Writing 101: What Is a
Fable? Learn About the 4
Central Characteristics of a
Fable and 4 Famous Fable
Examples
Written by MasterClass
Last updated: Nov 8, 2020 • 4 min read
Fables are characterized by their moral lessons. These
short tales were once passed down as folklore to teach
listeners the difference between right and wrong, give
advice on proper behavior and manners, and offer
maxims to live by. A number of colloquial phrases are
derived from fables, such as “a wolf in sheep’s clothing”
and “sour grapes.”
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What Is a Fable?
A fable is a short story that illustrates a moral lesson. The
plot of a fable includes a simple conflict and a resolution,
followed by a maxim. Fables feature anthropomorphized
animals and natural elements as main characters.
The moral of a fable—an overarching rule to live by that
transcends the specifics of the story—is usually stated at
the end. For example, in the fable of the wolf and the
sheep, a wolf in sheep’s clothing is able to infiltrate the
sheep’s pasture without raising any alarm, and easily
make a meal out of the sheep. The moral of the story is
that appearances can be deceiving.
4 Central Characteristics of a Fable
Fables are defined by four central essential elements.
1. Symbolism. Characters in fables are stand-ins for
humans, and their misadventures are meant to
symbolize human behavior.
2. Anthropomorphization. In fables, animals and even
inanimate objects (like the wind, or the sun) are the
main characters of the story and are given human
qualities. Some animals have specific traits
associated with them. For example, an owl is wise, a
fox is cunning, and a lion is brave.
3. Lessons. Every fable has a moral lesson at the end
that arises from the story. For example: “Slow and
steady wins the race.”
4. Humor. Fables often have a humorous tone when
showing the foolishness of human nature.
Where Did Fables Originate?
The word “fable” comes from the Latin “fabula,” or
“story.” Most Western fables come from the famous
fabulist Aesop, who wrote in ancient Greece. In ancient
Greek education, students were taught fables and
encouraged to make up and recite their own. Some of
Aesop’s fables originate from India during the first
millennium BCE.
Fables have a long European history. In the seventeenth
century, French fabulist Jean de la Fontaine was inspired
by Aesop to write fables that satirized the church, the
court, and the ruling class of the time. De la Fontaine
considered the moral to be the core element of the fable.
Many European writers were inspired by de la Fontaine,
including the Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov.
Traditionally, fables are written to teach children their
culture’s appropriate behavior and values, but there are
some exceptions. For example, George Orwell’s
allegorical novel Animal Farm has some characteristics of
a fable, even though it was a satire written for adults.
4 Examples of Famous Fables
Some of the most famous fables include:
1. The fox and the grapes. This fable is the origin of
the phrase “sour grapes.” A fox spies a bunch of
grapes high up on a branch and wants them badly.
He takes a running jump to reach them but misses.
He tries several more times, but to no avail. Finally,
he gives up and walks away scornfully. The moral of
the tale is: “There are many who pretend to despise
and belittle that which is beyond their reach.”
2. The lion and the mouse. A lion catches a mouse,
who begs to be let go. The mouse promises to repay
the lion in exchange for his life. The lion agrees and
lets the mouse go. A few days later, the mouse
comes upon the lion trapped in a hunter’s net, and,
remembering the lion’s mercy, gnaws on the rope
until the lion is free. The moral of the story is: “A
kindness is never wasted.”
3. The tortoise and the hare. The tortoise and the
hare enter a footrace. The hare jeers at the tortoise,
remarking how naturally he is so much faster than
the slow tortoise. During the race, the hare takes
several long breaks and wastes time relaxing
between quick sprints. Meanwhile, the tortoise
chugs steadily along. In the end, the tortoise wins.
The moral of the story is: “Slow and steady wins the
race.”
4. The fox and the crow. A hungry fox comes upon a
crow up in a tree with a bit of cheese in its mouth.
The fox begins to talk to the crow, telling her she is
so beautiful and must have a beautiful voice to
match. At first, the crow stays silent, holding on to
her cheese. But at last, after much flattery, she
opens her mouth to crow. The cheese falls into the
fox’s mouth. The moral of the story is: “The flatterer
lives at the expense of those who will listen to him.”
Learn how to write a fable in 5 steps here.
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