ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND
POLLUTION CONTROL
Lecture 1. Introduction
Environmental Engineering
• It is the application of science and engineering principles to minimize
the adverse effects of human activity on the environment
Although it is impossible to eliminate negative
impacts, human effects can be diminished and
brought under control through…..
• Public education
• Conservation
• Regulation
• The application of good engineering practice
Factors Affecting the Environment
1. Increasing number of humans on earth (population growth)
2. The rising standard of living (advances in agriculture, urbanization,
industrialization)
3. Other human Activities
List of Environmental Issues
1. Population
2. Climate Change
3. Loss of Biodiversity
4. The Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycles
5. Water
6. Ocean Acidification
7. Pollution
8. Ozone Depletion
9. Over Fishing
10. Deforestation
Ecological Impact on Environment
On the productivity of the ecosystem (green plants, atmospheric
oxygen)
On other organism (microorganism, insects, animals)
On climate (global warming, ozone hole, acid rain)
Health Impact
• Due to microbiological pollution
• Due to microchemical pollution
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND
POLLUTION CONTROL
Lecture 2. Air Pollution
Spheres of Earth
All the rocks on Earth make up the rigid
sphere of Earth known as the lithosphere.
Earth and its surrounding
Earth has 4 major connected systems
a. Biosphere
b. Hydrosphere- all of Earth’s water, ice, water vapor
c. Atmosphere- the air blanketing
Earth’s solid and liquid surface
d. Geosphere- features of Earth’s
surface (continents, rocks, sea
floor, and everything below Earth’s
surface
THE BIOSPHERE
Condensation
Evaporation
The biosphere is the portion of the Earth
that is inhabited by life
Precipitation
Transpiration
Runoff
Seepage
Root
uptake
Biosphere- part of Earth where life
exists
a. Includes all living and non-living
parts
b. Biota- collection of just living
things in biosphere
Type of Biotic
Hydrologic Cycle
The Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon cycle
CO2 in atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
The Nutrient Cycle
The Nitrogen cycle
N2 in atmosphere
NH3
NO2- and
NO3-
The Nutrient Cycle
The Sulphur cycle
&
The Phosphorus Cycle
World Population growth
World Population growth
Environmental Trends
Environmental Trends
Table: Decline in selected animal and species
Pollution of Air, Water and Soil
1. Impact of coal mining
2. Fossil fuel related pollutants in environment
3. Carbon emission and global warming
4. Reduction in carbon Emissions
5. Impact of urban area
6. Environmental impact of hydro-electric and Nuclear energy
Pollution of Air, Water and Soil
7. Chemical Pollution
8. Marine Pollution
9. Solid wastes
10. Ozone Depletion
Unit 1: Air pollution: Sources and its effects
Cont…
Cont…
Classification and its properties of Air Pollutants
Classification
 Primary pollutants (PM, SOx, NOx, CO, Hydrocarbon)
 Secondary pollutants (SO3, PAN, Aldehydes, Ketones, Ozone)
Primary Air Pollutants
Properties of Air Pollutants
 Particulate Matter (PM)
Size: 100μm – 0.1μm and less
Dust: 1 – 200 μm
Smoke: 0.01 – 1 μm
Fume: 0.1 – 1 μm
Mist: smaller than 10 μm
Aerosol: smaller than 1 μm
Size of PM
Primary Air Pollutants
 Oxide of Sulphur
 Nitrogen Oxides
 Carbon monoxide
 Hydrocarbons
Emission Sources
Cont…
Importance of Anthropogenic sources
Emission Sources in India
Behavior and fate of air pollutants
 Particulates:
(a) Wet removal by precipitation
(b) Dry removal by sedimentation, impaction and diffusion
 Gases:
(a) Wet removal by precipitation
(b) Chemical reaction in the atmosphere to produce aerosol
and/or
(c) Absorption or reaction at land and ocean surfaces.
Interaction of pollutant at Earth surface
Photochemical smog
Effect of Air pollution
 Human health
Cont…
 Human health
Cont…
 Respiratory Effects
Air Pollution laws and standards
 Role of Pollution Control Board
Indian ambient air quality standards
Metrological Aspects for Air pollutant
Dispersion
Lecture 3.
Metrological Aspects for Air pollutant Dispersion
Atmospheric stability
Temperature
 Lapse rate- decrease of temperature with height: Γ = - dT/dz
 Moist Environmental lapse rate (Γ) order 6 ºC/km in free atmosphere
 Dry adiabatic lapse rate (Γd)- rate at which an unsaturated parcel cools when lifted
(Γd ) = 9.8 ºC/km
 Saturated adiabatic lapse rate (Γs) - rate at which a saturated parcel cools when lifted
(Γs)
= 4 - 9.8 ºC/km
Remember: Dry > Moist always
Cont…
Adiabatic lapse rate
Cont…
Adiabatic lapse rate
Atmospheric stability
Atmospheric stability
Atmospheric stability
Environmental lapse rate
Plume behaviour
(Looping)
(Coning)
Near about natural conditions but
wind velocity > 32km/h
(Natural)
(Fanning)
Plume behaviour
(Lofting)
Stack Height
Effective Stack Height
Air Pollution Sampling and Measurement
Air quality monitoring
 Sampling and measurement of air pollutants generally known, as air quality monitoring.
 It is an integral component of any air pollution control programme.
Why monitoring is important?
 1. Air quality can be evaluated
 2. Information is helpful in implementing control measures for reducing pollutant
concentration to acceptable levels
 3. Assessing the effect of air pollution control strategies.
Air sampling
Classification of sampling methods:
 Sampling of impurities of every nature (Ranging from particulate matter to gases)
 Sampling under various environmental conditions (ranging from samples taken from
chimneys to samples taken in the open air)
 Sampling methods varying according to the time factor (Ranging from intermittent to
continuous sampling)
Air Quality measurement is undertaken in two situations:
 Ambient air quality measurement
 Stack monitoring
Air sampling
Ambient air quality measurement:
Where the pollutant levels in the ambient atmosphere are measured.
Stack sampling:
It deals with the pollutants emitted from a source such as smoke stack and is known as stack
sampling.
It provides information on the nature and quantities of various pollutants that are emitted into
the atmosphere.