Uploaded by Julian Edmunds

5.1

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5.1 Notes
Saturday, December 10, 2022
10:56 AM
5.1.1 Languages and Geography
• Language is a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a
group of people understand to have the same meaning
• Languages are organized into families, branches, and groups
• Languages are classified as institutional, developing, vigorous, threatened, or dying depending on
number of speakers and their usage
• A language family is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that
existed long before recorded history
• A language branch is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral
language
• A language group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the
relatively recent past
• An institutional language is used in work, education, mass media, and the government
• A developing language is in daily use by people of all ages
• A vigorous language is in daily use by people of all ages, but lacks literary tradition
• A threatened language is used for face to face communication, but is losing users
• A dying language is used by older people, but is not being transmitted by children
5.1.2 Distribution of Languages
• The most Diverse sounds in languages are found in western Africa, implying language originated
here and became less diverse with diffusion
• There are 18 language families with more than 7 million speakers
5.1.3 Language Families
• More than 90% of the people in the world use a language that belongs to one of the seven
language families
• 45.7% of people speak a indo-european language
5.1.4 Distribution of Indo-European Languages
• Indo-European languages are the most widespread language branch in the world, They are broken
into several branches
- Indo-Iranian (Persian, Hindi, Urdu)
- Germanic (German, English)
- Romance (Spanish, French, Italian)
- Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish, Serbian)
• The largest language groups in the Indo-European are Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, and
Romance
• India's principal language is Hindi, but there are 22 other languages spoken
• The Germanic language group is divided into north and west groups
• Slavic is divided into several groups
• Romance languages developed from Latin
5.1.5 Distribution of Other Language Families
• Major language families in East Asia include:
- Sino-Tibetan is the second-largest language family and includes Mandarin Chinese
- Japanese
- Austronesian
- Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese, Khmer)
- Korean
- Tai-Kadai (Thai, Lao)
• Other major languages in South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia include:
- Dravidian
- Turkic
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Three major language families dominate Africa:
Afro Asiatic
Niger-Congo
Nilo-Saharan
Africa displays a number of diverse languages
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