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1-22

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Number
1
Words
atmosphere
Phonetic Symbol
ɪr/
2
3
hydrosphere
lithosphere
/'haɪdrosfɪr/
/'lɪθ ɪr/
4
5
6
oxygen
oxide
carbon dioxide
7
hydrogen
/'ɑksɪdʒ
/'ɑksaɪd/
/'kɑ
ksaɪd/
/'haɪ
ʒ
8
core
/kɔr/
9
crust
/krʌst/
10
mantle
/'mæ ntl/
11
longitude
/'lɑndʒ
12
latitude
/'læ tɪtud/
13
horizon
ɪzn/
14
altitude
/'æ ltɪtud/
15
disaster
/dɪ'zæ stɚ/
16
mishap
/'mɪshæ p/
17
18
19
catastrophic
calamity
endanger
/ˌ
20
jeopardize
/'dʒɛpɚdaɪz/
21
destructive
/dɪ'strʌktɪv/
22
23
24
El Nino
greenhouse
phenomenon
/ɛl ˈninoʊ/
/'ɡrinhaʊs/
ɑmɪ
25
26
pebble
magnet
/'pɛbl/
27
ore
/ɔr/
28
mineral
/'mɪ
ɪ'ɑ
ɑfɪk/
/ɪn'dendʒɚ/
29
30
marble
quartz
/'mɑrbl/
/kwɔrts/
31
granite
/'græ nɪt/
32
gust
/ɡʌst/
33
breeze
/briz/
34
monsoon
/mɑnˈsun/
35
gale
/ɡel/
36
hurricane
/'hɝ
37
cyclone
/'saɪklon/
38
tornado
/tɔr'nedo/
39
40
twister
typhoon
/'twɪstɚ/
/taɪ'fʊn/
41
tycoon
/taɪ'kun/
42
43
44
45
volcano
erupt
explode
magma
/vɑl'keno/
/ɪ'rʌpt/
/ɪk'splod/
/'mæ ɡ
46
47
lava
thermodynamic
/'mæ ɡ
/ˌθɚmodaɪˈnæ mɪk/
48
thermometer
/θɚ'mɑmɪtɚ/
49
smog
/smɑɡ/
50
51
fume
mist
/fjum/
/mɪst/
52
tsunami
/tsʊ'nɑmi/
53
drought
/draʊt/
54
flooding
/'flʌdɪŋ/
55
torrent
/'tɔ
56
earthquake
/'ɝθ'kwek/
57
seismic
/'saɪzmɪk/
58
59
avalanche
terrain
60
landscape
/'læ nd'skep/
61
continent
/'kɑntɪ
62
cave
/kev/
63
cliff
/klɪf/
64
swamp
/'ɡleʃɚ/
65
swamp
/swɑmp/
66
delta
/'dɛ
67
plain
/plen/
68
plateau
/plæ 'to/
69
70
71
oasis
globe
hemisphere
/o'esɪs/
/ɡlob/
/'hɛmɪsfɪr/
72
equator
/ɪ'kwetɚ/
73
arctic
/'ɑrktɪk/
74
75
Antarctic
pole
/æ n'tɑrktɪk/
/pol/
76
polar
/'polɚ/
77
axis
/'æ ksɪs/
78
79
80
deteriorate
aggravate
degrade
/dɪ'tɪrɪ
/'æ ɡ
/dɪ'ɡred/
81
upgrade
/ˌʌp'ɡred/
82
erode
/ɪˈrod/
83
84
85
Mediterranean
Atlantic
pacific
/ˌmɛdɪ ˈ
ɪk/
ɪfɪk/
ʃ/
86
87
ocean
marine
/ˈoʃ
88
89
90
navigation
gulf
beach
/ɡʌlf/
/bitʃ/
91
coast
/kost/
92
shore
/ʃɔr/
93
tide
/taɪd/
94
current
/'kɝ
95
brook
/brʊk/
96
stream
/strim/
97
source
/sɔrs/
98
shallow
/'ʃæ lo/
99
superficial
/ˌsupɚ'fɪʃl/
100
flat
/flæ t/
101
smooth
/smʊð /
102
rough
/rʌf/
103
104
105
coarse
sandy
stony
/kɔrs/
/'sæ ndi/
/'stoni/
106
vertical
/'vɝtɪkl/
107
108
horizontal
steep
/'hɔ
ɑntl/
/stip/
109
parallel
110
narrow
/'næ ro/
111
Oceania
/ˌoʃɪ'æ nɪ
112
mainland
/'menlæ nd/
ʃ
ɛl/
113
peninsula
114
climate
/'klaɪ
115
weather
/'wɛð ɚ/
116
meteorology
/ˌmitɪ
117
mild
/maɪld/
118
119
heating
moderate
/'hitɪŋ/
/'mɑ
120
121
warm
thermal
/wɔrm/
/'θɝml/
122
123
tropics
arid
/'trɔpiks/
/'æ rɪd/
124
moist
/mɔɪst/
125
dry
/draɪ/
126
damp
/dæ mp/
127
dam
/dæ m/
128
129
humid
snowy
/'hjumɪd/
/'snoi/
130
frost
/frɔst/
131
thaw
/hel/
132
133
134
thaw
melt
chill
/θɔ/
/mɛlt/
/tʃɪl/
135
freeze
/friz/
136
frigid
/'frɪdʒɪd/
137
138
139
tremble
shiver
thunder
/'trɛmbl/
/'ʃɪvɚ/
/'θʌndɚ/
140
141
lightning
stormy
/'laɪtnɪŋ/
/'stɔrmi/
ɪ
ɑ
ʒi/
142
downpour
/'daʊnpɔr/
143
144
rainfall
sprinkle
/'ren'fɔl/
/'sprɪŋkl/
145
146
147
148
rainbow
shower
Celsius
temperature
/'renbo/
/'ʃaʊɚ/
149
forecast
/'fɔrkæ st/
150
predict
/prɪ'dɪkt/
151
peak
/pik/
152
mount
/maʊnt/
153
154
mountain
range
/'maʊntn/
/rendʒ/
155
156
ridge
slope
/rɪdʒ/
/slop/
157
valley
/'væ li/
158
159
160
hillside
overlook
southern
/'hɪl'saɪd/
/ˌovɚ'lʊk/
/'sʌð ɚn/
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
southeast
southwest
northeast
northwest
eastern
oriental
inevitable
irreversible
/ˌsaʊθ'ist/
/ˌsaʊθ'wɛst/
/'nɔrθ'ist/
/'nɔrθ'wɛst/
/'istɚn/
/ˌorɪ'ɛ
/ɪn'ɛvɪ
/ˌɪrɪ'vɝ
169
170
irregularly
inappropriate
/ɪˈr ɛɡ
/'ɪ
171
abnormal
/æ b'nɔrml/
172
sediment
/'sɛdɪ
173
silt
/sɪlt/
/'tɛ
ʃɚ/
ɚlɪ/
ɪ
174
muddy
/'mʌdi/
175
176
clay
dirt
/kle/
/dɝt/
177
rural
/'rʊ
178
179
suburb
urbanization
/'sʌbɝb/
/ˌ
180
outskirts
/'aʊt'skɝts/
181
182
183
remote
desolate
distant
/rɪ'mot/
/'dɛ
/'dɪ
184
adjacent
185
toxic
186
pollution
187
pollutant
188
contaminate
189
190
geology
geography
/dʒɪ'ɑ ʒi/
/dʒɪ'ɑɡ
191
border
/'bɔrdɚ/
192
boundary
/'baʊndri/
193
margin
/'mɑrdʒ
194
fringe
/frɪndʒ/
195
infringe
/ɪn'frɪndʒ/
196
plate
/plet/
197
198
199
debris
crack
gap
/kræ k/
/ɡæ p/
200
splendid
/'splɛndɪd/
201
grand
/ɡræ nd/
ʃ
ʒesnt/
/'tɑksɪk/
ʃ
ɪnet/
202
magnificent
/mæ g'nɪ
203
204
super
interesting
/'sʊpɚ/
/'ɪ
ɪŋ/
205
206
dramatic
wilderness
/'wɪldɚ
207
desert
/ˈdɛ
208
209
deforest
barren
/ˌdi'fɔrɪst/
210
fertile
/'fɝtl/
211
212
fertilize
solar
/'fɝ
ɪz/
/'solɚ/
213
lunar
/'lunɚ/
214
calendar
215
216
217
218
sunrise
sunset
eclipse
dusk
/'sʌnraɪz/
/'sʌnsɛt/
/ɪ'klɪps/
/dʌsk/
219
dawn
/dɔn/
220
heaven
/'hɛvn/
221
paradise
222
223
224
sunshine
shade
shadow
/'sʌnʃaɪn/
/ʃed/
/'ʃæ do/
225
226
vapour
evaporate
/ˈvepɚ/
/ɪ
227
228
circulate
precipitate
/'sɝ
/prɪ'sɪpɪtet/
229
reservoir
/'rɛzɚ,vɔr/
230
waterfall
/'wɔtɚfɔl/
231
fountain
/'faʊntn/
ɪk/
ɚ/
ɪs/
232
233
spring
dew
/sprɪŋ/
/du/
234
pour
/pɔr/
235
236
237
drain
drip
drown
/dren/
/drɪp/
/draʊn/
238
239
blow
puff
/blo/
/pʌf/
240
gush
/ɡʌʃ/
241
dense
/dɛns/
242
intensity
/ɪn'tɛ
243
intensive
/ɪn'tɛnsɪv/
244
emerge
/ɪ'mɝdʒ/
245
246
flash
float
/flæ ʃ/
/flot/
247
environment
/ɪn'vaɪ
248
249
surrounding
condition
250
situation
/ˌsɪtʃu'eʃ
251
nature
/'netʃɚ/
252
natural
/'næ tʃ
253
254
artificial
synthetic
/ˌɑrtɪ'fɪʃl/
/sɪn'θɛtɪk/
255
256
257
petrol
gas
gasoline
/'pɛ
/ɡæ s/
/ˈɡ
ˌlin/
258
petroleum
ʊndɪŋ/
ɪʃ
ɪ
Explanation
An atmosphere is a surrounding environment or influence. If you and your coworkers talk
behind each other's backs, you will create a nasty atmosphere at work.
The hydrosphere is the part of a planet that's made of water. Oceans, rivers, lakes, and
The lithosphere includes the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. The
lithosphere's thickness varies depending on whether you measure the thin new crust on the
Oxygen is air, the stuff we breathe, the thing that makes our lives possible. It is an element,
Any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical.
A heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of
organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
A nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable
diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe
If you're looking for the most essential part or the very center of something, you're looking
for its core. Like the inedible middle of an apple or your inner circle of core friends.
The crust is a hard layer that forms on the outside of something, like a loaf of bread. Little
kids often like their sandwiches with the crust cut off.
A mantle is a word for something that blankets over something else, like the loose cloak
worn by Little Red Riding Hood or the layer of earth between the crust and core.
In geography, longitude refers to the imaginary lines that bisect the globe through the
North and South Poles (the ones that run vertically, as opposed to the lines of latitude that
Use the word latitude to describe how much freedom you have in making choices. For
example, if a teacher gives you latitude in writing your paper, you might get to choose the
An earthquake, an oil spill, an economic collapse, a party with inedible food and truly awful
music: Each of these could be described as a disaster, a cataclysmic event causing extreme
Use the word calamity to describe an event that causes great harm and misery, or a general
To endanger someone is to put them in a dangerous position, or to threaten their safety. It
would endanger your little brother if you encouraged him to jump off the garage roof into a
Jeopardize means to put at risk or pose a threat. Jeopardize your career by posting silly
pictures of yourself on Facebook. Jeopardize your friendships by posting silly pictures of
If something causes a lot of damage, you can talk about its destructive force or power.
Something is destructive when it really messes things up.
A warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the
A building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under
A phenomenon is an extraordinary occurrence or circumstance. In the 1950s, rock-n-roll
was considered a new cultural phenomenon, while today we think of crop circles as a
Pebbles are the small, round stones you might find on a beach. If you want a pet rock, a
A magnet is a piece of metal with a strong attraction to another metal object. The attraction
a magnet produces is called a "magnetic field."
Ore is a rock that contains minerals like iron, gold, or lead. The seven dwarfs in the movie
"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" worked mining ore.
A mineral is a nonliving natural substance of a definite chemical composition. A mineral
like manganese may help keep you healthy; a mineral like a diamond may help keep you
Marble is a very hard rock that's a particular type of limestone. Fancy lobbies (and even
Quartz is a mineral that's usually clear or white, but is sometimes tinted a translucent
color. It's common for quartz to be part of other rocks, and often you can see its stripes
Granite is a type of rock that's commonly polished smooth and used for things like kitchen
counters. Granite is dark and textured, with swirls of lighter colors.
A gust is a strong, short burst of air. If you're walking around on a brisk, cold day, hold on
A breeze is a light, cool wind. One of the nicest things about being at the beach on a hot
summer day is feeling the gentle breeze off the water.
Monsoon is the term for the wind that carries heavy rains to southern Asia, and the rains
themselves. During a monsoon, people wait indoors for it to stop.
Toto, too, because this is an extremely strong wind.
A hurricane is a severe tropical storm with high winds and heavy rain. When a hurricane
comes through your town, you should board up the windows and stay inside.
A cyclone is another word for "tornado" or other types of violent, spinning storms. It was a
cyclone that uprooted Dorothy in "The Wizard of Oz," and her little dog Toto too.
A tornado is a violent windstorm in the shape of a funnel cloud that reaches to the ground.
A localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a
A typhoon is a giant, rotating storm that brings wind, rain, and destruction. Hurricanes and
typhoons are both kinds of tropical cyclones. So if you see one coming, watch out!
If you are meeting with someone who is considered a tycoon in his industry, keep in mind
that he is very successful and probably accustomed to high-stakes negotiations.
When the earth's crust cracks open and spews hot lava and gases, you've got a volcano on
A rash, a volcano, applause, violence, all of these are things that are prone to erupt,
That red hot liquid rock that spews violently out of erupting volcanoes? That's lava. But
before the lava rises to the earth's surface it's called magma.
Is lava flowing through your street? Then you'd better run! Lava is the hot liquid rock that
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their
relation to energy and work.
Thermometers are used to see if you have a fever or tell you how cold it is outside.
What do you get when you combine "smoke" and "fog"? Smog! Smog is the thick haze or
smoke that's caused by polluting substances in the air.
To fume is to feel or express great anger. You would fume if your teacher accused you of
Mist is a very dense water vapor, almost as thick as fog. Light rain can sometimes form a
mist that makes it hard to see the road when you're driving.
A tsunami is an enormous sea wave that erupts and reaches land. You should be afraid of
them, because a tsunami can destroy a coastal region in minutes.
When there is a drought somewhere, there's not enough rainfall. In certain areas, a drought
can last for weeks, months, sometimes even years! Forget about running your lawn
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry.
A torrent is a heavy rain, or the flooding or wildly-running streams it causes, like the
torrent that soaks everyone unlucky enough to be out on the street at that moment.
If you're visiting your friend in California and her house starts to shake, you might be
experiencing an earthquake, which is the shaking of the surface of the earth that happens
For the ancient Greeks, "seismos" meant an earthquake. Later on, when the study of
earthquakes became a science, anything seismic meant anything related to the study of the
Look out below! An avalanche is a whole lot of falling snow and ice. Also, life can feel like
An ATV, or all-terrain vehicle, is useful for people who drive on lots of different terrain,
hence the name. Terrain is a noun used to talk about the ground, when you're specifically
To landscape is to enhance a space with plants. If you landscape your yard with flowering
A continent is one of the seven largest landmasses found on Earth. Asia, Australia, and
Africa are three continents. Can you name the other four?
A cave is hollow space underground that's big enough for a person to walk or crawl into.
People who explore caves often wear battery-powered headlamps.
A cliff is a steep and often sheer rock face. If you stand on the edge of a cliff and peer over,
you'll be able to see the waves crashing on the rocks below. But if you don't watch your
A glacier is a very large ice mass, sometimes miles and miles long. Glaciers might not seem
all that exciting at first, but people are paying close attention to them because their melting
A swamp is an area that floods every year because the land is low. Watch out for alligators
if you visit Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana, the largest swamp in the
Named for the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (shaped like a triangle), a delta is a
triangular area where a major river divides into several smaller parts that usually flow into a
Plain things are simple, unadorned, and even a little boring. Being a plain talker means you
don't use pretentious, fancy words. But having a plain face means you're not much to look
A plateau is a high, flat area of land. The word has also been stretched to include a leveling
off of progress. At first the children at the sleepover were running wild, but then their
A globe doesn't have to be a spherical representation of our planet; it can be anything
winter getaway to sunbathe somewhere in the southern hemisphere.
An equator is a circle that divides the surface of an object into two equal halves. If you're
freezing up there in Iceland, get yourself on down closer to the earth's equator, where it's
If the weatherman warns of arctic conditions, get out your thermal underwear, hats, and
gloves. It's going to be cold. The word arctic describes frigid and inhospitable weather.
The region around the south pole: Antarctica and surrounding waters
A pole is a rounded stick or rod, usually made of wood, plastic, or metal. You need a pole
for hanging a flag, catching fish, or setting up a tent.
The idea of polar suggests equal opposites. For example, the North and South Poles are at
opposite ends of the planet, and both are equally glacial, or very cold, which, by the way, is
An axis is a straight line, sometimes seen, sometimes not, that is important in
mathematics, art, science and our survival. The most famous axis is the one the earth spins
When something gets worse due to neglect or an unfortunate health problem, stuff starts
People who chew with their mouths open often aggravate the people near them, meaning
To degrade means to reduce the worth of something, as when smoke and pollution degrade
the environment. The word can also mean to disrespect or insult: thoughtless comments
To upgrade is to make improvements to something or exchange it for a better version.
Some people upgrade their phone every time a new model comes out, while others
When soil or land erodes, it wears away or is removed. Many beaches seem to get smaller
and smaller, as the endless wash of the waves begins to erode the fine sand.
The largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia.
The 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and
The word pacific refers to people, actions, and ideas that are peaceful. Pacific actions
You know that vast, wet expanse of blue that keeps crashing waves on the beach? That's
If it has to do with the ocean or sea, you can call it marine. Your friend in US Armed
Services who is a Marine probably spends a lot of time near the ocean.
Navigation is all about figuring out how to get somewhere. If you are lost, hopefully your
Deep, wide and often filled with water, a gulf is any vast and seemingly unbridgeable area.
You know that wide, flat patch of sand that leads down to the sea, or maybe even the lake?
That's a beach, one of the most beautiful places in the world. During a long, stormy winter,
your mom says, "We're going to the coast," pack your bathing suit, because you'll be near
The land right at the edge of a lake, river, or ocean is called the shore. Even the bravest
swimmers will head for the shore when they hear someone yell "Shark!"
The tide is the daily rise and fall of the sea level. You can count on the regular changing
patterns of the tide, unless of course a tsunami is headed your way.
If it's in the past, it's not current. If it's out of date, out of style, or out of time, it's not
current. If it's up-to-the-minute, right now, and in the present, it is current.
A brook is a small stream. On a hot day, you might enjoy wading in a babbling brook. As a
verb, brook is a rather stuffy word for "put up with." The lord of the manor might say, "I
That little rolling brook in your back yard is a stream. If it starts rising and threatens to
flood, your father might let out a stream of expletives. A stream is a steady flow of
The noun source describes an origin, like the source who gave the journalist the
information that broke a new story, or the place something originates, like the source of a
The adjective shallow can describe things that aren't very deep, like a shallow puddle, or
people who don't have much emotional or intellectual depth, like shallow people who judge
Anything superficial has to do with the surface of something. If you're judging a book by its
cover, you're being superficial. People who worry too much about their clothes and hair
A flat is an apartment. If a girl invites you up to her flat, she's not trying to squash you,
she's inviting you over. And she's probably from England, because flat is much more
Something smooth is free of roughness, stubble, or other imperfections that you can feel
with your hands. If your wooden table is giving you splinters, use a sander to smooth it
Rough means harsh and uneven. If you want to go driving in the rough terrain of rocky dirt
roads, you'll need four-wheel drive and a stomach for bouncing.
Coarse can mean rough to the touch or vulgar. It's good to have coarse sand paper, but not
Something that looks like sand, feels like sand, or is covered in sand is sandy. A sandy
Someone who's stony shows little emotion or sympathy for other people. As your math
teacher hands back last week's geometry quiz, her stony face won't seem like a very good
Vertical describes something that rises straight up from a horizontal line or plane. A
telephone pole or a tree can usually be described as vertical in relation to the ground.
The opposite of vertical, something horizontal is arranged sideways, like a person lying
Steep means sharply angled. When hiking trails lead straight up mountainsides, they've got
a steep incline. Steep also means "to soak in," as in steeping a tea bag in boiling water.
parallel means similar, or happening at the same time. A story might describe the parallel
Narrow means less wide or to make less wide. When you narrow down your choices, you
decrease the number of choices. A road might be too narrow for a car.
A large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and
Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)
A mainland is the land covering a continent, as opposed to islands off its coast. When you
take the ferry back after visiting Block Island, you can say you're "returning to the
Part of Italy is a peninsula, and it's a pretty famous one, because it looks like a boot. A
peninsula juts into the water but has at least a narrow a connection to land. If the boot
The climate is the general weather in a particular region. Florida is known for its temperate
climate. The word climate is also used figuratively to mean "the usual conditions," as in "It's
Weather is the atmospheric conditions, including the temperature, wind, snow, rain, or
anything else happening outside. People tend to talk about the weather when they can't
When the weather man tells you it's going to rain today, he is giving a meteorology report,
or weather forecast. Meteorology is the study of our atmosphere.
The process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature.
A moderate voter is someone who is politically speaking, in the center. In other words,
they are not quite left or right, but somewhere in the middle.
Having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat or imparting or
stay warm on a brutally cold day. Your thermal coffee mug keeps your coffee hot.
The part of the Earth's surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn;
Arid is so dry that nothing will grow. Death Valley in California features an arid climate,
which is why it's called Death Valley and not Life Valley.
want to bring a blanket to sit on for a picnic, especially if it rained yesterday and the grass
Things that are dry lack moisture. A desert or a dessert can be dry. If your eyes are dry, you
Something that's damp is slightly wet or soggy. If your shoes are damp when you enter
your friend's white-carpeted house, you should probably take them off.
A barrier built to block the flow of water is called a dam. If you walk along a stream, you
can see where beavers have built a dam out of mud and logs.
When there is a lot of moisture in the air, it is humid out. The air in a rain forest is humid,
or your grandpa's snowy beard that makes him look like Santa Claus.
Frost is a thin, icy coating that forms on very cold, damp nights. During a New England
winter, you'll have to scrape frost off your car windshield almost every morning.
Hail is when chunks of ice fall from the sky. Also, to hail someone is to greet them or say
good things about them. Or it can be a way to tell people of your homeland, as in: "I hail
When things thaw, they're coming out of deep freeze and warming up. You can thaw a
To melt means to fade away slowly and disappear, like a snowman in the middle of the
A sharp burst of cold air or icy temperatures is a chill. The chill of a January day in New
England might make you dream of moving to New Mexico.
When liquids freeze, they become so cold that they turn solid. The little squares of water in
an ice tray freeze and become ice cubes when you put them in your freezer long enough.
Like the North Pole on the coldest day of winter, frigid is an adjective that means extremely
chilly. It applies to both temperatures and personalities.
To tremble is to quiver or shake without meaning to. Your hands probably tremble when
People shiver, or shake and tremble, when they're very cold. You might shiver in the snow
Thunder is the loud noise that comes right after lightning. It also can refer to a loud,
booming sound, or mean to move heavily but quickly.
When you see sudden bright flashes of light in the sky, you're seeing lightning, the release
A downpour is a rainstorm, especially a very heavy one. If you get caught unexpectedly in a
downpour, you'll wish you brought an umbrella.
Water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere.
That colorful arc you sometimes see in the sky right after it stops raining? That's a rainbow.
A sudden downpour (as of tears or sparks etc) likened to a rain shower.
Is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature.
Temperature refers to how hot or cold something is. When you think you might have a
fever, you take your temperature to see if it is higher than normal.
A forecast is a prediction of what will happen. If the weather forecast calls for sunny skies,
To predict is to say what you think is going to happen in the future. If you predict that
you'll win the poker championship, you're either really confident in your poker skills or
Use the word peak to refer to the pointy top of something, such as the jagged peak of a tall
mountain or the tapered peak that forms when you beat egg whites for a recipe.
To mount is to climb up something, like a ladder, or get on the back of something, like a
horse. You can also mount something on another object, like a camera on a tripod or a
A mountain is a large and often steep landmass that's much higher than the surrounding
The word range refers to a variety of things or to an area in which something operates. The
store offers the living room set in a range of colors. What's the range of that remoteA ridge is a long, narrow, elevated strip of land or any raised strip or band. A ridge is a line
If you find yourself on a slippery slope, watch out: you could be sliding down a hill. Land
that is not level is called a slope. Slope can also be a verb, as in land that slopes down to sea
If you live in a valley, you probably get more fog than they do up in the hills around you.
Fog tends to be more common down in the valley, the low area that often forms near a
The side or slope of a hill.
To overlook something is to fail to see it. When planning a party, it's best to write out a toThe compass point midway between south and east; at 135 degrees.
The compass point midway between south and west; at 225 degrees.
The compass point midway between north and east; at 45 degrees.
The compass point midway between north and west; at 315 degrees.
From the east; used especially of winds.
Denoting or characteristic of countries of Asia.
If something is inevitable, it will definitely happen, like death or tax season.
If you can't undo something, it's irreversible. Time is always irreversible, as is the damage
done to your skin by too much sun, so be sure to wear sunblock!
In an irregular manner.
The word "appropriate" means correct or proper and since the little prefix "in" turns its
meaning around, something inappropriate is considered not proper or suitable.
Sediment is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles in the bottom of lakes. Sediment
Silt is the fine bits of clay and sand that become sediment settling at the bottom of a river
or lake. If there's a lot of silt flowing in a river, it looks murky.
Muddy is a verb that means to make dirty with mud. You might muddy up your mom's
white shag rug if you don't take off your dirty hiking boots before you walk inside.
Clay is a type of soil or dirt that's made of very small particles. You can mold clay into
Gardeners spend a lot of time digging in the dirt, planting seeds and pulling up weeds.
Rural means "relating to or characteristic of the country or the people who live there." If
A suburb is a residential district located on the outskirts of a city. If you live in the suburbs,
If a skyscraper is blocking the view of farmland you once had from your house window,
urbanization is happening. Urbanization is a word for becoming more like a city.
Some people like to live downtown. Others prefer the open spaces of the suburbs. But if
you live in between the two, you are in the outskirts, the place where the city ends and the
Remote describes something far, far away, like a campsite way out in the woods, a distant
If you feel alone, left out, and devastated, you feel desolate. A deserted, empty, depressing
Distant describes something that's far away, like another planet, a ship far out at sea, or the
cousin who never calls or shows up for family events.
Adjacent means close to or near something. You may consider the people up and down
your street to be neighbors, but your next-door neighbor is the person who lives in the
Danger! Hazardous! Do not eat! These are just some of the warnings you'll see on toxic
Pollution is unwanted, harmful stuff contaminating an environment. The race to develop
clean energy is motivated by high levels of pollution that people fear are permanently
Any substance that makes the environment dirty or contaminated is a pollutant. Soot is an
example of an air pollutant, and chemical pollutants can make their way into the water
you contaminate something, you make it impure or hazardous.
Geology is the study of the Earth and what it's made of, including its natural history.
Geography is the study of the land and how we use it. A geography lesson about your
hometown would teach about the terrain, including any landforms like mountains or
When you cross a border from one country into another, you'll need to show your
identification papers and maybe a visa to the border patrol officials.
If you play a sport you are familiar with the term "in bounds," which refers to the boundary,
or limits of the playing field that the players must stay within. It is also the outer limits of
An amount beyond the minimum necessary is called the margin. If you sell craft items, you
need to build in a profit margin so that you actually make money on the sale. You'll go
If you make cutoffs from jeans, the little white strings around the edges of the legs make a
fringe. A fringe is a decorative edge made of hanging strings of fabric.
When you infringe on someone's space, time, or rights, you're getting involved in a way
that is not cool. That's why, when you violate a copyright, you're said to infringe upon it.
A plate is a flat dish meant for serving one person's portion of food. It would make perfect
sense to eat spaghetti from a plate, but you probably shouldn't use a plate for your soup.
Debris is trash scattered around after a disaster, like shattered glass on the road after a car
A crack is a very narrow space, chink, or opening. If your favorite mug has a crack in it, it
A gap is the space between two things. It can be physical (like "the gap between your two
front teeth") or philosophical (like "the generation gap" between you and your parents).
Looking truly magnificent today? Then someone (probably British) might stop you to say
"Wow! You look splendid, darling!" Thanks the person, because splendid means glorious,
Something that's grand is large and impressive. A fancy, catered birthday party with a guest
The adjective magnificent describes something that has grandeur, like the magnificent
Great Wall of China or the Pyramids, which usually inspire awe in the people who see
When you're giving a speech, you probably hope that your audience is gazing at you in
fascination because what you're saying is so interesting, and not because you've got
it resembles a wilderness, a wild area that is not tended by humans.
A desert is a very dry area of land where few plants and animals can live. If you find
yourself stranded in the middle of the desert, you'll have no company except for the
Remove the trees from.
Drive through a forest that's just been destroyed by a fire, and you'll get an idea of what
The word fertile means "able to reproduce," but like so many words, that's just the
beginning. The fact that she gave birth to eight kids was proof that she was fertile; her
Provide with fertilizers or add nutrients to.
Does it come from the sun? Is it related to the sunshine? Does it depend on sunny rays of
light to function? Then it's probably safe to call it solar.
The adjective lunar is used to describe something that is related to the moon. If you like
astronomy, you probably enjoy lunar eclipses, when the Earth casts its shadow on the
A calendar is a chart that organizes the year into days, weeks or months. It's also a list of
appointments or activities, like the calendar for the club that lists when the bands are
The daily event of the sun rising above the horizon.
The time in the evening at which the sun begins to fall below the horizon.
Have you ever seen an eclipse? That's when the sun, earth or moon cross paths and cover
Dusk is the period of time between sunset and nightfall. Many parents allow their children
to roam freely in their neighborhood as long as they are home by dusk.
The noun dawn refers to the first light of day, or the first time period, like the dawn of a
new era, which occurs when a new president takes office.
Heaven is a place that seems absolutely perfect in every way. You can think of it as the lofty
heavens up above, or as a place of everlasting bliss.
In some religions, paradise is considered the ultimate destination, but in general, it's any
Sunshine is the light that comes from the sun. On a clear, cloudless spring day, you can go
Shade is a break from the glare of the sun, like the shade of a big tree or the shade under a
A shadow is a dark shape that is formed when an object blocks a source of light. On a
A visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance.
To evaporate is to fade away or to literally turn into vapor. If you leave a glass of water out
and the water slowly disappears, it's not being consumed by elves; it's evaporating.
To circulate is to move continuously in a specific circuit, often in a circle. A ceiling fan
in a good way. An unpopular verdict might "precipitate violence" or one false step at the
The word reservoir refers to a place where large amounts of water get stored. It can also be
used to describe great amounts of other things, such as when you refer to a trivia expert as
A natural area where a river or stream cascades over a high precipice and pours down is
called a waterfall. If you like to go canoeing down the river, make sure you stop before you
A fountain is a decorative structure that shoots streams of water into the air. You might see
a big fountain in front of a museum, or install a small one in your back yard.
There's nothing like sitting on a sharp tack to make you spring out of your chair. The verb
Dew is moisture caused by condensation of water vapor in the air. Dew is what gets your
feet wet when you walk across the grass on a summer morning.
To pour is to flow rapidly in a steady stream, or to cause something to flow. You can pour
good coffee into a cup and pour bad coffee down the drain.
Most commonly found at the bottom of sinks and bathtubs across the globe, a drain is the
When water flows slowly in tiny drops, it drips. The movement of water in this way is
The verb drown means to die from inhaling water into the lungs and being unable to
To blow is to create a burst or puff of air. When chilly breezes start to blow, it's time to
On hot summer days, city kids will sometimes open a fire hydrant and let the water gush
into the street. Things that gush come streaming out.
When woods are dense, the trees grow close together. When fog is dense, you can't see
through it. And if someone calls you dense, they think nothing can get into your thick
The way he stared deep into her eyes was making her uncomfortable. For a first date, this
was too much intensity. Intensity is the degree, volume, or magnitude of a thing, such as
Intensive describes things that are extreme, highly dramatic, or just plain thorough. An
intensive chemistry course meets six days a week for five hours a day. If you're in intensive
To emerge means to come out into view or come forth. You might hope to emerge from an
epic perming session looking like a beauty queen, but chances are it will just look like you
Ever notice how quick the flash is on a camera? That's how fast other types of flashes are,
Float is what you do when you're lying on the water. Hopefully you know how to swim, so
you can float suspended on the surface of the water, rather than sinking straight to the
Think of the environment as everything that is around you. A quiet room with good
lighting and no distractions is a good environment for doing homework, or at least that's
If a person or thing is surrounded by something, that thing is situated all around them.
A medical problem or illness can be referred to as a condition. Your skin condition isn't
Situation is related to the verb "situate," which means to place. A building might be situated
It might be in your nature to remain calm and level-headed when faced with a difficult
Natural describes something that comes from nature, rather than being man-made. Your
healthy friend who only eats natural food will probably choose carrots instead of potato
Something made of artificial material, not natural items, can be described as synthetic.
Some football stadiums have synthetic grass, and a leisure suit from the 1970s might be
Petrol is a fuel derived from petroleum. If you are American, you probably call petrol "gas."
Matter can be found in solid, liquid, or gas form. The air you breathe in and the carbon
A volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.)
derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines.
Notes
atmo(air);sphere(ball,bubbles)
hydro(water);sphere(ball,bubbles)
litho(stone);sphere(ball,bubbles)
ox(O2);gen(create)
ox(O2)
di(two)
hydro(water);gen(create)
nothing
nothing
nothing
itude(condition)
itude(condition)
nothing
alt(high);itude(condition)
dis(not,bad);aster(stars)
mis(bad);hap(luck)
nothing
nothing
en(make);danger(be in danger of)
jeopardize=jeopardise
de(remove);struct(building);ive(adj.)
EI Nino=el nino
green(plants);house(building)
pheno(appear);menmo(n.)
nothing
nothing
nothing
mine(diggings)
nothing
nothing
gran(granule);ite(n.)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
tycoon=タイクーン(大君)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
thermo(hot);dynamic(force)
thermo(hot);meter(measure)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
flooding(describe condition);flood(describe
water)
nothing
earth(land);quake(shake)
nothing
nothing
nothing
land(ground);scape(condition)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
hemi(half);sphere(ball,bubble)
nothing
nothing
ant(opposite);Arctic(North Pole)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
ag(intensify);grav(heavy);ate(make)
de(down);grade(level)
up(upward);grade(level)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
mar(sea)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
y(adj.)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
meteor(high);logy(theory)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
down(downward);pour(flow)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
fore(before);cast(throw)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
over(on top);look(see)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
in(not);evitable(avoid)
in(not);re(back);vers(spin);ible(able)
nothing
nothing
ab(not);normal(natural)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
sur(near);urb(city)
urb(city)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
con(together);tam(touch);in(inside);ate(v.)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
e(out);merge(integrate)
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
nothing
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