IAT 267 Introduction to Technological Systems Spring 2021 Helmine Serban and Amal Vincent 1 Lecture 1: Overview of the Course Technological Systems 2 Goals for Today Introductions • IAT267 teaching team Course overview • Course outline • What will we learn? How? Course expectations • Course policy • Assessment What are technological systems? Fundamentals of electric circuits. • Theoretical and practical understanding of such systems • Introduction to circuits and components • 3 Teaching Team Instructor: Helmine Serban • Senior Lecturer, SIAT • Contact: helmine@sfu.ca Teaching: • • • • • IAT267 Introduction to Technological Systems IAT339 Web Design and Development IAT352 Internet Technologies IAT359 Mobile Computing IAT455 Computational Media 4 Teaching Team TA: Amal Vincent • Graduate Student, SIAT • amal_vincent@sfu.ca Research areas: • Human-computer interaction • Computer vision and image processing • Artificial intelligence and machine learning 5 Lecture + Lab: Focus Lecture -Objective s • Learn the theoretical concepts • Basics of interactive systems • Explain the communication techniques used in sensor – microcontroller – computer • Case studies • Explain / walk - through many circuit and code examples Lab Objectives • • • • • Practice techniques covered during the lecture Hands-on activities Build circuits Write code Lab exercises cover a variety of situations of computer – sensor communication 6 Course Evaluation Written Assignments 10% Projects + Practical Assignments 30% Quizzes 25% Final exam 25% Participation 10% • Based on understanding of theory and concepts • Individual • Individual and pair-based • May include documentation (report, slides) • May include presentations • Individual • We have lecture quizzes and lab quizzes • Individual • Online exam • In-class questions • Exercises • Discussions (online and in-class) 7 Expectations Attendance • Attend all classes and come prepared • Review previous lectures and workshops Readings • Read the slides and lab assignments carefully • Other readings (textbook, library resources) will be assigned • All available on Canvas Course information • Make sure you are up to date with announcements or info • All announcements will be posted to Canvas Grades • Will be posted to Canvas in a timely manner • Solutions to quizzes and assignments will be reviewed in class Electronic Kits • Each student should have their own kit • Please see announcement on Canvas regarding electronic kits 8 Content-related questions during lecture and workshops are encouraged Discussion area on Canvas – for general-interest question Office hours – drop in for individual or team help Getting Help Email – slower response, should be used only for questions of nongeneral interest 9 Learning Objectives Brief description: Develop a theoretical and practical foundation in the structure and operating principles of technological systems in general, with a focus on computer systems Sensors: Interaction • Develop an understanding of various sensor devices by analyzing the underlying physical principles and example of use in applications • Learn how to develop practical interaction-rich application consisting of computer systems and sensors, using Arduino and Processing Arduino Platform Networking • Study the Arduino platform, language and programming environment and Processing, which we will use to communicate with Arduino • Study basic principles of networks with emphasis on issues relevant to complex media applications 10 Topics in the course: Technological System Characteristics We will look at these systems in general, then we will focus on computer systems Basics of electricity and electric circuits • Electronic components and devices • Start with simple circuits • Shift to circuits with sensors and microcontrollers Sensors • How they integrate with a computer system • Reading and processing data from sensors • Generating output based on sensor data 11 Topics in the course: Microcontroller Arduino Microcontroller A physical computing platform for a singleboard microcontroller, with embedded I/O support. It includes a standard programming language called Wiring. Sensors Low-cost electronic components and sensors that are controlled by a PC or MAC. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoBUXOOdLXY 12 Topics in the course: Interactive Applications Develop applications using sensors • Microcontroller + Sensors + Computer Stand-alone Arduino applications Applications using Processing • Animation • Mouse and keyboard interactions, etc Networking • Network protocols • Applications • Programming 13 Topics in the course: Programming Languages 14 Technological Systems Technological Systems • Why study them? Capabilities Computer Systems • Purpose and basic operations Limitations Problem solving Concepts • Key principles for technological systems Sources for help 15 Technological Systems - Examples • Technology… Can be of many different kinds: electrical, mechanical, computer-based, hydraulic, etc. • The systems of interest to us in the context of this course are computer-based systems – Can also be embedded systems (the processor is hidden – microcontroller systems) Description: Embedded System Microprocessor • A CPU on a single IC (integrated circuit) • This is the brain of the system Sensors Actuators • A device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument • A device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system, or producing output in general 17 Computer Systems • Purpose of a computer – Turn data into information – Data: the raw facts and figures – Information: data that has been summarized and manipulated for use in decision making • Hardware and Software – Hardware is the machinery and equipment in the computer – Software is the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task 18 Computer System – The Basic Operations Input • What goes into the computer system Processing • The manipulations a computer does to transform data into information Storage • Temporary storage: memory is primary storage • Permanent storage: disks and media such as DVDs are secondary storage Output • Number or pictures on screen, printouts, sounds Communications • Sending and receiving data 19 Big Idea #1: Universal Computing Device • All computers, given enough time and memory, are capable of computing exactly the same things. = Phone / tablet = Workstation Supercomputer 20 Big Idea #1: Universal Computing Device 21 Turing Machine • Mathematical model of a device that can perform any computation – Alan Turing (1937) – Ability to read/write symbols on an infinite “tape” – State transitions, based on current state and symbol • Watch online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgW6HplOZV0 • Every computation can be performed by some Turing machine. (Turing’s thesis) a,b Tadd Turing machine that adds a+b a,b Tmul ab Turing machine that multiplies 22 Universal Turing Machine A machine that can implement all Turing machines -- this is also a Turing machine! – inputs: data, plus a description of computation (other TMs) Tadd, Tmul a,b,c U c(a+b) Universal Turing Machine U is programmable – so is a computer! • Instructions are part of the input data • A computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine A computer is a universal computing device. 23 Question 1 Two computers, A and B, are identical except for the fact that A has a ‘Subtract’ instruction and B does not. Both have ‘Add’ instructions. Both have instructions that can take a value and produce the negative of that value. Which computer is able to solve more problems? Justify your answer. 24 From Theory to Practice • In theory, a computer can compute anything that’s possible to compute – Given enough memory and time • In practice, solving problems involves computing under constraints. – time • weather forecast, next frame of animation, ... – cost • cell phone, automotive engine controller, ... – power • cell phone, handheld video game, ... 25 Big Idea #2: Transformations Between Layers 26 How do we solve a problem using a computer? • A systematic sequence of transformations between layers of abstraction. 27 At Deeper Levels… Instr Set Architecture Processor Design: choose structures to implement ISA Microarch Logic/Circuit Design: gates and low-level circuits to implement componnts Circuits Devices Process Engineering & Fabrication: develop and manufacture lowest-level components 28 Description of Each Level Problem Statement may be ambiguous, imprecise stated using "natural language" Algorithm step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish well-defined, effective computability, finiteness Program express the algorithm using a computer language high-level language, low-level language Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) specifies the set of instructions the computer can perform data types, addressing mode 29 Description of Each Level (cont.) Microarchitecture detailed organization of a processor implementation different implementations of a single ISA Logic Circuits combine basic operations to realize microarchitecture many different ways to implement a single function (e.g., addition) Devices properties of materials, manufacturability 30 In the workshop: We will start our study at the lowest level: circuit level 31 Electricity Basics Basic electrical circuit Flow of electricity Voltage Current The breadboard 32 Basic Electrical Circuit 33 Electrical Circuit - Characteristics Closed Loop Contains a source of electrical energy • Battery Contains a load • Light bulb Electrical energy flow • From the positive terminal of the battery through the wires to the light bulb • From the light bulb back to the negative terminal of the battery Described by a schematic 34 Electrical Characteristics • Every component of a circuit has certain electrical characteristics – The battery: can provide a certain amount of electrical energy – The light bulb: can resist a certain amount of electrical energy • If not enough energy is provided to the light bulb: the wires inside the light bulb will not heat up and provide light 35 Basic Electrical Characteristics Voltage Current • The relative level of electrical energy between any two points in the circuit • The amount of electrical energy passing through any point in the circuit • Measured in Volts (V) • Measured in Amperes or Amps (A) 36 Water Flow Analogy 37 Water Flow Analogy • Current = how much water (or electricity) is flowing past a certain point. • Voltage = water pressure • High water pressure = High voltage • Low water pressure = Low voltage – The function of a voltage source (like a battery) is to add energy to the current. 38 Basic Electrical Characteristics Resistance Electrical Power • The amount that any component in the circuit resists the flow of current • The combination of current and voltage • Measured in Ohms • Watts = Volts x Amps • Measured in Watts (W) 39 Water Flow Analogy 40 Water Flow Analogy • The valve in the pipe would act as a resistor, limiting the current (and the voltage) flowing through the pipe. • Think of resistance as a property of a material that controls how easy it is for current to flow. • Some materials – insulators – have very high resistance. These include: rubber, paper, porcelain, air. • Because air has a high resistance, it will be difficult for a current to flow through air. We can think “no connection” infinite resistance. 41 Ohm’s Law • Voltage (V), Current (I) and Resistance (R) are related by the following formula: – Volts = Amps x Ohms –V=IxR – This is Ohm’s Law – The less resistance, the more current 42 Flow of Electricity • Electricity always favors the path of least resistance to the ground (-) • All the energy in the circuit must be used 43 Serial Circuit 44 Parallel Circuit 45 Short Circuit • A circuit with no load is called a short circuit. – In a short circuit, the power source feeds all of its power through the wires and back to itself and either the wires melt, or the battery blows up, or something might melt or stop functioning 46 Electric Components 47 The Switch A break in the circuit that stops the electrons from flowing. Closing the switch: the break in the circuit is closed and the electrons are allowed to flow again 48 Diodes • Diodes permit the flow of electricity in one direction, and block it in the other direction. • Because of this, they can only be placed in a circuit in one direction. • They are symbolized like this: 49 Light – Emitting Diodes • Light-Emitting Diodes (LED's) are special types of diodes that emit light when current flows through them. • They are symbolized like this: 50 LEDs • LEDs, or Light Emitting Diodes, are diodes that emit light when given the correct voltage. • Like all diodes, they are polarized, meaning that they only operate when oriented correctly in the circuit. The anode of the LED connects to voltage, and the cathode connects to ground. The anode in the LEDs in this photo is the longer leg on each LED. • LEDs come in many different packages. 51 Switches • Switches control the flow of current through a junction in a circuit: 52 Resistors • Limit the current flow in a circuit 53 Potentiometer • A potentiometer is a resistor that can change its resistance. • A potentiometer (or pot) has three connections. The outer leads are the ends of a fixed value resistor. The center lead connects to a wiper which slides along the fixed resistor. • The resistance between the center lead and either of the outside leads changes as the pot's knob is moved. 54 What’s next: Building Circuits • We will use solderless breadboards to built some simple circuits: 55 56 Connections 57 • Solderless breadboards are the quickest tools for prototyping a new circuit. • !!! When you start to put components on your breadboard, avoid adding, removing, or changing components on a breadboard whenever the board is powered. You risk shocking yourself and damaging your components. 58 Electronics Kit 59 Homework • Review your electronic kit in detail • Familiarize yourself with the components in this kit – Identify each component – Learn how each component is placed on the breadboard • https://www.sparkfun.com/products/14556 60 If you have Questions • Post to Discussions in Canvas • Book time for my office hours – You are always welcome to show circuits and ask questions about circuits in my office hours 61 Thank you Questions? 62