Functions of the Respiratory
System
Breathing process
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Enable speech production
Gas exchange between blood and air
Respiration
external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs
internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of
the body organs and tissues
ventilation - movement of air
External Respiration
Ventilation
exchange of gases in lungs
Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
Breathing largely an involuntary activity
Internal Respiration
All cells require oxygen for metabolism
All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide
Gas exchange at cellular level
External Respiration
Ventilation
exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
Breathing largely involuntary activity
Structures of Respiratory
System
upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
lower respiratory tract
bronchial tree and lungs
Nose
nasal cavity
nasal septum
mucous membrane
Traps
pathogens and
dirt
Cilia
push particles
towards esophagus
Moistens
air
NASAL SEPTUM
PARTITION OR WALL
CARTILAGE DIVIDES THE NOSE INTO
HOLLOW SPACES
CAN BE DAMAGED DUE TO TRAUMA
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CILIA
TINY HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES IN NASAL CAVITY
TRAPS DIRT
TRAPS PATHOGENS
TRAPPED PARTICLES PUSHED TOWARD ESOPHAGUS
SWALLOWED
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Pharynx
Nasopharynx
oropharynx
adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
palatine tonsils ( 1st phase of swallowing)
laryngopharynx
Larynx ( Houses vocal cords)
Thyroid is housed here
Epiglottis
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common
passageway for both food and air
Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and
trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.
Larynx
Houses vocal cords in voice box
glottis (vocal apparatus)” True Vocal Cords”
vocal bands or vocal cords
Trachea
Windpipe or airway that is 12.5cm long
mucous membrane lining with cilia
smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings
divides into two branches: bronchi
no gaseous exchange
Bronchi
Bronchus, singular
c-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle
Bronchus divides into l & R Bronchi
Bronchi divide into bronchioles
terminate in air sacs called alveoli
Thoracic Cavity
“Thoracic “ means related to
thorax
Thorax ( Chest Cavity)
contains:
heart
aorta
esophagus
bronchi
Thymus
( Lymphoid organ)
ALVEOLI
Gas Exchange takes place here
Alveolar wall one cell thick
surrounded by blood capillaries
Resemble bunches of grapes
CAPILLARIES
ALLOW
OXYGEN &
CARBON DIOXIDE TO
EXCHANGE BETWEEN
LUNGS & BLOOD
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Lungs
Right-3 lobes
Left-2 lobes
trachea
PLEURA
Serous membrane enclosing each
lung
TWO LAYERS
Visceral pleura comes in
contact with the lungs
Parietal pleura comes in
contact with the ribcage
Lubricating fluid: stops
friction
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Diaphragm
muscle separating chest and abdomen
inspiration, diaphragm contracts and pushes down increasing thoracic
space
expiration, diaphragm relaxes and returns to decreases thoracic space
air flows in
air flows out
phrenic nerve: originates in the neck (C3-C5) and passes down
between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm.Passes motor
information to the diaphragm
Pathologic
Breathing Disorders
Many Chronic Disorders
Asthma
( COPD UMBRELLA)
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Disorders Continued
Asthma
bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
mucolytics, bronchodilators
Chronic Bronchitis
mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
Emphysema
barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea
Influenza
Acute infectious respiratory disease
Viral
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia,
anorexia
Avoid aspirin in children ( can trigger
Asthma)
Pleural Effusions
Excess fluid in pleural cavity
associated with congestive heart failure, ascites,
infectious lung diseases, trauma
diagnosis
auscultation, percussion
Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax,
pyopneumothorax
thoracentesis
Tuberculosis
Infectious, highly communicable disease
aerosol transmission
primary tuberculosis
immunocompromised
Client requires 9 months medication regime
drug resistant strains ( AIDS)
Bronchopneumonia
Inflammatory disease of lungs
lobar, bilateral
hemoptysis
consolidation
Pneumocystis carinii (AIDS)
Cystic Fibrosis
Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
systemic involvement
lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
Gas exchange impaired
Respiratory Distress
Syndrome
Surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand
(compliance)
Infant respiratory distress
syndrome (hyaline membrane
disease)
Adult respiratory distress
syndrome
Oncology
Primary Pulmonary Cancer
Diagnosed by PET scan
Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS
common site: epithelium of bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
masses form and block air passages
metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or
kidney
Endotracheal Intubation
passage of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, and
larynx into the trachea to establish an airway.
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