UNIT 3 REVIEW: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION 3.A- Formulas, ATP/ADP, Organelles, and Energy 1. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? AUTOTROPHS MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD HETEROTROPHS CONSUME THEIR FOOD 2. Name the chemical compound shown below that cells use to store energy. ATP Label the parts that compose this molecule: A= ADENINE B= RIBOSE C=PHOSPHATE GROUPS 3. Fill out the chart about ATP/ADP. How many phosphate molecules does each have? How many adenine molecules does each have? Which compound has more stored energy? Which compound results when energy is given off due to breaking of bonds? ATP 3 ADP 2 ATP 1 ADP 1 ATP > ADP ADP 4. What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis? Draw arrows to show what is being oxidized and reduced. Water ------------------------------ oxygen oxidize 6 CO2 + 6H2O ---------------------------- C6H12O6 + 6O2 light d CO2 -------------------------------------------------> glucose reduced 5. What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration? Draw arrows to show what is being oxidized and reduced. oxygen reduced -> water C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Glucose -> carbon dioxide Oxidized 6. Label the two organelles below. Tell which organelle is involved in photosynthesis and which is involved in cellular respiration. GRANUM OUTER MEMBRANE OUTER MEMBRANE OUTER MEMBRANE LUMEN (SPACE) INNER MEMBRANE INTER MEMBRANE SPACE CHRISTAE MATRIX INNER MEMBRANE STROMA Site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS THYLAKOIDS Site of RESPIRATION 3.B- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 7. Fill out the following chart about photosynthesis and the two stages. Stage LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS Location THYLAKOID MEMBRANES (GRANUM) Events SUNLIGHT AND WATER GO IN OXYGEN, NADPH, ATP COME OUT LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS OR CALVIN CYCLE STROMA (INVOLVES AN ETC THAT WILL SPLIT WATER INTO 02 IN PSII AND A PSI THAT REDUCES NADP+ TO NADPH. ETC GENERATES A PROTON GRADIENT THAT WILL ALLOW ATP SYNTHASE TO PHOSPHORILATE ADP+ INTO ATP) CO2, NADPH, ATP GO IN GLUCOSE, NADP+, ADP COME OUT (CO2 IS “FIXED” HERE. RUBISCO CATALYZES THE REACTION WHERE CO2 AND RuBP FORM PGA. NADPH AND ATP ARE USED TO REGENERATE RuBP AND CONTINUE THE CALVIN CYCLE.) 7. What photosynthesis waste product is formed in the light-dependent reactions? O2 8. What two products of the light-dependent reactions are used up in the light-independent reactions? NADPH AND ATP 9. What happens to carbon dioxide molecules in the light-independent reactions? THEY ARE “FIXED” INTO AN ORGANIC COMPOUND CALLED PGA. RUBISCO CATALYZES THIS REACTION WITH RuBP. 10. What are the differences between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions? LIGHT DEPENDENT: NEED LIGHT; HAPPENS IN THYLAKOIDS; MAKES ENERGY (ATP, NADPH) LIGHT INDEPENDENT; NO LIGHT NEEDED; HAPPENS IN STROMA; USES ENERGY (ADP, NADP+) 11. What other name is given to light-independent reactions? CALVIN CYCLE 12. Label the diagram below to summarize the two stages of photosynthesis. Use the word bank below the diagram to fill in the blanks. 2. H20 CO2 SUNLIGHT 4. STROMA 4. _____ _ 5. 6. LIGHT DEPENDEN T REACTIONS 9.12. _______ 10. O2 11. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS ATP NADPH GLUCOSE Word list: thylakoid 6 granum 5 stroma 11 light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions light H2O sugar CO2 NADPH ATP O2 13. Fill out the follwing chart about Cellular Respiration. Stage GLYCOLYSIS Location CYTOPLASM Events KREBS CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE) MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX ELECTRON TRANPORT CHAIN (OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORILATION AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) MITOCHONDRIA’ INNER MEMBRANE Initial process of oxidation of glucose that occurs in the cytoplasm converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid/pyruvate (a 3-carbon molecule) an anaerobic process - proceeds whether or not O2 is present; O2 is not required net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule net yield of 2 NADH per glucose (NADH is nicotine adenine dinucleotide, a co-enzyme that serves as a carrier for H+ ions and electrons from breaking down glucose) The pyruvic acid diffuses into the mitochondrion where a transition reaction (‘grooming’/ pre-Krebs) occurs that serves to prepare pyruvic acid for entry into the next stage of respiration. The two 3-Carbon pyruvates each lose CO2 and become acetylCoA. 2 total CO2 are produced (*as well as 2 NADH) 2 ATP ARE PRODUCED, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2 electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of proteins, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis by which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. The accumulation of H+ ions (protons) cause ATP Synthase in the membrane to change shape, and they flow back through the membrane and cause ~ 32-34 ATP’s to be produced. 6 H2O are formed when the electrons and H+ unite with O2 at the end of electron transport chain 14. How many ATP are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration? 2 15. How many ATP are made in the Kreb’s cycle and electron transport part of cellular respiration? 2 ATP IN KREBS; 32 ATP IN ETC 16. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made? Water? CO2: KREBS. WATER: ETC 17. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme (aka catalyst) for one step of the process was missing or defective? NO ATP WOULD BE PRODUCED 18. Fill out the following diagram about Cellular Respiration. GLYCOLYSIS NADH, FADH2 KREBS PYRUVATE ETC H2O O2 2ATP Word List Glycolysis ATP Chain Water CO2 2ATP 32ATP Kreb’s Cycle ATP ATP Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Gas Electron Transport Electrons Carriers Calvin Cycle ADP 3.C- Anaerobic Cellular Respiration 19. What are the 2 metabolic pathways a cell can use and what determines which pathway is used? IN ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: GLYCOLYSIS: GLUCOSE ->PYRUVATE-> LACTIC ACID (MUSCLE CELLS AND DAIRY BACTERIA) GLUCOSE -> PYRUVATE -> ETHANOL (YEAST, SOME BACTERIA) 20. Where does the process of fermentation take place? CYTOPLASM