World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Years of Crisis, 1919–1939
Societies undergo political, economic, and social changes that lead to renewed aggression.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Years of Crisis, 1919–1939
SECTION 1
Postwar Uncertainty
SECTION 2
A Worldwide Depression
SECTION 3
Fascism Rises in Europe
SECTION 4
Aggressors Invade Nations
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-1
Postwar Uncertainty
The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and
new ideas.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-1
Postwar Uncertainty
A New Revolution in Science
Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
• Albert Einstein offered radically new ideas in field of physics
• Theory of relativity—idea that space and time are not constant
• New ideas make world seem more uncertain than before
Influence of Freudian Psychology
• Sigmund Freud—Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind
• Claims that human behavior is not based on reason
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Literature in the 1920’s
Impact of the War
• Suffering caused by World War I leads many to doubt old beliefs
Writers Reflect Society’s Concerns
• Novels of Kafka reflect uneasiness of postwar years
• Novels of Joyce reflect Freud’s ideas about the mind
Thinkers React to Uncertainties
• Philosophy of existentialism—no universal meaning to life
• Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Revolution in the Arts
Artists Rebel Against Tradition
• Artists want to depict inner world of mind
• Cubism transforms natural shapes into geometric forms
• Surrealism—art movement that links dreams with real life
Composers Try New Styles
• Composers move away from traditional styles
• Jazz—musical style that captures age’s new freedom
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Society Challenges Convention
Women’s Roles Change
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Women take on new roles during World War I
This work helps many win the right to vote
In 1920s, women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles
Some women seek new careers
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Technological Advances Improve Life
The Automobile Alters Society
• Cars improve after the war
• Cars become less expensive
• Increased auto use changes people’s lives
Airplanes Transform Travel
• Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across Atlantic
Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment
• In 1920s, commercial radio stations spread across U.S.
• Motion pictures become major industry, art form
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-2
A Worldwide Depression
An economic depression in the United States spreads throughout the world and lasts
for a decade.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-2
A Worldwide Depression
Postwar Europe
Unstable New Democracies
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Fall of kingdoms, empires creates new democracies in Europe
People have little experience with representative government
Some form coalition governments—temporary, multi-party alliances
Frequent changes in government create instability
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
The Weimar Republic
Democracy in Germany
• Weimar Republic—Germany’s democratic government formed in 1919
• Government has serious weaknesses
Inflation Causes Crisis in Germany
• Value of German currency falls dramatically
Attempts at Economic Stability
• American loans help revive German economy
Efforts at a Lasting Peace
• Germany and France sign treaty pledging no more war
• Many nations sign a similar agreement, the Kellogg-Briand pact
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Financial Collapse
A Flawed U.S. Economy
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Weaknesses in American economy cause serious problems
Wealth is distributed unevenly
Most people are too poor to buy goods produced
Factory owners cut back on production, lay off workers
Farmers produce more food than people can eat
Many farmers cannot repay loans and lose their land
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Financial Collapse {continued}
The Stock Market Crashes
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Stock prices soar
Many people buy stocks on credit
Investors begin selling stocks, which lowers prices
On October 29, 1929, stock market collapses as prices fall very low
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
The Great Depression
Economic Downturn
• Great Depression—long business slump of 1930s
• Marked by bank failures, loss of savings, unemployment
A Global Depression
• American economic problems create problems in other countries
• World trade falls sharply
Effects Throughout the World
• Germany and Austria suffer greatly, as do Asia and Latin America
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
The World Confronts the Crisis
Britain Takes Steps to Improve Its Economy
• British voters elect coalition government, avoids political extremes
• Government brings about slow, steady economic recovery
• Preserves democracy by avoiding political extremes
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
The World Confronts the Crisis {continued}
France Responds to Economic Crisis
• France has more self-sufficient economy
• Preserves democracy in spite of economic troubles
Socialist Governments Find Solutions
• Public works programs help Scandinavian countries recover
Recovery in the United States
• Franklin D. Roosevelt—American president during Depression
• New Deal—Roosevelt’s program of government reform to improve economy
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-3
Fascism Rises in Europe
In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turn to
totalitarian dictators.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-3
Fascism Rises in Europe
Fascism’s Rise in Italy
New Political Movement
• Fascism is new, militant political movement
• Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leader
Mussolini Takes Control
• Italians want a leader who will take action
• Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to rescue Italy
• Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of government
Il Duce’s Leadership
• Mussolini takes firm control of politics and economy in Italy
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Hitler Rises to Power in Germany
A New Power
• Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s Germany
The Rise of the Nazis
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Nazism—German brand of fascism
Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots to seize national power
Mein Kampf—Hitler‘s book detailing beliefs, goals
Hitler believes that Germany needs lebensraum, or living space
Germans turn to Hitler when economy collapses
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Hitler Becomes Chancellor
Hitler’s New Power
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Hitler is named chancellor
Turns Germany into totalitarian state
Uses brutal tactics to eliminate enemies
Nazis take command of economy
The Führer Is Supreme
• Hitler takes control over every aspect of German life
Hitler Makes War on the Jews
• Nazis deprive Jews of rights, promote violence against them
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Other Countries Fall to Dictators
World Is Divided
• Most of eastern Europe falls to dictators
• Only Czechoslovakia retains democratic government
• World splits into two camps—democratic and totalitarian
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-4
Aggressors Invade Nations
As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries, the rest of the world
does nothing to stop them.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Section-4
Aggressors Invade Nations
Japan Seeks an Empire
Militarists Take Control of Japan
• Military leaders take control of country
• Want to solve economic problems through foreign expansion
Japan Invades Manchuria
• Japan has investments in Manchuria, Chinese province
• In 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria
• League of Nations protests action; Japan withdraws from League
Japan Invades China
• In 1937, Japan launches war on China
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
European Aggressors on the March
Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
• In 1935, Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
• League of Nations does not stop aggression
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
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In 1935, Hitler begins rebuilding German army
In 1936, Germany occupies Rhineland
Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving in to aggression
Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers—form an alliance
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
European Aggressors on the March {continued}
Civil War Erupts in Spain
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In 1931, a republic is declared in Spain
In 1936, General Francisco Franco leads rebellion
Hitler and Mussolini help Franco and his Fascists
In 1939, Franco wins Spanish Civil War
Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
United States Follows an Isolationist Policy
• Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with other countries
• In 1935, Congress passes Neutrality Acts
The German Reich Expands
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Hitler plans to expand Third Reich—German Empire
In 1938, Hitler annexes Austria
Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
Czechs refuse, ask France for help
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 31
Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace {continued}
Britain and France Again Choose Appeasement
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Leaders meet at Munich Conference to settle Czech crisis
Britain and France agree to let Hitler take Sudetenland
But in 1939, Hitler still takes rest of Czechoslovakia
Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland
Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact
• In 1939, Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack one another
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