Hypovolemic Shock
Distributive Shock
Septic Shock
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Hemoptysis
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia
Physiologic dead space
Hypoxemia
Life threatening condition where there is a
significant decrease in blood or plasma volume
(20% or more) resulting in an inadequate filling
of the vascular compartment and decreased
cardiac output to the body.
(AKA Vasodilatory shock) When the capacity of
the vascular compartment expands to the point
where the normal volume of blood does not fill
the circulatory system due to loss of blood
vessel tone, enlargement of the vascular
compartment and displacement of vascular
volume away from the heart and central
circulation
Type of vasodilatory shock associated with
severe infection and the systemic response to
infection (sepsis) with hypoperfusion (decreased
blood flow through an organ) even with fluid
resuscitation (replenishment of lost fluid).
A person’s perception of having difficulty
breathing or having laboured breathing.
Shortness of breath when a person is supine
due to fluid from the lower legs redistributing
over the chest and putting more pressure onto
an already distended pulmonary circulatory
system.
Coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus from
the bronchi, larynx, trachea or lungs often due to
infections.
The appearance of bluish discoloration to the
skin and mucous membranes due to excess
deoxygenated blood (hemoglobin) in small blood
vessels.
Occurs when there is low oxygen in the blood
and often related to heart or lung diseases, the
fingers enlarge and the nail curves around the
finger.
Increase of carbon dioxide levels in the arterial
blood to a degree that is abnormal
Dead space refers to the volume of air that
enters the airways and lungs but does not
partake in gas exchange. Physiologic dead
space includes the upper airways and areas of
the alveoli.
Reduction of blood oxygen (known as partial
pressure of oxygen, PO2) below normal levels
often caused by inadequate O2 levels in the air,
respiratory diseases, neurologic system
dysfunctions and alterations in the circulatory
system.
Hypoxia
V/Q Ratio
Physiological right to left shunt
Pneumothorax
Pleural Effusion
Empyema
Atelectasis
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Edema
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
When the tissues in the body are not receiving
adequate oxygen
The ventilation-perfusion ratio, is the ratio
between the amount of air getting to the alveoli
(ventilation) and the amount of blood being sent
to the lungs (cardiac output/perfusion)
When blood moves from the right to the left side
of circulation without being oxygenated due to a
mismatch in ventilation and perfusion within the
lungs. This results in insufficient ventilation of
oxygen needed to oxygenate the blood flowing
through alveolar capillaries.
The presence of air in the pleural cavity space
causing partial or complete collapse of the lung.
The abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural
cavity which occurs when the rate of fluid
formation exceeds the rate of its removal.
When there is a collection of exudate containing
glucose, proteins, leukocytes and debris from
dead cells and tissue in the pleural cavity.
The incomplete expansion of the lung or portion
of a lung; can be caused by airway obstruction,
lung compression from pneumothorax or pleural
effusion or increased recoil of the lung.
When a blood-borne substance lodges in a
branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs
blood flow. The embolism could be a thrombus,
air, fat, or amniotic fluid that entered the
maternal circulation.
A disorder characterized by increased pressure
within the pulmonary circulation (mainly arterial
system).
When capillary fluid moves into the alveoli of the
lungs causing lung stiffness, difficulty in lung
expansion, impaired gas exchange.
Chronic, acute and recurrent obstruction of
airflow in the pulmonary airways leading to lung
inflation over time.
The loss of lung elasticity and abnormal
enlargement of the airspaces distal to the
terminal bronchioles resulting in destruction of
alveolar walls and capillary beds.
Airway inflammation and obstruction of the
major and small airways due to hypersecretion
of mucus from hypertrophy of submucosal
glands in the trachea and bronchi. Chronic if
cough lasts 3 consecutive months over 2
consecutive years.
An antiprotease enzyme that protects the lung
from injury, as proteases digest proteins, such
Pink puffer
Blue bloater
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome –
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Failure
Croup
Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD
Gastroparesis
Peptic Ulcer
Melena
Hematemesis
Ulcerative colitis
Tenesmus
Toxic megacolon
Crohn’s Disease
as elastin. The deficiency of this enzyme can
result in emphysema.
A person with predominant emphysema that use
accessory muscles and pursed-lip breathing to
accommodate for the loss of lung elasticity and
hyperinflation that cause airway collapse during
expiration. A manifestation of COPD.
A person with predominant chronic bronchitis
causing cyanosis and fluid retention from rightsided heart failure. A manifestation of COPD.
Type of respiratory failure due to rapid and
widespread inflammation in the lungs allowing
fluid, plasma proteins and blood cells to move
into the alveoli. The resulting formation of a
hyaline membrane which stops gas exchange.
Failure of gas exchange due to lung failure from
various conditions that impair ventilation,
compromise V/Q ratio, or impair gas diffusion.
Respiratory infection in children known for
inspiratory stridor (high-pitched wheezing) from
disrupted airflow, hoarseness and barking
cough.
A digestive disorder that affects the lower
esophageal sphincter allowing for stomach acid
to flow back into the esophagus.
Delayed stomach emptying due to difficulty in
stomach muscle motility.
Exposure of acid-pepsin secretions affecting one
or all layers in the duodenum or stomach
(mucosal layers-smooth muscle), often due to H.
pylori, aspirin and other NSAIDs.
Black tarry stools (poop) usually a result of
upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Internal bleeding causing the person to vomit
blood.
An inflammatory bowel disease that causes
inflammation and ulcers in the innermost lining
of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
An inflammatory bowel disease causing
cramping and rectal pain giving the inclination
that evacuating the bowels is necessary
Inflammatory bowel disease causing the colon to
expand, dilate and distend. This results in the
colon unable to remove gas or feces from the
body.
Inflammatory bowel disease resulting in
granulomatous inflammatory response which
spreads deep into the layers of the affected
bowel tissue. Commonly in the distal small
intestine and proximal colon.
Celiac Disease
Portal hypertension
Ascites
Esophageal Varices
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Icterus
Splenomegaly
Chronic Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Immune mediated disorder where T-cells have
an immune response against alpha-gliadin, a
component of gluten protein.
Increased resistance of flow in the portal venous
system (veins coming from the stomach,
intestine, spleen and pancreas) that travel
through the liver before entering the vena cava
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal
cavity often a result of cirrhosis of the liver
Extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the
lower third of the esophagus, they easily rupture
and often develop due to cirrhosis
Neurological disturbances affecting the central
nervous system due to liver failure. This includes
lack of mental alertness, confusion, coma, and
convulsions.
Jaundice. Abnormally high accumulation of
bilirubin in the blood causing a yellowish
discolouration to the skin and deep tissue.
Enlarged spleen due to portal hypertension
which shunts blood into the splenic vein.
Inflammation of the liver that lasts at least 6
months.
The end stage of chronic liver disease where
most of the functional liver tissue has been
replaced by fibrous tissue. (basically scarring)
Formation of gallstones caused by the
precipitation of substances contained in bile
(mostly cholesterol and bilirubin)
Inflammation of the gallbladder from bile backup.
Reversible inflammation of the pancreas due to
autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by
inappropriately activated pancreatic enzymes.