Caring for Clients With
Inflammation and
Infection
Presented by:
Group 2
Dela Rosa, Jaycel Z.
Garcia, Alliza V.
Maraveles, Nikka Ella B.
Ongcal, Joel B.
Paulo, Gabrielle P.
Perreras, Joshua B.
Inflammation



“Nonspecific” response to an injury
- Same sequence of events regardless of the cause
Fluid, dissolved substances, and blood cells enter interstitial
tissues of injury
Purpose
- Destroys the harmful agent
- Limits spread to other tissue
- Begins healing process
Causes of Inflammation
Mechanical causes
Extremes of heat or cold
Physical damage
Immunologic responses
Chemical injury
Ischemic damage or trauma
Microorganisms
Acute Inflammation

Short-term reaction of the body to any tissue damage

Lasts less than 1 to 2 weeks

Produces local and systemic manifestations

Subsides when harmful agent is removed

Local vs. Systemic vs. chronic inflammation
Management of Acute
Inflammation
 Medications: anti-inflammatory (4 groups),
antibiotic, tylenol, corticosteroids
 Wound care: (granulation tissue)
 Fluid and Diet: anabolism – nutrition + circulation
-well-balanced diet, ↑ carbs and protein with
vitamin A,B,C,K and zinc, extra fluids
 Complementary: Topical ointments, cold/heat,
elevate
Care Plan - Inflammation
 Health
Promotion – prevention
 Physiological:
- Pain
- Impaired Tissue Integrity
- Risk for Infection
 Safe
and Effective Care
- Continuity of care – written instructions
 Psychosocial
Chain of Infection
Pathogenic Organisms
 Bacteria – aerobic v. anaerobic, drug resistant
 Mycoplasma
 Rickettsiae (vector – arthropod), Chlamydia
 Viruses – rhinovirus, latent, retrovirus, oncogenic
- Two groups: Yeasts, molds
 Fungi - Superficial, intermediate, deep
 Protozoans, Helminths, Arthropods
- Parasites, fecal-oral – roundworms, scabies
Factors that Help Resist Infection
 Physical
barriers - skin, mucous membranes
 Chemical
barriers – create hostile environment
- Urine, vaginal secretions

Antimicrobial factors – tears, saliva, sweat

Coughing, sneezing, cilia in respiratory tract (mechanical barriers)

Neutrophils and macrophages
Stages of the Infectious Process
 Initial stage - incubation period, no S/S
 Prodromal stage – symptoms – vague/nonspecific
 Acute stage - ↑ s/s↑ HR, RR, temp.; hematuria, 2nd sites
 Convalescent stage - pathogen destruction and tissue repair
 Resolution – total elimination
COMPLICATIONS: Septicemia, bacteremia, septic shock
Healthcare-Associated Infections



Two million clients a year develop a healthcare-associated (or
nosocomial) infection
Increase hospital stays
Costly in terms of diagnosis and treatment
- UTI’s, post-op, resp., sepsis – QI
- Nurses responsibility
- Multi-drug resistance
Age-Related Factors That Increase Risk of
Infectious Disease
 Decreased
 Poor
activity
nutrition and risk for dehydration
 Chronic
diseases
 Chronic
medication use
Prevention of HealthcareAssociated Infections
Hand washing
- Most important measure in infection control
- For at least 15 seconds
- Use friction
- Use antimicrobial soap
Clean clothing and good hygiene
Current immunizations
No illness or open skin lesions when caring for clients
Follow infection control policies, CDC and OSHA guidelines
Isolation Precautions
 Standard
Precautions
- Protect health care worker and client
- Use barrier protection for direct client care and exposure to body
fluid

Transmission-based Precautions
- Airborne Precautions
- Droplet Precautions
- Contact Precautions
Reference:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13282414/
https://www.alamy.com/people-run-away-from-aggressive-danger-scarycoronavirus-covid19-cells-concept-vector-illustration-cartoon-man-womancouple-characters-running-in-panic-fear-virus-pathogens-catching-upbackground-image388684697.html
Thank you
for
listening!