Administration of anesthetics such as inhalation
anesthetic agents (i.e.,
halothane, enflurane, isoflurane) and muscle
relaxants (succinylcholine)
Dysregulation of excitation-contraction (EC)
coupling or the transduction of the electrical
energy into the mechanical work of muscle
contraction.
Increased calcium in myocyte cytoplasm
Capacity of reuptake protein to carry calcium back to sarcoplasmic
reticulum is overwhelmed.
Sustained muscle contraction
Hyper-metabolism
Muscle rigidity
Temperature
Hyperthermia
CO₂
Production
O₂
consumption
Tissue O₂
demand
Myocytes use up all available ATP
causing cell death
Intracellular potassium released into
bloodstream
Tachypnea
Uncontrolled
anaerobic
metabolism
Heart rate
to meet O₂
demand
End tidal CO₂
O₂
supply
Lactic acid
production
Tachycardia
Hyperkalemia
Cardiac dysfunction from electrolyte
abnormalities
Metabolic acidosis
Dysrhythmia
Creatinine
kinase
Rhabdomyolysis
Cell contents released into
bloodstream
Imbalance between
thrombotic and
antithrombotic pathway
Mottling of
extremities
and cyanosis
Cardiovascular collapse,
vital organ failure, coma,
and death
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA
Myoglobinuria
Acute Kidney Injury
Disseminated
intravascular
coagulation (DIC)