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity
merriam-webster. (2022, 01 31). Altitude. Retrieved from www.merriam-webster:
https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/altitude#:~:text=Definition%20of%20altitude,celestial%20object%20ab
ove%20the%20horizon
ofwat. (n.d.).
ofwat. (n.d.). Water pressure. Retrieved 02 02, 2022, from ofwat:
https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/households/supply-and-standards/waterpressure/#:~:text=What%20is%20water%20pressure%3F,water%20other%20customers%20are
%20using.
104
Salami. (2019). MST320 Field report. Akure: MST, FUTA.
Smyth, A. a. (1962). The Soil and Land use of Central western Nigeria. 265.
Temperature. (2022, 01 23). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
Thurman, A. P. (2011). Essentials of Oceanography (Vol. 10th). Pearson.
wikipedia. (2021, 03 23). Retrieved from Wind speed: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_speed
Wikipedia. (2022, 01 10). Retrieved from Dew point: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point
105