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Drone detection system

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Abstract: As the cost and size of drones continue to decrease, their numbers have grown
significantly. However, their presence also brings about serious security concerns. It has become
imperative to develop and deploy systems that can detect and defend against these threats. This
paper conducts a survey of drone detection and defense systems proposed in existing literature,
utilizing various methods such as radio frequency (RF), acoustics, optics, radar, among others.
Our focus is on RF-based systems utilizing software-defined radio (SDR) platforms. We have
followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide a concise
and thorough overview of the current state of the subject. In the final section, we describe our
own solution, which was designed and implemented as part of the DronEnd research project.
The DronEnd system relies on RF techniques and employs SDR platforms as its primary
hardware components.
Intro: The rapid advancement of technology has led to significant changes in modern society,
affecting all sectors, from citizens to governments to public and private industries. One
technological innovation is the development of small, low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
also known as drones, which have a range of applications, including recreational, commercial,
and military purposes. This paper seeks to answer research questions related to drone detection
and defense systems (DDDS) by reviewing existing literature on the topic, particularly focusing
on RF-based solutions using software-defined radio (SDR) platforms. The paper also discusses
legal issues regarding the use of DDDSs and presents its own solution, developed within the
DronEnd research project, which uses SDR platforms and a custom mount for adjusting the
orientation of the jamming antenna. The article is organized into sections, with Section 2
discussing recent incidents involving UAVs and regulations around the world, Section 3
describing the requirements and mechanisms of a DDDS, and Section 4 focusing on RF-based
solutions using SDR platforms. Section 5 discusses challenges and future research directions,
and Section 6 proposes a solution for a drone detection and defense system for the Pakistan
Army. The paper concludes with future perspectives on the topic.
Necessity of DDDS: Drones are becoming a problem because people are using them in ways
that are dangerous and illegal. This has led to the development of anti-drone technology, which
is meant to keep people safe from drones. However, these systems will need to keep improving
to keep up with new drone technology. Drones have been used by the military, but civilian
drones have also caused problems. They have been accused of putting planes and people on
the ground in danger. There have been incidents where drones have hit planes or almost hit
them, and many of these incidents have happened because people are not following the rules
for flying drones safely.
Regulations: The use of drones is regulated by different agencies around the world, such as the
European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Federal Communication Commission (FCC),
Australian Communication and Media Authority (ACMA), and Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
These agencies have made plans to prevent the illegal use of drones. For example, EASA has a
plan to counter unmanned aerial systems and it has been included in the European Plan for
Aviation Safety. This plan is used by national agencies to control the dangers of drones. The EU
has also created guidelines for safe drone operation and integration into the aviation system.
The rules for drones are outlined in two EU regulations.
Negligence: Individuals Who Are Oblivious to or Are Unaware of the Appropriate
Regulations and Constraints. As a Result They Fly Their Drones across Sensitive or
Forbidden Terrain. They Have a “Clueless” Mentality and Have No Intention of Disrupting
Regular Aviation.
Gross Negligence: Individuals who are reckless because they are aware of the appropriate
regulations and constraints yet choose to break them for personal or professional advantage
(e.g., aggressive spotters). Their actions can be described as “reckless”, as they disrupt civil
aviation while completely ignoring the implications of their conduct. Or
Individuals who intentionally strive to use drones to disrupt aerodromes and flight
operations, regardless of whether they are aware of the applicable legislation and limits.
These individuals may even act as a group to maximize their impact. While their actions
may have unexpected repercussions for aviation safety, they do not seek to put human
lives in jeopardy.
Criminal Motivation: Criminals and terrorists are persons who intentionally strive to utilize
drones to interfere with the safety and security of civil aviation, regardless of whether
they are aware of the applicable legislation and limits. These persons should be
considered criminally motivated or even terrorists because their actions are purposeful
and show no concern for human lives and property.
DDDS cl, sensors and Ctr measures: In this section, we focus on the classification of drone
detection and defense systems depending on different criteria, on the comparison of the
different sensor types that can be used in order to detect the presence of the drones in the
monitored area, on the classification of the countermeasures that can be adopted in order to
annihilate the detected drones, and on the regulations regarding the use of jamming as
countermeasures.
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