Final Report for the period 1st January 2005 – 31st December 2010
(Covering contract numbers CR0346 and CR0364)
Compiled by R. Deaville and P.D. Jepson (ZSL)
Contributing AuthorsA. Brownlow and R. J. Reid (SAC)
B. Smith, E. L. Duffell & R.C. Sabin (NHM)
R. Penrose (MEM)
M. Perkins (ZSL)
This report results from work conducted by the collaborative UK Cetacean Strandings
Investigation Programme. Partner organisations are Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of
London (ZSL), the Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness (SAC), the Natural History Museum
(NHM)and Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM).
Funding bodies
Contract manager
Partner organisations
UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme
Information on the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme can also be found at
www.ukstrandings.org
Data summarised in this report was collected in the UK under contract to Defra and the
Devolved Administrations between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010. Data was
collected partially under contract CR0346 (2005-2006), but primarily under contract number
CR0364 (2006-2011).
Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL) – Current contractor 1
Regent’s Park
London
NW1 4RY
Tel: 020 7449 6672
Fax: 020 7586 1457
Web: www.zsl.org/science/
Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness (SAC) - Subcontractor
Wildlife Unit
Drummondhill
Stratherrick Road
Inverness
IV2 4JZ
Tel: 01463 243030
Fax: 01463 711103
Web: www.sac.ac.uk/
The Natural History Museum (NHM) - Subcontractor
Cromwell Road
South Kensington
London
SW7 5BD
Tel: 020 7942 5155
Fax: 020 7942 5572
Web: www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/strandings/
Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM) - Subcontractor
Penwalk, Llechryd
Cardigan
Ceredigion
West Wales
SA43 2PS
Tel: 01239 682405
Web: www.strandings.com
1
From 1st January 2005 to 31st March 2006, the contracting organisation was the Natural History Museum.
From 1st April 2006 onwards, the Institute of Zoology was the contracting organisation.
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Executive summary
Between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation
Programme (CSIP) received reports of 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking
sharks. The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller
numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man (n=20)
and the Channel Islands (n=9). The total number of cetacean strandings reported to the CSIP
during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period
(2001-2005). This decline was largely driven by a reduction in reported strandings of harbour
porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in most regions of the UK and also of reported strandings of
short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in south-west UK. During this period, 752
post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly harbour porpoises and common
dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises
examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely
pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117,
32 of which were starved neonates), attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
(n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in
129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46)
and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition,
22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem
examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also conducted by the CSIP in 2005-2010.
An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight
decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short beaked
common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and starvation
in harbour porpoises.
On 9th June 2008 the UK’s largest ever common dolphin mass stranding event (MSE) occurred
in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. Twenty-six dolphins died and a similar or greater number were
refloated back to sea. A detailed investigation was conducted under a variation to the existing
contract with Defra and a range of potential causes were considered. The investigation findings
were most consistent with one or more flight/panic responses in an otherwise healthy group of
dolphins seen close to shore in or near Falmouth Bay for several days prior to the MSE. In the
absence of disease, toxin exposure or any other known major source of disturbance, the close
proximity of a naval exercise was considered a probable causal factor.
In close collaboration with CEFAS, the CSIP has generated one of the worlds largest timeseries datasets on chemical contaminants in a marine mammal species (the harbour porpoise).
This dataset shows that some organochlorine pesticide and trace metal contaminants have
gradually declined over time since 1990. However, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels have
been stable since 1997 in UK-stranded harbour porpoises and still occur at much higher
concentrations that any other marine contaminants tested. Many individuals still exceed
proposed toxicity thresholds for marine mammals and are strongly linked statistically to
susceptibility to fatal infectious diseases using relatively large sample sizes. PCB levels in UKstranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales are high or extremely high and probably pose a
major but largely unquantified conservation threat to these marine top predators. Between 2005
and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers covering a wide range of research themes were
published using data generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive. A
web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008, following a variation to contract CR0364,
fully integrating for the first time strandings data and data collected during post-mortem
examinations in the UK. Periodic export of relevant data from this database to the NBN gateway
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
(www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes place, enabling access to strandings and post-mortem data by a
much wider audience than has been the case in the past. The research of the Defra and
Devolved Administration funded CSIP has improved our knowledge of cetaceans, informed the
public about cetaceans and the reasons for their stranding and informed and shaped policy
decisions at a national and international level, which should ultimately help to improve the
overall conservation status of cetaceans.
Key events and milestones (2005-2010)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the last six years 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks have been
reported to the CSIP. Total cetacean stranding numbers reported to the CSIP since the
project began in 1990 now exceed 10200 (as of May 2011). Seventeen species of cetacean
were recorded stranded during the 2005-2010 period, with no new additions to the regions
fauna list.
The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller
numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man
(n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=nine). The total number of strandings reported during
2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period (20012005).
During the period of this report, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species
(mainly harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of
death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and
2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic,
bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates),
attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing
gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at
post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely
consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations
of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking
sharks were also conducted by the CSIP during 2005-2010.
An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a
slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short
beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and
starvation in harbour porpoises.
During this period, annual and quarterly reports have been submitted to the Department,
acting as staged project milestones. Additional ad hoc reports have been submitted in
response to specific direct requests for ministerial or departmental purposes and
parliamentary questions.
A mass stranding event of short-beaked common dolphin occurred on June 9th 2008 in the
Fal estuary in Cornwall. Defra funded a full investigation of the mass stranding event through
a variation to the existing contract.
One of the highest profile stranding events ever seen in the UK occurred in London on 19th
January 2006, when a northern bottlenose whale swam up the River Thames. Despite an
extensive operation to rescue the stranded whale, involving members of British Divers
Marine Life Rescue, Port of London Authority and a CSIP veterinary team, the whale died
whilst being transported down the Thames to deeper water.
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
•
•
•
•
•
Two formal reviews of contract requirements and funding arrangements for research on
cetacean strandings in the UK took place (Watts and Crane 2006 and Pinn 2007).
Between 2005 and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers were published using data
generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive (Section 9.1). A
range of research themes were covered, including toxicology, pathology, theoretical biology,
anatomy and dietary studies as well as the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on
cetaceans. Since the inception of the CSIP in 1990, over 150 peer reviewed publications
have been produced (http://ukstrandings.org/CSIP_scientific_publications.pdf).
A project website was set up in 2008, following consultation and discussion with the project
steering group and CSIP consortium (www.ukstrandings.org).
A web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008, fully integrating for the first time both
strandings data and data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. Periodic
export of relevant data from this database to the NBN gateway (www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes
place, enabling access to strandings and post-mortem data by a much wider audience than
has been the case in the past.
A one day symposium was held at the Zoological Society of London on 25th November 2010,
to mark the 20th anniversary of the inception of the CSIP.
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Contents
Executive Summary
3
Key events and Milestones (2005-2010)
4
Contents
6
1
List of Tables, Figures and Plates
7
2
Introduction
2.1
CSIP history and background
2.2
Project Aims
2.3
Policy Objectives
2.4
Consortium structure
10
10
10
11
11
3
Materials and methods
3.1
Reporting and collection of strandings
3.2
Post mortem examinations
3.3
Assessing causes of death
3.4
Tissue archiving
3.5
Data collection, storage and dissemination
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12
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14
15
15
4
Cetacean, marine turtle and basking shark strandings around
the UK coastline (2005-2010)
4.1
Mass stranding/unusual mortality events (2005-2010)
4.2
European strandings (2005-2010)
17
21
25
Summary of UK-stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and
basking sharks (2005-2010)
5.1
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
5.2
Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
5.3
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
5.4
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
5.5
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
5.6
White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
5.7
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
5.8
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
5.9
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
5.10 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
5.11 Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
5.12 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
5.13 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)
5.14 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
5.15 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
5.16 Killer whale (Orcinus orca)
5.17 Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)
5.18 Indeterminate species
5.19 Marine turtles
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
5.20
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
39
Post mortem investigations and cause of death data
(2005-2010)
6.1
Spatial distribution of cause of death categories (2005-2010)
42
7
Trends in selected causes of death (1991-2010)
7.1
By-catch
7.2
Infectious Disease
7.3
Live Stranding
7.4
Starvation
7.5
Bottlenose dolphin kills
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49
8
Specific Research Activity
8.1
Research on pollutant exposure and potential toxic effects
8.2
Gas and fat embolic lesions
8.3
Summary of additional (peer reviewed) research activity
2005-2011
55
55
60
60
9
Collaborations and outputs
9.1
Peer reviewed publications (2005-2010)
9.2
Reports to government and other national reports (2005-2010)
9.3
Conference abstracts (2005-2010)
9.4
20th Anniversary CSIP symposium
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63
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69
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Discussion
70
11
Glossary of terms and acronyms
72
12
Acknowledgments
73
13
References
75
14
Appendix 1
Selected species found stranded in the UK
(from forthcoming leaflet campaign)
77
15
Appendix 2
Marine litter ingestion and/or entanglement
(2005-2010)
78
16
Appendix 3
Summary of causes of death 2005-2010
80
1
Tables, Figures and Plates
6.
46
1.1 Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Reported strandings of cetaceans to the CSIP (2005-2010)
Reported strandings of marine turtles and basking sharks to the CSIP (2005-2010)
Post-mortem investigations conducted on UK stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking
sharks (2005-2010)
Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks
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21
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42
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
in England (2005-2010)
Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks
in Scotland (2005-2010)
Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in Wales
(2005-2010)
Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in Northern
Ireland (2005-2010)
Causes of death of cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks examined at post mortem in
the UK (2005-2010)
UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed as by-catch (1991-2010)
UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a result of infectious disease (1991-2010)
UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a consequence of live stranding (1991-2010)
UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died from starvation (1991-2010)
Marine litter ingestion or entanglement in cetacean strandings examined at post-mortem in
the UK during 2010
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49
49
50
50
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1.2 Figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26a
Figure 26b
Figure 26c
Figure 26d
Figure 26e
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Organisational structure of the CSIP
Outline process in strandings reporting and post-mortem examinations in the UK by the
CSIP consortium
Annual numbers of UK stranded cetaceans (all species), harbour porpoises and common dolphins
(1990-2010)
Mean annual strandings of harbour porpoises, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean
species in the UK in five year periods between 1991-2010
Reported cetacean strandings in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (2005-2010)
UK regions used for analysis of data
Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of harbour porpoises (2001-2010)
Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of common dolphins (2001-2010)
Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises
and common dolphins (2001-2010)
Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species of indeterminate identity
(2001-2010)
Strandings networks adjacent to the UK
Inter-annual variation in strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK and adjacent countries
(2005-2010)
Inter-annual variation in strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK and adjacent
countries (2005-2010)
Inter-annual variation in strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises and common
dolphins in the UK and adjacent countries (2005-2010)
Distribution of harbour porpoise strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Monthly strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK (2005-2010)
Distribution of short-beaked common dolphin strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Monthly strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK (2005-2010)
Distribution of other Delphinidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Distribution of Balaenopteridae strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Distribution of Physeteridae and Kogiidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Distribution of Ziphidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Annual numbers of UK reported marine turtles (2001-2010)
Distribution of marine turtle strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Distribution of basking shark strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died
as a result of infectious disease (2005-2010)
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died
as a result of starvation (2005-2010)
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died
as a result of by-catch (2005-2010)
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died
as a result of live stranding (2005-2010)
Spatial distribution of harbour porpoise strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have
died as a result of violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins (2005-2010)
Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises
examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)
Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises examined
at post-mortem (1991-2010)
Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common
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46
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Figure 30
Figure 31a
Figure 31b
Figure 31c
Figure 31d
Figure 31e
Figure 32
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
dolphins examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)
Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common
dolphins examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of by-catch
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of infectious disease
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of live stranding
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of starvation
Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins
Sum 25 PCB congeners in UK stranded harbour porpoises
Ln Σ25CB concentrations on a lipid basis by year for 440 harbour porpoises stranded in the UK
from 1991-2005
Comparison of mean summed 25CBs concentrations in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (trauma
and infectious disease cases) and bottlenose dolphins (1991-2005).
52
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58
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1.3 Plates
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Plate 8
Plate 9
Plate 10
Plate 11
Plate 12
Plate 13
Plate 14
Plate 15
Plate 16
Plate 17
Mass stranding event of common dolphins in Cornwall, June 2008
Harbour porpoise (SW2010/318) exhibiting atypical anthropogenic injuries
Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent with a chronic entanglement
Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent with a chronic entanglement
Risso’s dolphin (SW2009/201) stranded at Cemlyn, Anglesey, Wales
Massively enlarged spleen of Risso’s dolphin (SW2009/301) showing diffuse and severe
gas cavitation
The ‘Thames whale’ (SW2006/40) stranded near the Albert Bridge
Post-mortem examination of the ‘Thames whale’ at a PoLA facility
Sowerby’s beaked whale (SW2010/218) found stranded in Kent
Humpback whale (SW2009/296) stranded in the river Thames
Leatherback turtle (T2008/19) found floating dead in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland,
22nd February 2008
Basking shark (SBS2009/2) stranded at Sennen Cove, Cornwall
th
th
Attendees at the 20 anniversary CSIP symposium at ZSL, London, 25 November 2010
Plastic fragments found in harbour porpoise cardiac stomach (SW2006/48A)
Plastic fragments found in common dolphin fundic stomach (SW2005/5)
Plastic and netting found in northern bottlenose whale stomach (SW2006/236.2)
Plastic string found in leatherback turtle stomach (T2005/9)
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2
Introduction
This report is based on research conducted under contract (CR0346 and CR0364) to the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) between 1st January 2005 and 31st
December 2010. Since 1990, the collaborative UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation
Programme (CSIP) has been funded by UK government (currently through Defra, Welsh
Government and Scottish Government). Consortium partners responsible for the delivery of this
contract are the Institute of Zoology 2 (IoZ), Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), Natural History
Museum (NHM) and Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM).
2.1 CSIP History and Background
Information on UK stranded cetaceans has been routinely collected in the UK by the Natural
History Museum since 1913. In 1988, an outbreak of phocine distemper virus (PDV) resulted in
the deaths of many thousands of seals throughout European waters and as a result, in 1990 the
then UK Department of the Environment initiated the funding of a long-term monitoring
programme in England and Wales involving the systematic post-mortem examination of UKstranded cetaceans. A similar strandings investigation project was initiated in Scotland in 1990
and in 2000, these separate projects were amalgamated into a single UK strandings
investigation programme. In 2001, the investigation of UK stranded marine turtles was formally
incorporated into the CSIP remit, followed by the incorporation of stranded basking shark
investigations in 2007. A consortium of organisations now collaboratively record information on
all cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks that are found stranded around UK shores
each year and retrieve a proportion of these strandings for examination at post-mortem
(Sections 2.4, 3.1 and 3.2). The CSIP also coordinated the investigation of seal mortality in the
UK during the second major epizootic of PDV in European waters in 2002-2003.
2.2 Project Aims
The principal requirement of the project was to provide a coordinated approach to the
surveillance of cetacean strandings, and to investigate major causes of death of stranded
cetaceans in the UK. The following project aims were part of the specification of requirements
over the contract period/s.
•
•
•
•
•
•
2
To collate, analyse and report data for all cetacean strandings around the UK coast;
To determine the major causes of death in stranded cetaceans, including by-catch and
physical trauma;
To undertake surveillance on the incidence of disease in stranded cetaceans in order to
identify any substantial new threats to their conservation status;
To investigate the potential interaction between feeding behaviour, fisheries and
stranded cetaceans through examination of the contents of the stomach;
To make information on strandings and post-mortems results publicly available by annual
reports and release of data on a quarterly basis to the agreed GIS interface.
To develop an integrated database which brings together accurate and geo-referenced
data on both strandings and post mortem data and which allows end users to interrogate
this data through the Internet.
Current Contractor responsible for the delivery of CR0364
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
2.3
Policy Objectives
The
JNCC
Surveillance
and
Monitoring
(http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1554) states that;
website
page
for
cetaceans
“A variety of conservation issues affect cetaceans in UK waters today, many of which are
related to human activity. They include fishing, pollution and the effects of noise from shipping,
oil and gas exploration , military activity and tourism. The degree of impact of any human
activity varies considerably between different species and depending on their ecology,
distribution and abundance.
A range of legislative instruments oblige the UK to support research that has a bearing on the
conservation status of cetacean populations. All species are listed on Annex IV of the Habitats
Directive (92/43/EEC). It requires regular assessments of the conservation status of all species
that cover abundance, distribution and the pressures and threats experienced. In addition,
bottlenose dolphin and harbour porpoise are listed on the Directive’s Annex II which requires
the designation of Special Areas of Conservation where areas can be identified. The
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (Bonn Convention) and the Agreement on
the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS), oblige
signatories – which include the UK - to apply a range of research and management measures
aimed at the conservation of all cetaceans. An objective under ASCOBANS commits signatories
to reducing the incidental catch of harbour porpoises in commercial fisheries to 1.7 per cent of
the species’ abundance, a target specified in the EU Regulation 812/2004.”
In addition, elements of strandings research in the UK may also provide data to help inform the
implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the UK.
2.4
Consortium Structure
The current organisational structure of the CSIP and the responsibilities of each organisation
are given below in Figure 1. A Steering Group consisting of representatives of UK government
and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC; managers of the contract for Defra) monitor
progress and provide guidance on the objectives and output of the CSIP.
Figure 1 Organisational structure of the CSIP
NB WG- Welsh Government, SG- Scottish Government, JNCC- Joint Nature Conservation Committee
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
3
Materials and methods
3.1 Reporting and collection of cetacean and marine turtle strandings
Strandings are recorded by the CSIP when an animal swims, is left by a receding tide or is
deposited onto land (beach, mudflats, sandbank etc) dead or alive. Live animals that are
prevented from stranding by human interaction from the shore, but would clearly have otherwise
stranded without such intervention, may also be included. In addition, the CSIP also continues to
record information on dead cetaceans that are found at sea in and around UK territorial waters.
Figure 2 shows an outline process for the reporting of strandings in the UK (liaison with
appropriate local authorities/steering group etc) along with information on post-mortem
investigations and dissemination of results by the CSIP. The reporting, retrieval and
transportation of stranded animals within England involves the integration of a number of regional
reporting centres with the IoZ and the NHM (in particular, the Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine
Strandings Network). In Scotland, the reporting, retrieval and transportation of stranded animals is
co-ordinated by the SAC (Inverness). In Wales, the reporting, retrieval and transportation of
stranded animals is co-ordinated by MEM. Stranding reports are verified wherever possible
through the use of digital photographs taken on the beach. Dedicated email addresses and mobile
numbers for the provision of camera phone pictures have been established by the CSIP
consortium. The decision about whether to subject a carcass to post-mortem is based on the state
of decomposition and whether it can be secured safely prior to collection and transportation to a
laboratory for post-mortem examination. The relevant public health considerations of handling
stranded cetacean carcasses are stressed to those individuals and organisations that are involved
with the day-to-day reporting and recovery of stranded carcasses. Data presented in this report for
Northern Ireland were collected by the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group (www.iwdg.ie/), under
contract to the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (www.ni-environment.gov.uk/). Further
details on the reporting arrangements for strandings of cetaceans, marine turtles, basking sharks
and seals in the UK (both alive and dead), can be found at www.ukstrandings.org. Images of some
of the more commonly stranded species in the UK are shown in Appendix 1.
3.2 Post-mortem examinations
Following the formal reviews of the project in 2006 and 2007 (Watts and Crane 2006, Pinn
2007) post-mortem examination numbers were set at annual limits of 100/year. The 100 annual
cetacean post-mortem examinations are currently comprised of 55-65 harbour porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) (decomposition state code 2-3), 15-20 common dolphins (Delphinus
delphis) (code 2-3), and 10-25 other species (preferentially code 2 where possible, apart from
bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) which may be examined in codes 2-3). Occasional
post-mortem examinations of UK-stranded marine turtles and basking sharks were also
conducted when appropriate. More information on the carcass selection criteria in the UK can
be found in the last CSIP annual report 3 .
3
Deaville and Jepson (compilers) CSIP Annual Report for the period 1st January – 31st December 2009
http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_9167_ANN.pdf
12
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Liaison with
local
authorities
e.g. Receiver
of
Wreck/MCA,
police, local
council etc
Stranding
report
Live
Rescue
organisations
(BDMLR)
Dead
Died/euthanased
CSIP
(regional
or national)
Rescued
Liaison with PSG
(if appropriate)
No further
action (live
stranding
report
recorded in
CSIP
database)
Liaison with media
(if appropriate)
CSIP postmortem
investigations
Analysis
Diagnostic and
supplementary
testing
Gather
supplementary data
(if appropriate)
Analysis
Post mortem
conclusions (causes of
death) included in
quarterly, annual and
ad hoc reporting
Post mortem report
generated. Sent out
to stranding
reporters, media
liaison if appropriate
Figure 2 Outline process in strandings reporting and post-mortem examinations in the UK by the CSIP consortium.
Blue highlighted sections denote CSIP actions.
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Carcasses were routinely transported to one of the four pathology laboratories in the UK:
•
Institute of Zoology (Zoological Society of London), Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY
•
Scottish Agricultural College (Disease Surveillance Centre) Drummondhill, Stratherrick
Road, Inverness, Scotland, IV2 4JZ
•
Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Truro), Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall, TR4
9AD
•
Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, L69 3BX
In cases where carcasses were too large or too difficult to retrieve, post-mortem investigations
were conducted in situ at the stranding site. All cetacean post-mortem investigations (including
tissue sampling) were conducted using standard procedures (Kuiken and Garcia Hartmann 1991,
Law 1994, Jepson et al 2005). Marine turtle post mortem investigations and tissue sampling were
also conducted using standard procedures (Work 2000 and Wyneknen 2001) and basking shark
strandings were investigated opportunistically. Essentially, organs are systematically examined
and routine tissue samples are collected for virological, microbiological, histopathological,
toxicological and other studies. Any observed lesions are also sampled for further diagnostic tests,
depending on the suspected aetiology. Post-mortem protocols employed by the CSIP can be
found at www.ukstrandings.org.
3.3 Assessing causes of death
Although it is sometimes not possible to arrive at a definitive cause of death for any individual
carcass, a probable cause of death is ascribed wherever possible based on the collective findings
from post-mortem and other diagnostic investigations. Criteria used to establish selected cause of
death categories are described below.
•
By-catch (entanglement in fishing gear) was ascribed as a cause of death in cetacean
carcasses using established pathological criteria for by-catch diagnosis (Kuiken et al.
1994 and 1996).
•
Infectious Disease- a broad category consisting of a number of causes of death of
infectious origin (Jepson et al 2005).
•
Live Stranding- attributed as the cause of death in cetaceans that were known or
suspected (from post-mortem examination) to have live-stranded in apparent good health
and nutritional status. This category excluded severely diseased or emaciated animals
that stranded alive (Jepson et al 2005).
•
Starvation- given as the cause of death in animals that were severely emaciated and,
following post-mortem examination, ascertained to have no other significant disease
processes that could explain the poor nutritional status (Jepson et al 2005).
•
Starvation (neonate)- given as the cause of death in neonates that were severely
emaciated and, following post-mortem examination, ascertained to have no other
14
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
significant disease processes that could explain the poor nutritional status. Some of
these animals may have become maternally separated.
•
Fatal attack from one or more bottlenose dolphins- ascribed as a cause of death in
cetacean carcasses using established pathological criteria (Ross & Wilson 1996, Jepson
& Baker 1998).
•
Physical trauma (boat/ship strike)- physical trauma consistent with impact from a boat or
ship. Includes blunt trauma to dorsal/lateral aspect of body wall and/or injuries consistent
with propeller strike
•
Dystocia & Stillborn- attributed as the cause of death in animals which have died during
the act or process of giving birth (mothers or calves)
•
Physical trauma (unknown origin)- where evidence of physical trauma is found at postmortem, but no obvious origin or other significant underlying factors. This category is likely
to include some undiagnosed cases of boat/ship strike, by-catch or bottlenose dolphin
attack.
•
Gas embolism- intravascular gas bubble formation that obstructs circulation and causes
associated tissue injury.
•
Entanglement- a cause of death category largely confined to minke whales. Denotes
evidence of entanglement in rope (creel etc) or discarded fishing gear/marine litter
•
Cold stunned- a cause of death category specific to hard shelled species of marine turtle,
resulting from exposure to cold water around the UK coast, leading to immobility,
hypothermia and eventual starvation
•
Neoplasia- where the cause of death is due to the formation of a tumour
•
Others- a broad category covering causes of death that cannot be categorised using
existing criteria
3.4 Tissue archiving
Tissue specimens collected for research and archive are stored at both -20˚C and -80˚C and in
10% neutral buffered formalin or 70% alcohol at the IoZ and SAC Inverness or sent to
collaborating institutions for research purposes. Information on the extensive tissue archive at IoZ
is currently tracked and maintained using a relational database management system (Poseidon)
running on a Microsoft FoxPro 9 platform and contains information on ~80 000 samples obtained
during the course of over 2000 post-mortem examinations.. Work is ongoing in transferring this
system to an online management system within the recently developed CSIP web-accessed
database.
3.5 Data collection, storage and dissemination
Prior to 2009, data generated by the CSIP had historically been collected and archived on a
number of different databases. During 2008, a Defra funded web accessed database was
15
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
created (http://data.ukstrandings.org/), fully integrating for the first time both strandings data and
data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. The CSIP web accessed database
has been ‘live’ since 1st January 2009, with data on UK stranded cetaceans, marine turtles,
basking sharks and seals reported since this date being routinely entered onto it. Pathology and
strandings data from cetaceans and basking sharks reported to the CSIP between 1989 and
2008 was integrated during 2009 and imported into the CSIP web accessed database. Levels of
access have been set such that data can be viewed by those deemed appropriate by the CSIP
Project Steering Group (PSG), but data can only be entered/edited by appropriate members of
the CSIP consortium. Data entry and data validation/quality control is performed by the relevant
partner organisations in the CSIP consortium and by CWTMSN in Cornwall.
As well as enabling the CSIP consortium to collectively enter and edit data through a single web
accessed portal, the database facilitates more efficient and accurate capture of data and allows
stakeholders to access data as required. In addition, during 2010 periodic export of relevant
data to the NBN gateway (www.nbn.org.uk/) began, enabling access to strandings and postmortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past. Work on the
database is ongoing and additional existing data will be imported during 2011.
Marine turtle strandings data in the UK is collated by the UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI)
'TURTLE' Database Manager (Rod Penrose, Marine Environmental Monitoring) under
supervision of the Turtle Implementation Group (TIG). Collation of marine turtle strandings and
sightings data in UK and RoI is collectively funded by the statutory conservation bodies- Natural
England, Countryside Council for Wales, Scottish National Heritage and National Parks and
Wildlife Service (RoI).
Quarterly and annual reports continued to be submitted to the Department during the period of
this report and acted as milestones during contracts CR0346 and CR0364. Following comment
and sign off by the PSG, reports were published on the Department website and links added
from the relevant section of the CSIP website. The CSIP also continued to provide summary
reports of strandings and post-mortem data for the annual ASCOBANS national reports, as well
as the annual IWC national reports and any ad hoc requests made by the Department or by the
Devolved Administrations.
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
4
Cetacean, marine turtle and basking shark strandings around
the UK coastline (2005-2010)
In the six year period between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010, 3430 cetaceans were
reported to the CSIP, comprising at least 17 species (Table 1). Of these, 3040 were reports of
dead-stranded cetaceans, 261 were of live-stranded cetaceans and 129 were of dead
cetaceans found at sea (including 12 which were known by-catches). Of the 261 live-stranded
cetaceans, 74 were returned alive to sea. In addition, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks
were reported to the CSIP during the same period (Table 1).
The most commonly reported UK stranded cetacean species in the six year period of this report
were the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena, n=1922) and the short-beaked common
dolphin (Delphinus delphis, n=519). Another 588 stranded cetaceans were also recorded,
comprising minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata, n=87), Atlantic white-sided dolphin
(Lagenorhynchus acutus, n=86), long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas, n=73), white
beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris, n=70), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba,
n=55), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, n=52), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus, n=45),
sperm whale (Physeter catodon, n=29), Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris, n=23),
northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus, n=22), Sowerby’s beaked whale
(Mesoplodon bidens, n=19), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus, n=11), humpback whale
(Megaptera novaeangliae, n=10), killer whale (Orcinus orca, n=5) and pygmy sperm whale
(Kogia breviceps, n=1). The spatial distribution of these strandings (by species) is given in Table
1. A number of strandings (n=402) were too decomposed, incomplete or inaccessible to enable
either accurate identification or retrieval for further investigation at post mortem (Table 1).
The largest number of cetacean strandings was reported in England (n=1650), with a smaller
number in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709) and Northern Ireland (n=46). In addition, a small
number of cetaceans were also reported in the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands
(n=nine).
Figure 3 shows the inter-annual variation in numbers of all cetaceans, harbour porpoises and
common dolphins reported to the CSIP between 1990 and 2010 inclusively. Figure 4 illustrates
that the number of reported strandings during the last five year period (2006-2010) were ~22%
lower than those received during the preceding five year period (2001-2005). Figure 5 shows
the number of reported cetacean strandings in UK countries over the ten year period 20012010. There has been a general decline in reported strandings in England and Scotland, from
peak levels in 2003-2006. Broadly similar reported stranding numbers have been recorded each
year in Wales and Northern Ireland, although a recent reduction in reported strandings in Wales
has been noted.
Analysis of regional stranding records for harbour porpoise, short-beaked common dolphins and
other cetacean species (Figures 7-10) indicate that the reduction in stranding numbers
described above has been largely driven by a decline in reported harbour porpoise strandings in
most regions of the UK and a reduction in reported strandings of short-beaked common
dolphins in south-west UK.
17
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
900
800
700
Number
600
500
400
300
200
100
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
0
Year
All species
Harbour porpoise
Common dolphin
Figure 3 Annual numbers of UK stranded cetaceans (all species), harbour porpoises and common dolphins (19902010)
500
450
Mean annual number
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2010
Year
Harbour porpoise
Common dolphin
Other species
Figure 4 Mean annual strandings of harbour porpoises, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean
species in the UK in five year periods between 1991-2010 (+/- 1SD)
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
600
490
500
481
402
400
383
Number
340
300
283
266
265
226
196
193
200
149
131
143
130
135
124
163
146
151
137
132
125
179
176
127
126
104
124
84
100
2
6
9
6
8
5
11
6
9
7
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Figure 5 Reported cetacean strandings in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (2005-2010)
NB greyed area outside of report period
Figure 6 UK regions used for analysis of data (from Jepson et al 2005)
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Table 1
Reported strandings of cetaceans to the CSIP (2005-2010)
Species
Harbour porpoise
(Phocoena phocoena)
Short-beaked common dolphin
(Delphinus delphis)
Minke whale
(Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
(Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Long-finned pilot whale
(Globicephala melas)
White beaked dolphin
(Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Striped dolphin
(Stenella coeruleoalba)
Bottlenose dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus)
Risso’s dolphin
(Grampus griseus)
Sperm whale
(Physeter catodon)
Cuvier’s beaked whale
(Ziphius cavirostris)
Northern bottlenose whale
(Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Sowerby’s beaked whale
(Mesoplodon bidens)
Fin whale
(Balaenoptera physalus)
Humpback whale
(Megaptera novaeangliae)
Killer whale
(Orcinus orca)
Pygmy sperm whale
(Kogia breviceps)
Cetacean
(indeterminate species)
Dolphin
(indeterminate species)
Odontocete
(indeterminate species)
Short beaked common/striped
dolphin (indeterminate)
Lagenorhynchus sp.
(indeterminate species)
Mysticete
(indeterminate species)
Baleen whale
(indeterminate species)
Beaked whale
(indeterminate species)
TOTAL
England
Scotland
Wales
Isle of
Man
14
Channel
Islands
1
Total
507
Northern
Ireland
23
911
466
424
32
57
3
0
3
519
11
72
2
1
1
0
87
8
73
3
2
0
0
86
16
52
4
1
0
0
73
19
50
0
1
0
0
70
18
23
10
4
0
0
55
15
18
16
2
0
1
52
5
35
2
1
1
1
45
8
21
0
0
0
0
29
0
23
0
0
0
0
23
6
15
1
0
0
0
22
6
12
1
0
0
0
19
7
4
0
0
0
0
11
6
3
1
0
0
0
10
1
4
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
49
23
89
1
2
0
164
85
31
3
3
1
0
124
35
24
2
1
1
3
66
7
10
8
1
0
0
26
4
3
0
0
0
0
7
6
0
0
1
0
0
7
3
1
1
1
0
0
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
1650
996
709
46
20
9
3430
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
1922
Table 2
Reported strandings of marine turtles and basking sharks to the CSIP (2005-2010)
Species
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern
Ireland
Isle of
Man
Channel
Islands
Total
Loggerhead turtle
(Caretta caretta)
Leatherback turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea)
Kemps ridley turtle
(Lepidochelys kempii)
Marine turtle
(indeterminate species)
15
13
14
0
0
0
42
14
6
5
1
0
0
26
2
1
1
0
0
0
4
1
1
2
0
0
0
4
Basking shark
(Cetorhinus maximus)
14
12
1
0
0
0
27
TOTAL
46
33
23
1
0
0
103
NB Marine turtle stranding information in this report is provided courtesy of Marine Environmental Monitoring
(MEM, www.strandings.com/Wales.html)
4.1 Mass stranding events
Thirty six stranding events involving two or more animals occurred in the UK between 2005 and
2010 (eighteen of which were reported as live stranding events). Of these, 30 events involved
two animals, a significant number of which (n=12) were initially found in code 3 (moderate
decomposition) or worse i.e. were probably coincidental strandings of dead animals. The largest
by far of the events involving two or more animals, was a mass stranding event (MSE) of
common dolphins that occurred on 9th June 2008 in the Fal estuary, Falmouth Bay, Cornwall
(Plate 1). At least 26 dolphins stranded alive and died and more were refloated back to open
water by rescue groups and bystanders. A comprehensive investigation of the MSE was
funded by UK Government (Defra) through a variation to the existing contract, full details of
which are available in a separately published report (Jepson and Deaville 2009). A number of
potential causes of this MSE were either excluded or considered highly unlikely. These
included distemper (morbillivirus), brucellosis, other infectious diseases, gas embolism, fat
embolism, boat strike, by-catch, attack from killer whales or bottlenose dolphins, feeding
unusually close to shore immediately prior to stranding, ingestion of harmful algal toxins,
abnormal weather/climatic conditions and high-intensity acoustic inputs from seismic airgun
arrays, recreational craft and natural sources (e.g. earthquakes). A large group of common
dolphins was seen unusually close to shore in the days leading up to the MSE and this nearshore group of dolphins may have been the group that subsequently mass stranded. The
reason that at least one large dolphin group was seen so close to shore shortly prior to the MSE
is not known but a range of natural (e.g. foraging closer to shore), anthropogenic (e.g. naval
activities leading up to 9 June) or other unknown factor(s) may have played a contributory role.
The findings in this MSE were most consistent with an adverse group behavioural response to
one or more specific triggers on the morning of 9 June 2008 within an otherwise healthy social
group of common dolphins situated unusually close to shore. A period of naval exercises
involving a variety of high intensity acoustic sources were conducted around the time of the
MSE, but evidence of one of more specific naval activities that tightly coincided in time and
space with the likely initial onset of the MSE were absent in all the records of naval activities
21
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
released under the Freedom of Information Act. An intrinsic “error of navigation” within a social
group of common dolphins or a confluence of additional unknown (natural and/or
anthropogenic) factors/sequence of events also cannot be excluded as causal factors in this
MSE. Although a definitive cause for the MSE could not be determined, the naval exercise
(including helicopters) remains the only source of high-intensity acoustic activity taking place in
close proximity to the MSE that cannot be excluded as a causal factor. Greater insight into the
causes of any future MSEs may require either a direct observation of the onset, or the
emergence of an unusual level of coincidence of MSEs with one or more causal factors.
Plate 1 Mass stranding event of common dolphins in Cornwall in June 2008 (credit PA Photos).
A second unusual mortality event also occurred in 2008, involving 12 Cuvier’s beaked whales
(Ziphius cavirostris) (mainly in western Scotland), 11 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala
melas) (ten in Scotland, one in west Wales), three Sowerby’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon
bidens) (mainly in Western Scotland) and one unidentified beaked whale (in Wales) that
stranded between 21 January and 10 April 2008. Most carcasses were found dead and in a
degree of decomposition that was largely unsuitable for detailed post-mortem examination. The
degree of decomposition appeared to deteriorate further as strandings progressed over time,
consistent with death occurring at a similar point in time. This mortality event was investigated
as part of larger cluster of strandings that occurred between 13 January and 14 April 2008 and
included another 13 long-finned pilot whales and three unidentified beaked whales that stranded
in Ireland (Dolman et al 2010). The cause(s) of the unusual mortality event was not
established, predominantly due to the degree of carcass decomposition (Dolman et al 2010).
As a result of the mass stranding event in 2008, the CSIP produced a mass stranding protocol
that would form the basis for the investigation of any future mass stranding events in the UK. In
addition, numerous stakeholders (including the CSIP) now attend the biannual meetings of the
Royal Navy/Defra convened Military Underwater Sound Stakeholders Forum. As a result of
these meetings, a formal process has now been initiated, whereby unusual sightings of
cetaceans close to shore can be communicated to Royal Navy Fleet headquarters to alert them
22
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
of the potential risk of stranding, in the event that there may be any RN acoustic activity in the
vicinity.
200
180
160
140
West coast
Southwest
Channel
East coast
Scotland
Northern Ireland
Number
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Figure 7 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of harbour porpoises (2001-2010)
NB greyed area outside of report period
200
180
160
140
West coast
Southwest
Channel
East coast
Scotland
Northern Ireland
Number
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Figure 8 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of short-beaked common dolphins (2001-2010)
NB greyed area outside of report period
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
120
100
Number
80
West coast
Southwest
Channel
East coast
Scotland
Northern Ireland
60
40
20
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Figure 9 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises and
common dolphins (2001-2010)
NB greyed area outside of report period
100
90
80
70
West coast
Southwest
Channel
East coast
Scotland
Northern Ireland
Number
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Figure 10 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species of indeterminate identity (20012010)
NB greyed area outside of report period
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
4.2 European strandings
European stranding networks with coastlines adjacent to those of the UK provided summaries
of 2005-2010 strandings data to the CSIP, to allow comparison with UK strandings data. The
networks are listed below and shown in Figure 11 and summarised annual data for harbour
porpoises, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean species are shown in Figures
12-13. Carcasses of indeterminate identity have been excluded from this section (where this
data is available) and strandings from the Mediterranean coastline of France have also been
excluded. French strandings data for 2010 was not available at the time of report authoring.
Figure 11 Strandings networks adjacent to the UK
Belgium- MARIN (Marine Animals Research and Intervention Network), Royal Belgian Institute
of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Email: Web: http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/Management/Nature/strandings.php
France- Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins, Université de La Rochelle, Pôle
Analytique, 5 allée de l'Océan, F-17000 La Rochelle.
Web: http://crmm.univ-lr.fr/index.php/en/home
Ireland- Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, Coolcummisk, Beaufort, Killarney, Co. Kerry.
Web: http://www.iwdg.ie
Netherlands- Naturalis, (National Museum of Natural History), Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden.
Web: http://www.walvisstrandingen.nl/
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
600
500
Number
400
300
200
100
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
UK
Ireland
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Figure 12 Inter-annual variation in strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK and adjacent countries (2005-2010)
400
350
300
Number
250
200
150
100
50
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
UK
Ireland
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Figure 13 Inter-annual variation in strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK and adjacent countries
(2005-2010)
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
160
140
120
Number
100
80
60
40
20
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
UK
Ireland
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Figure 14 Inter-annual variation in strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises and common
dolphins in the UK and adjacent countries (2005-2010)
The combined sets of data firstly illustrate that although some countries have higher stranding
levels of particular species (e.g. France has higher annual numbers of stranded short-beaked
common dolphins and the Netherlands has higher annual numbers of stranded harbour
porpoises), the UK has one of the highest level of total strandings each year. Secondly, possible
similarities in annual stranding figures can be discerned between adjacent countries e.g. annual
strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in France and UK appear to follow similar trends
between 2005 and 2009. It should be noted that the number of stranding reports may be
influenced by many factors, including but not limited to interannual variation in climatic factors,
coastal population density, variations in cetacean population density and coastline length.
It is possible that additional information on trends and similarities may emerge during a more
detailed analysis of any future combined stranding dataset. To that end, at the ASCOBANS AC
meeting in Bonn in 2010, the ASCOBANS Secretariat agreed to fund IoZ to co-ordinate a
feasibility study into the creation of a centralised point of access for selected data collected by
stranding networks within the ASCOBANS region (Project ref: SSFA/ASCOBANS/2010/2). It is
hoped that this study will be the first step towards the creation of a central database on
strandings and necropsies, encompassing ASCOBANS Parties and Range states. An initial
meeting to discuss this proposal was held at the European Cetacean Society Conference in
Cadiz on 19th March 2011, with attendance from representatives of strandings/pathology
networks from 11 different countries. The final report to the ASCOBANS Secretariat on this
project is due to be submitted in November 2011.
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5
Summary of UK-stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking
sharks 2005-2010 (by species)
5.1 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Between 2005 and 2010, 1922 stranded harbour porpoises (512 males, 466 females and 944 of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 911 stranded in England, 507 stranded in
Wales, 466 stranded in Scotland, 23 stranded in Northern Ireland, 14 stranded in the Isle of
Man and one stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 15). The annual number of
UK-stranded harbour porpoises reported to the CSIP had increased from approximately 50200/annum in the 1990’s to 350-400 between 2002 and 2006 (Figure 3). Since that 2002-2006
peak the number of reports of stranded harbour porpoises has declined in most regions of the
UK (Figure 7). Figure 16 shows the mean monthly reported strandings of harbour porpoises in
the UK over the period of this report. No consistent trends were noted, although an increased
number of strandings were noted between March and June in 2005-2006 in relation to the same
period in 2007-2010.
Figure 15 Distribution of harbour porpoise strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Of the 1922 reported harbour porpoise strandings, 478 were investigated at post mortem (200
were conducted in Scotland, 161 in England, 113 in Wales, two in Northern Ireland and two in
the Isle of Man- Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was established in 457 examined
individuals (96% of examined cases). Of these, 85 died as a result of starvation, 79 from violent
inter-specific interactions (bottlenose dolphin kills), 71 were diagnosed as by-catches, 48 died of
parasitic pneumonias, 32 neonate porpoises died of starvation, 28 as a consequence of livestranding, 22 from physical trauma of unknown origin, 21 from diseases of the gastrointestinal
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tract, 19 from generalised bacterial infections, 17 from parasitic and bacterial pneumonias,
seven as a result of dystocia, five from pneumonia of parasitic and mycotic (fungal) origin, four
were known by-catches, four died as a result of physical trauma following probable impact from
a ship or boat, two from bacterial pneumonia, two of meningoencephalitis, two from generalised
mycotic infections, one from a bacterial and mycotic pneumonia, one from a mycotic
pneumonia, one from a pyothorax, one from a possible acute enteritis/peritonitis, one from a
mandibular osteomyelitis, one from a possible coliform endometritis, one of a peri-oesophageal
abscess, one of peritonitis and one from a pneumonia of unknown aetiology (Table 8 and
Appendix 3). Section 7 gives more information on trends in common causes of death in harbour
porpoises over the 20 year period 1991-2010.
70
60
Number
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
2005-2010 (mean +/- SD)
Figure 16 Monthly strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK (2005-2010)
Plate 2 shows a porpoise that stranded at Gairloch beach in September 2010 and was
examined at post-mortem by SAC Inverness. The porpoise exhibited markedly unusual
pathology, broadly consistent with pathology noted in a number of porpoises found stranded in
the Netherlands and Belgium in recent years. The investigation of these unusual strandings in
the UK and in other countries is ongoing, in an effort to learn more about the aetiology of the
injuries and whether there may be potential links between the different cases.
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Plate 2 Harbour porpoise (SW2010/318) exhibiting atypical anthropogenic injuries (credit CSIP/SAC)
5.2 Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis)
Between 2005 and 2010, 519 stranded short-beaked common dolphins (182 males, 147
females and 190 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 424 stranded in
England, 57 stranded in Wales, 32 stranded in Scotland, three stranded in Northern Ireland and
three stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 17). Of the 519 reported shortbeaked common dolphin strandings, 129 were investigated at post mortem (99 were conducted
in England, 16 in Wales and 14 in Scotland- Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was
established in 118 examined individuals (92% of examined cases), of which 46 were diagnosed
as by-catches, 37 died as a consequence of live-stranding, 10 from starvation, six of
meningoencephalitis, four from physical trauma of unknown origin, four of diseases of the
gastrointestinal tract, three as a result of physical trauma following probable impact from a ship
or boat, two from generalised bacterial infections, one neonate died of starvation, one live
stranded possibly as a result of old age, one starved sequentially to a gastric impaction, one
had a septic arthritis, one had peritonitis and metritis sequential to dystocia and a ruptured
uterus and one short-beaked common dolphin was a known by-catch (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
Section 7 gives more information on trends in common causes of death in short-beaked
common dolphins over the 20 year period 1991-2010. As in previous years, strandings of shortbeaked common dolphins were strongly spatially and temporally explicit, with a large number
occurring in south-west England (Figure 17) mainly between January-April each year (Figure
18). A significant mass stranding event of short-beaked common dolphins occurred in June
2008 in Cornwall (Section 4.1, Plate 1, Jepson and Deaville 2009).
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Figure 17 Distribution of short-beaked common dolphin strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
35
30
Number
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
2005-2010 (mean +/- SD)
Figure 18 Monthly strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK (2005-2010)
NB The large SD in June is due to the mass stranding event in Cornwall on 9 June 2008 (Jepson and Deaville 2009)
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5.3 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Between 2005 and 2010, 87 stranded minke whales (11 males, 17 females and 59 of unknown
sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 72 stranded in Scotland, 11 stranded in England, two
stranded in Wales, one stranded in Northern Ireland and one stranded in the Isle of Man (Table
1 and Figure 20). Of the 87 reported minke whale strandings, 11 were investigated at post
mortem (eight were conducted in Scotland, two in Wales and one in England- Tables 3, 4, 5 and
6). A cause of death was established in nine examined individuals (82% of examined cases), of
which three died as a result of entanglement, three as a consequence of live-stranding, two
from starvation and one which died as a result of physical trauma following probable impact
from a ship or boat (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
Plate 3 Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent
with a chronic entanglement (SW2010/175, image
credit CSIP/SAC)
Plate 4 Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent
with a chronic entanglement (SW2010/175, image
credit CSIP/SAC)
NB rope added for comparison to injuries
5.4 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Between 2005 and 2010, 86 stranded Atlantic white-sided dolphins (37 males, 18 females and
31 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 73 stranded in Scotland, eight
stranded in England, three stranded in Wales and two stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and
Figure 19). Of the 86 reported Atlantic white-sided dolphin strandings, 28 were investigated at
post mortem (24 were conducted in Scotland and four in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause
of death was established in all 28 examined individuals, of which 14 died as a consequence of
live-stranding, seven from generalised bacterial infections, four of meningoencephalitis, two
from starvation and one of a liver infection (Table 8 and Appendix 3). A mass stranding event
involving five Atlantic white-sided dolphins took place in Stornoway, Lewis, Scotland on 11th
June 2007. Three of the stranded dolphins were refloated and two were euthanased, following
veterinary assessment.
5.5 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
Between 2005 and 2010, 73 stranded long-finned pilot whales (13 males, five females and 55 of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 52 stranded in Scotland, 16 stranded in
England, four stranded in Wales and one stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19).
Of the 73 reported long-finned pilot whale strandings, six were investigated at post mortem
(three were conducted in Scotland, two in Wales and one in England - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A
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cause of death was established in five examined individuals (83% of examined cases), of which
three died as a consequence of live-stranding, one from a generalised bacterial infection and
one from old age (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
An increase in pilot whale strandings in the UK was noted in 2008 and was associated with
increases in the number of reported strandings of other deep-diving cetacean species in
Scotland, Wales (and Ireland) between mid-January and April 2008. The cause(s) of this
increased number of strandings of these deep-diving cetaceans was not established (Section
4.1, Dolman et al 2010).
Figure 19 Distribution of other Delphinidae
strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
Figure 20 Distribution of Balaenopteridae
strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
5.6 White-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Between 2005 and 2010, 70 stranded white-beaked dolphins (16 males, 17 females and 37 of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 50 stranded in Scotland, 19 stranded in
England and one stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 70 reported white
beaked dolphin strandings, 23 were investigated at post mortem (15 were conducted in
Scotland and eight in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of death was established in 22
examined individuals (96% of examined cases), of which 11 died as a consequence of livestranding, three from starvation, two were diagnosed as by-catches, one died as a result of
meningoencephalitis, one was an aborted foetus, one neonate died of starvation, one died as a
result of a parasitic and mycotic pneumonia, one from a disseminate fungal ear infection and
one from laryngeal displacement following ingestion of prey (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
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On 22nd July 2009 a mass stranding event involving five white beaked dolphins (thought to be
three adults and two juveniles, all of unknown sex) occurred in Scotven Bay, North Uist,
Scotland. The stranded animals were refloated by local residents and members of BDMLR,
SSPCA and local fire brigade, but the all five were subsequently found dead stranded in an
adjacent bay.
5.7 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Between 2005 and 2010, 55 stranded striped dolphins (22 males, 17 females and 16 of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 23 stranded in Scotland, 18 stranded in
England, ten stranded in Wales and four stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19).
Of the 55 reported striped dolphin strandings, 23 were investigated at post mortem (12 were
conducted in England, six in Scotland, four in Wales and one in Northern Ireland - Tables 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7). A cause of death was established in 22 examined individuals (96% of examined
cases), of which eight died as a consequence of live-stranding, five from starvation, three of
meningoencephalitis, two were diagnosed as by-catches, one died from a heavy gastric
parasite burden, one from a generalised bacterial infection, one from a bacterial pneumonia and
one as a result of hydrocephalus (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
5.8 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Between 2005 and 2010, 52 stranded bottlenose dolphins (19 males, 17 females and 16 of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 18 stranded in Scotland, 16 stranded in
Wales, 15 stranded in England, two stranded in Northern Ireland and one stranded in the
Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 52 reported bottlenose dolphin strandings, 18
were investigated at post mortem (eight were conducted in England, six in Scotland and four in
Wales - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was found in 12 examined individuals (67% of
examined cases), of which three died as a result of parasitic pneumonia, two were diagnosed
as by-catches, two died from generalised bacterial infections, one of starvation, one was a
neonatal death and one died as a result of a spinal abnormality (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
5.9 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Between 2005 and 2010, 45 stranded Risso’s dolphins (seven males, eight females and 30 of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 35 stranded in Scotland, five stranded in
England, two stranded in Wales, one stranded in Northern Ireland, one stranded in the Isle of
Man and one stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 45 reported
Risso’s dolphin strandings, nine were investigated at post mortem (five were conducted in
Scotland, two in England and two in Wales - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was
established in all nine examined individuals, of which three died as a consequence of livestranding, two from starvation, one was diagnosed as a by-catch, one died as a result of
dystocia, one neonate starved and one died as a result of gas embolism (Table 8 and Appendix
3). Images of the gas embolism case can be seen below and are also described in the gas
embolism section of the report (Plates 5 and 6 and Section 8.2).
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Plate 5 Risso’s dolphin (SW2009/301) stranded at
Cemlyn, Anglesey, Wales (credit CSIP/MEM
Figure 21 Distribution of Physeteridae and
Kogiidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010
Plate 6 Massively enlarged spleen of Risso’s dolphin
(SW2009/301) showing diffuse and severe gas
cavitation (credit CSIP/MEM)
Figure 22 Distribution of Ziphidae strandings in
the UK (2005-2010
5.10 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
Between 2005 and 2010, 29 stranded sperm whales (16 males and 13 of unknown sex) were
reported to the CSIP. Of these, 21 stranded in Scotland and eight stranded in England (Table 1
and Figure 21). Of the 29 reported sperm whale strandings, four were investigated at post
mortem (two were conducted in England and two in Scotland - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of
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death was established in all four examined individuals, of which three died as a consequence of
live-stranding and one died of starvation (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
5.11
Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Between 2005 and 2010, 23 Scottish stranded Cuvier’s beaked whales (four males, four
females and 15 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP (Table 1 and Figure 22). Of the 23
reported Cuvier’s beaked whale strandings, one was investigated at post mortem (Tables 3 and
5) and a cause of death could not be established (Table 8 and Appendix 3). An increase in
Cuvier’s beaked whale strandings was noted in 2008 and was associated with increases in the
number of reported strandings of other deep-diving cetacean species in Scotland, Wales (and
Ireland) between mid-January and April 2008. The progressively deteriorating condition of most
of these stranded carcasses over time suggested that many may have died at a similar point in
time and possibly from a similar cause. Largely due to the severe degree of decomposition,
however, it was not possible to establish a cause (or causes) of this unusual mortality event
(Dolman et al 2010).
5.12 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Between 2005 and 2010, 22 stranded northern bottlenose whales (ten males, six females and
six of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 15 stranded in Scotland, six stranded
in England and one stranded in Wales (Table 1 and Figure 22). Of the 22 reported northern
bottlenose whale strandings, 12 were investigated at post mortem (six were conducted in
Scotland, five in England and one in Wales - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was
established in ten examined individuals (83% of examined cases), of which eight died as a
consequence of live-stranding, one of meningoencephalitis and one of starvation (Table 8 and
Appendix 3). A northern bottlenose whale swam up the River Thames on 19th January 2006,
leading to one of the highest profile stranding events ever seen in the UK (Plate 7). Despite an
extensive operation to rescue the stranded whale, involving members of British Divers Marine
Life Rescue, Port of London Authority and a CSIP veterinary team, the whale died whilst being
transported down the Thames to deeper water (Plate 8).
Plate 7 The ‘Thames whale’ (SW2006/40) stranded
near the Albert Bridge, River Thames (credit
CSIP/ZSL)
Plate 8 Post-mortem examination of the ‘Thames
whale’ (SW2006/40) at a PoLA facility, Gravesend
(credit CSIP/MEM)
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5.13
Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)
Between 2005 and 2010, 19 stranded Sowerby’s beaked whales (eight males, seven females
and four of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 12 stranded in Scotland, six
stranded in England and one stranded in Wales (Table 1 and Figure 22). Of the 19 reported
Sowerby’s beaked whale strandings, seven were investigated at post mortem (five were
conducted in Scotland and two in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of death was
established in seven examined individuals, of which four died as a consequence of livestranding, one from physical trauma of unknown origin, one from starvation and one of
meningoencephalitis (Table 8 and Appendix 3). A Sowerby’s beaked whale found stranded at
Seasalter, Kent on 22nd July 2010 was linked with a previous stranding event in the
Netherlands, following communication with colleagues from the Dutch strandings network.
Examination of YouTube footage, enabled identification of this animal as one that had live
stranded four days earlier at Egmond aan Zee in the Netherlands and was refloated by
members of the public (Plate 9).
Plate 9 Sowerby’s beaked whale (SW2010/218) found stranded in Kent (top panel, credit CSIP/ZSL).
Bottom panel shows a screengrab from YouTube of a live stranded Sowerby’s beaked whale stranded at Egmond aan Zee in the Netherlands
four days earlier. Marks of comparison which enabled identification are shown highlighted.
5.14 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
Between 2005 and 2010, 11 stranded fin whales (three males, three females and five of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, seven stranded in England and four
stranded in Scotland (Table 1 and Figure 20). Of the 11 reported fin whale strandings, a single
Scottish stranded individual was investigated at post mortem (Tables 3 and 5). The cause of
death was given as probable entanglement (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
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5.15 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Between 2005 and 2010, ten stranded humpback whales (four males, one female and five of
unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, six stranded in England, three stranded in
Scotland and one stranded in Wales (Table 1 and Figure 20). Of the ten reported humpback
whale strandings, two were investigated at post mortem (one was conducted in England and one
in Wales - Tables 3, 4 and 6). Starvation was established as the cause of death in both
individuals (Table 8 and Appendix 3). Interestingly, no UK strandings of humpback whales were
recorded in the first decade of study (1991-2000), but during the last decade (2001-2010), 14
strandings were recorded on UK shores (CSIP database). This mirrors the decision by the IUCN
in 2008 to downgrade the humpback whale from Endangered to Least Concern, as some
populations recovered following the cessation of commercial whaling in 1986
(http://cms.iucn.org/index.cfm?uNewsID=1413).
Plate 10 Humpback whale (SW2009/296) stranded in the river Thames, London, England (credit CSIP/ZSL)
5.16 Killer whale (Orcinus orca)
Between 2005 and 2010, five stranded killer whale (two males, one female and two of unknown
sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, four stranded in Scotland and one stranded in England
(Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the five reported killer whale strandings, none were investigated at
post mortem.
5.17 Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)
Between 2005 and 2010, a single Scottish stranded pygmy sperm whale of unknown sex was
reported to the CSIP (Table 1 and Figure 21). The stranding was not investigated at postmortem.
5.18
Indeterminate species
Once decomposition or scavenging has destroyed identifiable external characteristics,
distinguishing between morphologically similar species (such as short-beaked common dolphins
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and striped dolphins) can be difficult. Consequently, between 2005 and 2010 there were 401
strandings of cetaceans that were too decomposed, incomplete or inaccessible to enable either
accurate identification or retrieval for further investigation at post mortem (Tables 1 and 2).
These consisted of 164 indeterminate cetaceans, 123 indeterminate dolphin species, 66
indeterminate odontocetes, 26 short beaked common dolphins/striped dolphins, seven
indeterminate Lagenorhynchus species, seven indeterminate mysticetes, six indeterminate
baleen whale species and two indeterminate beaked whale species. Figure 10 shows that there
has been a general reduction in the number of recorded strandings of cetacean species of
indeterminate identity in most regions of the UK over the six year period 2005-2010. This is
probably largely consequential to the reduction in overall stranding numbers recorded over this
period but also reflects efforts to improve verification of strandings by the CSIP through a variety
of means (e.g. increased volunteer use, digital photography etc). There has also been an
increase in information quality in the south-west, due to the efforts of the volunteer network in
Cornwall, the Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network (http://www.cwtstrandings.org/).
5.19 Marine turtles
Between 2005 and 2010, 76 UK stranded marine turtles were reported to Marine Environmental
Monitoring (MEM) 4 , the UK and Republic of Ireland co-ordinator for marine turtle strandings
(www.strandings.com). The 76 reports consisted of 42 strandings of loggerhead turtles (Caretta
caretta), 26 strandings of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), four strandings of Kemp’s
ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) and four strandings of unidentified marine turtle species.
Broadly comparable numbers of marine turtles were reported to MEM each year, apart from an
increase in stranded loggerhead turtles recorded in 2008 (Figure 23). This was considered to be
the result of “prolonged strong south-westerly winds during January and February” (Penrose and
Gander 2009). Of the 42 loggerhead turtles, 15 were found stranded in England, 14 in Wales
and 13 in Scotland. Of the 26 leatherback turtles, 14 were found stranded in England, six in
Scotland, five in Wales and one in Northern Ireland. Of the four Kemp’s ridley turtles, two were
found stranded in England, one in Scotland and one in Wales. Of the four unidentified marine
turtles, two were found stranded in Wales, one in England and one in Scotland (Table 2 and
Figure 24). Fifteen of the stranded loggerhead turtles, three of the Kemp’s ridley turtles and one
leatherback turtle were known to have stranded alive. Of these, ten subsequently died (seven
loggerhead turtles, two Kemp’s ridley and the leatherback turtle), one loggerhead turtle was
placed back in the sea by members of public and seven loggerhead and one Kemp’s ridley turtle
were taken to rehabilitation centres. Of the rehabilitated animals, five loggerhead turtles and one
Kemp’s ridley turtle have been released in the Canaries and North Carolina respectively, where
environmental conditions are more appropriate for hardshell species of marine turtle. Of the 76
reported marine turtles, 22 were investigated at post mortem (nine were conducted in Wales,
eight in England, four in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland- Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). A cause
of death was established in 17 individuals (77% of examined cases), of which 14 died as a result
of being cold stunned, one from a generalised bacterial infection, one from physical trauma of
unknown origin and one of pneumonia of unknown aetiology (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
5.20 Basking sharks
Twenty seven UK stranded basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) were reported to the CSIP
between 2005 and 2010. Of the 27 reported basking sharks, 14 were found stranded in England,
12 in Scotland and one in Wales (Table 2 and Figure 25). Of the 27 reported basking shark
4
Marine turtle stranding information in this section and in Table 2 is provided courtesy of Marine
Environmental Monitoring (MEM).
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strandings, three were investigated at post mortem (two in Scotland and one in England - Tables
3, 4 and 5). Of these, one was found to have died as a consequence of live-stranding, one from
a generalised bacterial infection and one from a meningoencephalitis (Table 8 and Appendix 3).
Plate 11 Leatherback turtle (T2008/19) found floating dead in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland 22nd February
2008 (image credit Gary Burrows/NIEA)
25
20
Number
15
Loggerhead turtles
Leatherback turtles
Others
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
Figure 23 Annual numbers of UK reported marine turtles (2001-2010)
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Plate 12
CWTMSN)
Basking shark (SBS2009/3) stranded at Sennen Cove, Cornwall (image credit Rory Goodall,
Figure 24 Distribution of marine turtle strandings
in the UK (2005-2010)
Figure 25 Distribution of basking shark
strandings in the UK (2005-2010)
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6
Post mortem investigations and cause of death data (2005-2010)
Table 3 Post-mortem investigations conducted on UK stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and
basking sharks (2005-2010)
Species
Number
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
Total
478
129
28
23
23
18
12
11
9
7
6
4
2
1
1
18
3
1
3
777
NB Two porpoises examined at post-mortem in the Isle of Man (one each in 2005 and 2006) are not shown in the above table
Table 4 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and
basking sharks in England (2005-2010)
Species
Number
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)
Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
Total
161
99
12
8
8
5
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
7
1
1
315
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Table 5 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and
basking sharks in Scotland (2005-2010)
Species
Number
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
Total
200
14
24
15
8
6
6
6
5
5
3
2
1
1
3
1
2
302
Table 6 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in
Wales (2005-2010)
Species
Number
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
Total
113
16
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
8
1
154
Table 7 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in
Northern Ireland (2005-2010)
Species
Number
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
2
1
Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
1
Total
4
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Table 8 Causes of death of cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks examined at post
mortem in the UK (2005-2010)
Species
Cause of death category
Harbour porpoise
Starvation
Bottlenose Dolphin Attack
By-catch
Pneumonia, Parasitic
Starvation (neonate)
Live Stranding
Physical trauma (unidentified cause)
Gastritis &/or Enteritis
Generalised Bacterial Infection
Pneumonia, Parasitic and Bacterial
Dystocia &/or Stillborn
Others
Pneumonia, Parasitic and Mycotic
By-catch (known)
Physical Trauma, Boat/Ship Strike
Pneumonia, Bacterial
(Meningo)encephalitis
Generalised Mycotic Infection
Pneumonia, Bacterial and Mycotic
Pneumonia, Mycotic
Pneumonia, Unknown Aetiology
Not Established
No.
85
79
71
48
32
28
22
21
19
17
7
6
5
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
21
Short-beaked common dolphin
By-catch
Live Stranding
Starvation
(Meningo)encephalitis
Physical Trauma (unidentified cause)
Gastritis &/or Enteritis
Others
Physical Trauma, Boat/Ship Strike
Generalised Bacterial Infection
By-catch (known)
Starvation (neonate)
Not Established
46
37
10
6
4
4
4
3
2
1
1
11
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Live Stranding
Generalised Bacterial Infection
(Meningo) encephalitis
Starvation
Others
14
7
4
2
1
Striped dolphin
Live Stranding
Starvation
(Meningo)encephalitis
By-catch
Gastritis &/or Enteritis
Generalised Bacterial Infection
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Others
Not Established
8
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
White-beaked dolphin
Live Stranding
Starvation
By-catch
Others
(Meningo) encephalitis
Dystocia &/or Stillborn
Starvation (neonate)
Pneumonia, Parasitic and Mycotic
Not Established
11
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
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Species
Cause of death category
Bottlenose dolphin
Pneumonia, Parasitic
By-catch
Generalised Bacterial Infection
Neonatal death
Starvation
Others
Not Established
No.
3
2
2
1
1
1
8
Northern bottlenose whale
Live Stranding
(Meningo) encephalitis
Starvation
Not Established
8
1
1
2
Minke whale
Entanglement
Live Stranding
Starvation
Physical Trauma, Boat/Ship Strike
Not Established
3
3
2
1
2
Risso’s dolphin
Live Stranding
Starvation
By-catch
Gas Embolism
Dystocia &/or Stillborn
Starvation (neonate)
3
2
1
1
1
1
Sowerby’s beaked whale
Live Stranding
Physical Trauma (unidentified cause)
Starvation
(Meningo) encephalitis
4
1
1
1
Long-finned pilot whale
Live Stranding
Generalised Bacterial Infection
Others
Not Established
3
1
1
1
Sperm whale
Live Stranding
Starvation
3
1
Humpback whale
Starvation
2
Cuvier’s beaked whale
Not Established
1
Fin whale
Entanglement
1
Loggerhead turtle
Cold Stunned
Generalised Bacterial Infection
Pneumonia, Unknown Aetiology
Not Established
Leatherback turtle
Physical Trauma (unidentified cause)
Not Established
1
2
Kemp’s ridley turtle
Cold Stunned
1
Basking shark
Live Stranding
(Meningo) encephalitis
Generalised Bacterial Infection
1
1
1
13
1
1
3
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6.1
Spatial distribution of cetacean cause of death categories (2005-2010)
Figure 26 Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings
examined at post mortem 2005-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of;
a) infectious disease (n=163);
b) starvation (n=149, includes 34 neonates);
c) by-catch (n=124);
d) live stranding (n=122);
e) violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins (n=79)
Key
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Key
Spatial distributions of the five main cause of death categories (infectious disease, starvation,
by-catch, live-stranding and attack from bottlenose dolphins) for 2005-2010 are given in the
preceding figures (Figures 26a-26d).
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7
Trends in selected causes of death (1991-2010)
The following section describes trends in five of the most common cause of death categories in
the 2756 stranded cetaceans examined at post-mortem by the CSIP during the 20 year period
1991-2010. Data from 1990 has been excluded from this analysis, as funding for post-mortem
examinations began in September 1990, giving an incomplete year of data. Known by-caught
animals have also been excluded from this section.
7.1
By-catch
Between 1991 and 2010, 596 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died as a result of incidental
entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch). Highest numbers were recorded in harbour porpoises
(n=292) and short-beaked common dolphins (n=275) examined at post-mortem, although
proportionally more of the latter were diagnosed as by-catch (Table 9). The spatial distribution
of by-caught animals in the UK is shown in Figure 31a. The inter-annual variation in numbers of
by-caught harbour porpoises and short-beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and
29 respectively, with annual proportions of by-catch given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. Bycatch has been a consistent finding in each species during the period of study, although
numbers and the relative annual proportion appear to have declined slightly in recent years.
7.2
Infectious Disease
Between 1991 and 2010, 496 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died as a result of infectious
disease. The highest number of cases was recorded in harbour porpoises (n=397) with much
lower numbers in the more pelagic species (Table 9). The spatial distribution of infectious
disease cases is shown in Figure 31b. The inter-annual variation in infectious disease in
stranded harbour porpoises and short-beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and
29 respectively, with annual proportions given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. Infectious
disease mortality has been a consistent finding in harbour porpoises during the period of study
and an increasing trend in the annual proportion of cases is noted.
7.3
Live stranding
Between 1991 and 2010, 354 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died as a consequence of live
stranding (Table 11). The highest number of cases was recorded in short-beaked common
dolphins (n=96). Proportionally higher levels were diagnosed in the pelagic/deep diving species,
contrasting with proportionally lower levels of live stranding cases seen in the more coastal
species like harbour porpoises and bottlenose dolphins (Table 12). The spatial distribution of
live stranding cases is shown in Figure 31c. The inter-annual variation in live stranding in
stranded harbour porpoises and short-beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and
29 respectively, with annual proportions given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. The high
number/proportion of live stranded short-beaked common dolphins in 2008 was a result of
mortality during the mass stranding event in Cornwall on 9 June 2008 (Jepson and Deaville
2009).
7.4
Starvation
Between 1991 and 2010, 339 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died from starvation (Table
12). Of these, 109 were starved neonates, comprising 103 harbour porpoises, three whitebeaked dolphins, two short beaked common dolphins and one Risso’s dolphin. The highest
number of cases was recorded in harbour porpoises (n=260) with much lower numbers in the
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more pelagic species (Table 12). The spatial distribution of starvation cases is shown in Figure
31d. The inter-annual variation in diagnosed starvation in stranded harbour porpoises and shortbeaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and 29 respectively, with annual proportions
given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. A distinct increasing trend in the annual proportion of
stranded harbour porpoises diagnosed to have died from starvation is noted.
7.5
Bottlenose dolphin attack
Between 1991 and 2010, 323 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died following fatal
interactions with one or more bottlenose dolphins. Of these, 318 were harbour porpoises and
five were neonate bottlenose dolphins (evidence of infanticide). The spatial distribution of these
cases is shown in Figure 31e. The inter-annual variation of stranded harbour porpoises
diagnosed as bottlenose dolphin attack cases is shown in Figure 27, with annual proportions
given in Figure 28. A slight increasing trend over the 1991-2010 period is noted.
Table 9 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed as by-catch (1991-2010)
Species
Harbour porpoise
Short-beaked common dolphin
Striped dolphin
White-beaked dolphin
Risso's dolphin
Bottlenose dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Long-finned pilot whale
Total
Number
292
275
8
7
6
4
3
1
596
PMEs
1692
537
110
84
35
63
84
33
Proportion
17%
51%
7%
8%
17%
6%
4%
3%
NB PME’s- post mortem examinations
Table 10 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a result of infectious disease (1991-2010)
Species
Harbour porpoise
Short-beaked common dolphin
Striped dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Bottlenose dolphin
Risso's dolphin
Long-finned pilot whale
Killer whale
Northern bottlenose whale
Sowerby's beaked whale
White-beaked dolphin
Total
Number
397
35
20
18
8
4
2
1
1
1
9
496
PMEs
1692
537
110
84
63
35
33
5
15
23
84
Proportion
23%
7%
18%
21%
13%
11%
6%
20%
7%
4%
11%
NB PME’s- post mortem examinations
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Table 11 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a consequence of live stranding (19912010)
Species
Short-beaked common dolphin
Harbour porpoise
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Striped dolphin
White-beaked dolphin
Long-finned pilot whale
Sowerby's beaked whale
Sperm whale
Northern bottlenose whale
Minke whale
Bottlenose dolphin
Risso's dolphin
Pygmy sperm whale
Fin whale
Killer whale
Total
Number
96
63
45
37
27
22
17
14
10
7
5
5
3
2
1
354
PMEs
537
1692
84
110
84
33
23
17
15
43
63
35
4
5
5
Proportion
18%
4%
54%
34%
32%
67%
74%
82%
67%
16%
8%
14%
75%
40%
20%
NB PME’s- post mortem examinations
Table 12 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died from starvation (1991-2010)
Species
Harbour porpoise
Short-beaked common dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Striped dolphin
White-beaked dolphin
Minke whale
Risso's dolphin
Humpback whale
Bottlenose dolphin
Killer whale
Long-finned pilot whale
Sperm whale
Cuvier's beaked whale
Northern bottlenose whale
Sowerby's beaked whale
Total
Number
260
21
12
12
11
6
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
339
PMEs
1692
537
84
110
84
43
35
3
63
5
33
17
2
15
23
Proportion
15%
4%
14%
11%
13%
14%
14%
100%
3%
40%
3%
6%
50%
7%
4%
NB PME’s- post mortem examinations
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180
160
140
Number
120
Others
Live Stranding
BND kills
Starvation
Infectious Disease
Bycatch
100
80
60
40
20
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
0
Year
Figure 27 Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises examined at
post-mortem (1991-2010)
100%
90%
80%
Proportion
70%
Others
Live Stranding
BND kills
Starvation
Infectious Disease
Bycatch
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
20
09
20
07
20
05
20
03
20
01
19
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
0%
Year
Figure 28 Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises examined at
post-mortem (1991-2010)
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50
45
40
35
Others
Live Stranding
Starvation
Infectious Disease
Bycatch
Number
30
25
20
15
10
5
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
0
Year
Figure 29 Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common dolphins
examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)
100%
90%
80%
Proportion
70%
Others
Live Stranding
Starvation
Infectious Disease
Bycatch
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
20
09
20
07
20
05
20
03
20
01
19
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
0%
Year
Figure 30 Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common dolphins
examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)
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Figure 31 Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings
examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed
to have died as a result of;
a) by-catch (n=596);
b) infectious disease (n=496);
c) live stranding (n=354);
(overleaf)
d) starvation (n=339, includes 109 neonates);
e) violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins
(n=323)
Key
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Key
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
8
Specific Research Activity (2005-2010)
The following sections describe collaborative research activity conducted during the period of
this report.
8. 1
Research on pollutant exposure and potential toxic effects
Introduction
Many cetaceans are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic contaminants mainly through their
diet. Top predators are at particular risk from biomagnification of contaminants through the food
chain. Most research has focussed on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their
greater abundance and likely toxicity. This group of chemicals includes the organohalogenated
compounds
(such
as
the
polychlorinated
biphenyls
PCBs),
the
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), chlordane, toxaphene, the cyclodienes (such as aldrin and dieldrin),
and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs). The main significance of these compounds for marine
mammals is that:
•
•
•
•
•
•
they are highly lipophilic and hydrophobic.
they bioaccumulate sometimes to high concentrations in lipid-rich tissues like marine
mammal blubber.
they are present as many different isomers and congeners, and comprise hundreds of
different chemical formulations which may have different behaviours and toxicities.
they are chemically very stable and persistent, many compounds being resistant to
metabolic degradation.
they have reproductive and immunosuppressive effects, and many are ‘endocrine
disrupters’ - acting as hormone agonists or antagonists.
animals are exposed to complex mixtures of compounds that may have additive or
synergistic effects on various target organs and systems.
Many factors can affect the occurrence and distribution of POPs in marine mammals including
diet, foraging strategy, age, species, sex, and nutritional condition (Aguilar et al. 1999). This is
particularly the case for animals that do not feed during the breeding season and adult females
that can offload a large proportion of their contaminant burdens to their offspring (Debier et al.
2003).
The production of PCBs and DDTs has been limited or completely banned since 1970s in most
developed countries (1981 for full PCBs ban in the UK). Nearly 97% of the historical use of
PCBs was estimated to have occurred in the Northern Hemisphere (Breivik et al. 2007) and only
30% of the produced PCBs have dispersed in the environment (Tanabe et al., 1988). PCBs
have an environmental half-life of 20–40 years but are declining only very slowly in most
ecosystems globally (Erickson, 1986). Several factors including improper storage, accidental
release, inadequate disposal and ongoing use in materials and products contribute to its
continuing presence in the environment (Tanabe et al., 1994; Aguilar et al., 2002; Breivik et al.,
2007). Predictions of global trends in PCBs suggest that PCB levels will not decline until around
2050 onwards (Breivik et al. 2007). The use of PCBs was banned progressively from open and
closed uses in the UK, beginning in 1981.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) comprise three technical products, known as the
penta-mix, octa-mix and deca-mix formulations, of different degrees of bromination. The
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structure of PBDEs is similar to that of PCBs, and 209 congeners are possible in both cases.
The penta- and octa-mix products were withdrawn from the European market prior to August
2004 and the deca-mix product was banned from use in electrical and electronic goods within
the EU from July 2008. Newer POPs such as the polybrominated diethylethers (PBDEs),
hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) used as flame
retardants are now found in the blubber of seals and cetaceans from UK and other waters
raising concerns about their potential for toxic effects (Allchin et al. 1999). HBCD has been
subject to an EU risk assessment of continued production and use, and currently no restrictions
have been placed upon that compound. The deca-product mixture is still in use, whilst the penta
and octa- mixtures containing the lower brominated compounds (de Wit 2002) have been
banned in Europe.
UK contaminant exposure trends and health effects
Methods
Analyses of chemical contaminants in blubber/liver samples from UK stranded cetaceans were
conducted using internationally standardised methodologies (e.g. Law et al 2006c; Law et al
2010a; Law et al 2010b) The results of these temporal trend assessments have been published
in the scientific literature (Law et al. 2008a; Law et al. 2010a; Law et al. 2010b). In studying
possible time-trends for CBs, data were available for harbour porpoises (n=440) (Figure 1),
bottlenose dolphins (n=15) (Figure 2) and killer whales (n=5) during 1991-2005. In this case,
the same suite of 25 CB congeners (Σ25CBs) was determined throughout the study period,
comprising CB18, CB28, CB31, CB44, CB47, CB49, CB52, CB66, CB101, CB105, CB110,
CB118, CB128, CB138, CB141, CB149, CB151, CB153, CB156, CB158, CB170, CB180,
CB183, CB187 and CB194 (Law 2006).
Results
This study showed Σ25CBs concentrations in UK harbour porpoises are declining only slowly in
the 1990s and levelled off in the 2000s as a result of a ban on the use of PCBs which began
more than two decades ago (Law et al 2010a). This decline was much slower than that
observed for organochlorine (OC) pesticides (such as DDTs and dieldrin). There are also
regional differences in PCBs and OC pesticide levels within UK waters (lower levels in Scotland,
Figure 32), possibly reflecting differences in diffuse inputs and transfer between regions, e.g. via
the atmosphere.
A similar decline in PCB levels was found in a group of common dolphins that mass stranded in
the UK in 2008, as compared to levels of stranded common dolphins in the same geographic
region from the early 1990s (Jepson and Deaville 2009). The reason for the slow decline in PCB
levels is likely due to both continuing diffuse inputs (e.g. from PCB-containing materials in
storage and in landfills where these were disposed of prior to the more stringent requirements
for such sites being enacted) and to the substantial reservoir of PCBs already in the marine
environment. Further efforts to limit or eliminate PCB discharges to the marine environment are
still needed.
PCB exposure data also exist for UK-stranded bottlenose dolphins (n=15) and killer whales
(n=5) for the same period (1991-2005). The mean level for PCBs in UK-stranded bottlenose
dolphins was almost 100,000ng/g lipid weight (Jepson et al 2008) and 225,000ng/g lipid weight
for the killer whales (Law 2006c; CEFAS unpublished data). Although these data are from
stranded animals, they show that PCB exposures are similar or greater than levels in biopsied
bottlenose dolphins in the SW Atlantic such as Indian River Lagoon (Florida, US), Sarasota Bay
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(Florida, US) and Charleston (North Carolina, US) (Schwacke et al 2002; Wells et al 2005; Hall
et al 2006b; Fair et al 2010). PCB blubber levels in UK-stranded killer whales are also similar to
the very highest PCB levels recorded in adult transient male killer whales blubber in British
Columbia, Canada (Ross et al 2000; McHugh et al. 2007).
Figure 32 Sum 25 PCB congeners in UK stranded harbour porpoises (1989-2005, Kernel smoothed density
gradient)
One particular flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was found at relative high
levels in the blubber of harbour porpoise stranded along the Irish Sea coast, where levels were an
order of magnitude higher (~3 µg g-1 lipid) than elsewhere except the north-west coast of Scotland
where levels were ~5 µg/g lipid (Zegers et al. 2005). In the period 1994-2003, a sharp increase in
concentrations of HBCD in porpoise blubber from about 2001 onwards was also reported in UKstranded harbour porpoises (Law et al. 2006a). The maximum HBCD concentrations observed
was 21.4 mgkg-1 lipid wt in a porpoise which died in 2003. A further study of UK-stranded
harbour porpoises (n=223) showed a statistically significant decrease in HBCD levels between
2003 and 2004 that continued to 2006 (Law et al. 2008a). Possible contributory factors to the
observed decrease include the closure in 2003 of an HBCD manufacturing plant in NE England
which had considerable emissions up to 2003, and the closure in 2002 of a plant in NW England
using HBCD in the manufacture of expanded polystyrene. Two voluntary schemes intended to
reduce emissions of HBCD to the environment from industry may also have had some impact,
though they did not, however, formally begin until 2006.
For the investigation of PBDE time-trends, data were available for 415 porpoises necropsied
between 1992 and 2008. Nine congeners were determined throughout and the sum of the
concentrations of these was used for the time-trend assessment. The congeners were: BDE28,
BDE47, BDE66, BDE85, BDE99, BDE100, BDE138, BDE153 and BDE154. The maximum
summed PBDE concentration observed was 15.7 mgkg-1 lipid wt in an animal which died in
1993. The analysis indicates that the median concentrations peaked around 1998, and have
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reduced by between 55% and 76% in 2008. The best point estimate is 66% (p < 0.001). This
finding was not confounded by a range of other factors which were also considered (area,
season, nutritional status, by-caught/stranded and age class) (Law et al 2010b). The PBDE
congeners found in UK marine mammals arise primarily from the penta-mix PBDE product,
which was banned in the EU in 2004, but this ban was widely foreseen and it is likely that
removal of the product from the market and a switch to alternatives had begun before that date.
Perfluorinated organochemicals
Perfluorinated organic compounds are widely used in the manufacture of plastics, electronics,
textile and construction materials in the garment, leather and upholstery industries. Recent
studies have also found perfluorinated organochemicals (FOCs) in the tissues of marine
mammals. In UK waters, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations from <16 to 2420
ng/g wet weight were detected in harbour porpoise livers but perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
levels were not detected (Law et al. 2008b)
Figure 33. Ln Σ25CB (the natural logarithm of the sum of 25 PCB congeners determined) concentrations on a lipid
basis by year for 440 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the UK from 1991-2005 (based on Law
et al. 2010a).
Conclusions
Potential effects of PCBs in individual harbour porpoises in European waters have been
identified including immunosuppression (Beineke et al 2005) and mortality due to infectious
disease (Jepson et al 2005; Hall et al 2006a). Similar or even higher PCB levels have been
recorded in stranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales in UK waters (Jepson et al 2008,
ICES 2010). These PCB levels greatly exceed those associated with infectious disease
mortality in case-control studies on UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Jepson et al 2005; Hall et
al 2006a). It is difficult to obtain sufficient samples sizes to conduct case-control studies in
bottlenose dolphins or killer whales, partly because stranding rates of both these species are
low. There are only a few north-east Atlantic regions where bottlenose dolphin or killer whale
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population estimates are sufficiently robust to detect small population level changes that might
be attributed to contaminants or other drivers.
mean summed 25CBs (mg/kg lipid wt)
Although there is a scarcity of data on PCB levels from stranded or biopsied killer whales, the
few studies that have been conducted show extremely high levels in killer whales in North-east
Atlantic, Arctic waters (Law 2006c, McHugh et al. 2007, Wolkers et al. 2007) and British
Columbia, Canada (Ross et al. 2000), which typically exceed proposed thresholds for PCB
toxicity (Kannan et al 2000; Jepson et al 2005). Most killer whale populations that have been
assessed for abundance and population trends (mainly in the Pacific) are stable or declining
(e.g. COSEWIC 2008). PCB levels in killer whales in North-east Atlantic are likely to exceed
levels in conspecifics in the Pacific (ICES 2010) and any population level declines in killer
whales in the NE Atlantic region are unlikely to be detected by current abundance survey
efforts.
160
n=15
140
120
100
80
60
40
n=182
n=276
20
0
Trauma
Inf. Disease
25
90
Harbour porpoise
Bottlenose dolphin
2
Figure 34. Comparison of mean summed 25CBs concentrations in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (trauma and
infectious disease cases) and bottlenose dolphins (1991-2005). Bars=2SE. Taken from 2010 annual report for
ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (ICES 2010).
Given the concerns about high PCB levels, ASCOBANS funded IoZ to co-ordinate a project to
assess PCB exposure in stranded bottlenose dolphins in European waters (Project ref:
SSFA/ASCOBANS/2010/3). The final report to the ASCOBANS Secretariat on this project is
due in July 2012.
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8. 2
Gas and fat embolic lesions (1990-2010)
In the UK, 14/2897 stranded or by-caught cetaceans necropsied between 1990 and 2010 had
acute or acute and chronic gas embolic lesions comprising 5/553 short-beaked common
dolphins (Delphinus delphis), 5/36 Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), 2/1812 harbour
porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), 1/23 Sowerby’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) and 1/1
Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). Some of these cases have been published
previously (Jepson et al 2003; Jepson et al 2005). The most striking lesions in these cases
were gas-filled fibrous cavitary lesions (0.2-6.0 cm diameter) in the liver in common dolphins
(n=5), Risso’s dolphins (n=5), harbour porpoises (n=2) and the Blainville’s beaked whale and
massive gas distension of the spleen in Risso’s dolphin (n=1, Plates 6). Histopathological
examination showed acute lesions such as haemorrhage, fibrin thrombi and acute coagulative
necrosis associated with intra-vascular gas bubbles (typically 50-750 μm diameter) and chronic
lesions such as variable degrees of peri-cavitary fibrosis.
Multiple mass stranding events (MSEs) predominantly involving beaked whales have been
linked to naval exercises (using high-intensity mid-frequency sonars) (Frantzis 1998; Jepson et
al 2003; Cox et al 2006; Tyack et al 2011). In the Canary Islands, Spain in 2002 a beaked
whale MSE linked to mid-frequency naval sonar had acute micro-haemorrhages in widely
disseminated lipid-rich tissues and appearance of gas and fat emboli (Jepson et al 2003;
Fernandez et al 2005). Fat emboli were also determined in both UK and Spanish cases by OilRed-O and osmium post-fixation techniques (Jepson et al 2003; Fernandez et al 2005). A type
of cetacean decompression sickness has been proposed as the most likely pathogenetic
mechanism for gas and fat emboli formation, possibly involving acoustically-induced
behavioural changes to dive profiles causing excessive nitrogen supersaturation in tissues on
ascent (Jepson et al 2003; Fernandez et al 2005; Jepson et al 2005). Acute and chronic gas
and fat embolic lesions likely represent different stages of the same pathogenetic mechanism
and may share similar causal or contributory factors. Further research is ongoing to improve
detection of gas and fat emboli in stranded cetaceans and to investigate the gaseous
constituents of bubbles.
8.3
Summary of additional (peer reviewed) research activity 2005-2011
Collaborative research activity has resulted in a range of additional peer-reviewed scientific
publications between 2005 and 2010 (listed in Section 9.1). Some of these publications are
summarised here.
Anatomy
Teeth samples from the CSIP archive have enabled studies of the dentine in cetacean teeth
(used for age determination of animals) (Luque et al 2009a; Luque et al 2009b). Cetacean
samples from CSIP have also contributed to studies on the evolution of asymmetry in cetacean
skulls (MacLeod et al 2007) and genetic research on the evolutionary development of the
cetacean flipper (Wang et al 2009).
Distribution, Abundance and Population Structure
Data and tissue samples from the UK CSIP were utilized in two studies of stable isotopes in
sperm whale teeth and correlated with spatial distribution and sex (Mendes et al 2007a) and
trophic level (Mendes et al 2007b). A study of killer whales including samples from the UK
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highlighted genetic variation between NE Atlantic killer whale populations (Foote et al 2010). A
second study showed ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North
Atlantic killer whale populations (Foote et al 2009). In common dolphins in NE Atlantic,
taxonomic status and geographical cranial variation were investigated (Murphy et al 2006)
together with a range of biological parameters for assessing the current status the short-beaked
common dolphin (Murphy et al 2009). Over a longer (evolutionary) timescale, the influence of
glacial epochs and habitat dependence were investigated on the diversity and phylogeography
of a coastal dolphin species (the white-beaked dolphin) (Banguera-Hinestroza et al 2010).
Dietary Studies
As in previous years, a range of dietary studies have been conducted at Aberdeen University
using samples collected from cetaceans stranded in Scotland. Analyses and identification of
prey species from the stomachs of stranded white-beaked dolphins (Canning et al 2008),
toothed whales (MacLeod et al 2006), pygmy sperm whales (Santos et al 2006) and striped
dolphins (Santos et al 2008). Sandeel abundance in waters around Scotland has also been
tentatively linked to starvation cases in stranded harbour porpoises and to the potential effects
of climate change, albeit with a very small sample size (MacLeod et al 2007, Thompson et al
2007).
Microbiology
Several studies have been conducted on marine mammal Brucellae utilising UK samples and
data including a study of Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. strains that
have cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts (Foster et al 2007). A further study of 295
marine mammal Brucella isolates from different animal and geographic origins identified seven
major groups within Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis (Maquart et al 2009). High
exposure to, and infection with, Brucella ceti has been shown in eight bottlenose dolphins in
South-west England (Davison et al, in press). Brucellosis case reports have also been
published for a bottlenose dolphin (Dawson et al 2006), an Atlantic white-sided dolphin
(Dagleish et al 2007), a striped dolphin (Davison et al 2009) and a harbour porpoise (Dagleish
et al 2008).
A review of monophasic Salmonella group B in cetaceans stranded between 1990-2002 in
England and Wales was conducted (Valderrama et al 2008). The organism was only found in
harbour porpoises and appeared to be highly host-adapted. The prevalence of a similar hostadapted group B Salmonella enterica was also studied in harbour porpoises from the southwest coast of England (Davison et al 2010). The epidemiological relationship Streptococcus
equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals
(Halichoerus grypus) of various origins of the North Sea in the period from 1988 to 2005
(Akineden et al 2007).
Finally, three UK-stranded aspergillosis case reports were reported. These included a fatal
mycotic encephalitis in a northern bottlenose whale caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (Dagleish
et al 2008), an intracranial granuloma caused by asporogenic Aspergillus fumigatus in a
harbour porpoise (Dagleish et al 2006) and aspergillosis in the middle ear of a harbour porpoise
(Prahl et al 2010).
Pathology
Data and samples from UK stranded cetaceans have contributed to a global review of emerging
infectious diseases and the potential influence of environmental stressors (Van Bressem et al
2009a). More specifically, UK strandings and pathology data contributed to a global review of
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“tattoo-disease” caused by cetacean pox virus. Within the UK, traumatic injuries consistent
with fatal attack from bottlenose dolphins have been reported for harbour porpoises (Ross and
Wilson 1996, Jepson and Baker 1998) and as infanticide within bottlenose dolphins in Scotland
(Patterson et al 1998). More recently, injuries consistent with potentially lethal attack from
bottlenose dolphins have been found in other dolphin species including the striped dolphin,
common dolphin and Risso’s dolphin that stranded in southwest England (Barnett et al 2009).
A harbour porpoise case report provided the first evidence of true hermaphroditism (ovotestis)
in cetacean (Murphy et al 2010a). Following the inclusion of the recording and examination of
basking shark strandings within the UK CSIP remit in 2007, a case report describing a
pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis in a Scottish stranded basking shark (Cetorhinus
maximus) has now been published (Dagleish et al 2010).
Potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans
The discovery of acute and chronic gas and fat embolic pathology in cetaceans, including in a
mass stranding of beaked whales in the Canary Islands in 2002 linked to a military exercise
using mid-frequency active sonar, has challenged the conventional wisdom about adaptations
of some deep-diving species of marine mammals, including the avoidance of hyperbaric
conditions like decompression sickness (DCS) or “the bends” (Jepson et al. 2003; Fernandez et
al. 2005). The findings also suggest a potential new mechanism for the phenomenon of mass
cetacean strandings (mainly involving beaked whales) that potentially involves an acousticallyinduced behavioural change to dive profiles causing excessive tissue nitrogen supersaturation
leading to a DCS-like condition (Jepson et al. 2003; Fernandez et al. 2005). The single-stranded
cases of acute and chronic gas and fat embolism in UK-stranded cetaceans provide definitive
evidence of gas embolic pathology in cetaceans and are described elsewhere in this report (see
also Jepson et al. 2005b). The potential mechanistic role of gas and fat embolism in beaked
whale mass strandings has gained additional scientific support (Cox et al 2006; Rommel et al.
2006) but further research is needed to understand the behavioural, anatomical, physiological,
environmental and gas kinetic factors that may underpin the development and persistence of
gas emboli in cetaceans.
Theoretical Biology
In UK waters harbour porpoises are killed but not eaten by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus). Using UK strandings data, one study showed that in regions where high levels of
bottlenose dolphin attacks on harbour porpoises occur (east coast of Scotland), the porpoises
carry significantly less energy reserves than would otherwise be expected. This was estimated
to reduce (by approx. 37%) the length of time that a porpoise could survive without feeding.
These results provide the first statistical correlation potentially in support of a “mass-dependent
starvation–predation risk” trade-off may be a general ecological principle applying to widely
different animal types and not just small birds (MacLeod et al 2007).
Toxicology
Trends in exposure to some persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) have been described earlier in this report (Section 8.1). However, additional studies
have shown high or very high blubber PCB levels associated with Brucella ceti infection in
stranded bottlenose dolphins in south-west England (Davison et al, in press). Statistical
associations between high PCB exposure and high parasite burdens have also been found in
UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Bull et al 2006). These studies support earlier links between
high PCBs and infectious disease mortality in large sample of UK-stranded harbour porpoises
(Jepson et al 2005a; Hall et al 2006a).
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Samples from UK-stranded cetaceans have also contributed to pan-European studies of
persistent organic pollutant bioaccumulation in female common dolphins and harbour porpoises
from western European seas in relation to geographical trends, causal factors and effects on
reproduction and mortality (Pierce et al 2008). Samples have also supported the investigation
of the biological and ecological factors related to trace element levels in harbour porpoises from
European waters (Lahaye et al 2007) and to an assessment of the effect of persistent organic
pollutants on reproductive parameters in small cetaceans in the eastern North Atlantic (Murphy
et al 2010b). Finally, a pan-European study investigated potential links between thyroid
histopathology and environmental factors including chemical pollutants in stranded harbour
porpoises (Schnitzler et al 2008).
9
Collaborations and outputs
9.1 Peer-reviewed Scientific Publications (2005 - 2010)
The following 69 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals have been generated using
data or tissue samples derived from the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme
between 2005 and 2010. A full list of all publications produced between 1990 and 2010 can be
found at http://ukstrandings.org/CSIP_publications.pdf .
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Akineden, Ö. Alber, J., Lämmler, C., Weiss, R., Siebert, U., Foster, G., Tougaard, S., Brasseur, S.M.J.M. and Reijnders,
P.J.H. (2007) Epidemiological relationship of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from harbour seals
(Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) of various origins of the North Sea in the period from 1988 to 2005.
Veterinary Microbiology 121:158-162.
Banguera-Hinestroza, E., Bjorge, A., Reid, R.J., Jepson, P. and Hoelzel, A.R. (2010) The influence of glacial epochs and
habitat dependence on the diversity and phylogeography of a coastal dolphin species: Lagenorhynchus albirostris.
Conservation Genetics 11: 1823-1836. DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0075-y
Barley, J., Foster, G., Reid, R., Dagleish, M., and Howie, F. (2007) Encephalitis in a northern bottlenose whale. Veterinary
Record 160:452 (letter).
Barnett, J., Davison, N., Deaville, R, Monies, R., Loveridge, J., Tregenza, N. & Jepson, P.D. (2009) Post mortem evidence
of interactions of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with other dolphin species in south-west England. Veterinary
Record 165, 441-444.
Boyd, I., Brownell, B., Cato, D., Clarke, C., Costa, D., Evans, P., Gedanke, J., Gentry, R., Gisiner, B., Gordon, J., Jepson,
P., Miller, P., Rendell, L., Tasker, M., Tyack, P., Vos, E., Whitehead, H., Wartzok, D. and Zimmer, W. (2008) The effects of
anthropogenic sound on marine mammals. A draft research strategy. European Science Foundation. Position Paper 13.
(http://www.esf.org/index.php?eID=tx_ccdamdl_file&p[file]=19340&p[dl]=1&p[pid]=1437&p[site]=European%20Science%20
Foundation&p[t]=1238082970&hash=9a7b6b4d017d4808ef46cad1edd7ad9b&l=en)
Bull, J.C., Jepson, P.D., Ssuna, R.K., Deaville, R. & Fenton, A. (2006) The relationship between Polychlorinated Biphenyls
in blubber and levels of nematode infestations in harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena. Parasitology
(doi:10.1017/S003118200500942X)
Canning, S.J., Begona Santos, M., Reid, R.J., Evans, P.G.H., Sabin, R.C., Bailey, N., Pierce, G.J. (2008) Seasonal
distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat
use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2008, 88(6), 1159-1166.
Cox, T.M., T.J. Ragen, A.J. Read, E. Vos, R.W. Baird, K. Balcomb, J. Barlow, J. Caldwell, T. Cranford, L. Crum, A.
D’Amico, G. D’Spain, A. Fernández, J. Finneran, R. Gentry, W. Gerth, F. Gulland, J. Hildebrand, D. Houser, T. Hullar, P.D.
Jepson, D. Ketten, C.D. MacLeod, P. Miller, S. Moore, D. Mountain, D. Palka, P. Ponganis, S. Rommel, T. Rowles, B.
Taylor, P. Tyack, D. Wartzok, R. Gisiner, J. Mead, L. Benner. (2006) Understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound
on beaked whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management (7: 177-187).
Dagleish, M. P., Patterson, I. A. P., Foster, G., Reid, R. J., Linton, C. and Buxton, D. (2006) Intracranial granuloma caused
by asporogenic Aspergillus fumigatus in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Veterinary Record 159:458-460.
Dagleish, M., Barley, J., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J., Herman, J. and Foster, G., (2007) Isolation of Brucella species from a
diseased atlanto-occipital joint of an Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus). Veterinary Record 160:876-877.
Dagleish, M., Barley, J., Finlayson, J., Reid, R. J. and Foster, G. (2008) Brucella ceti associated pathology in the testicle of
a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Comparative Pathology 139:54-59
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Dagleish, M., Foster, G., Howie, F. E., Reid, R. J. and Barley, J (2008) Fatal mycotic encephalitis in a Northern bottlenose
whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Veterinary Record 163:602-604
Dagleish, M.P., Baily, J.L., Reid, R.J. and Barley, J. (2010) The first report of disease in a basking shark (Cetorhinus
maximus). J. Comp. Path. 143, 284-288
Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, C.E., Deaville, R., Stubberfield, E.J., Jarvis, D.S. and Jepson, P.D.
(2009) Meningoencephalitis associated with Brucella species in a live-stranded striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in
south-west England. Veterinary Record 165, 86-89.
Davison, N.J., Simpson, V.R., Chappell, S., Monies, R.J., Stubberfield, E.J., Koylass, M., Quinney, S., Deaville, R.,
Whatmore, A.M. and Jepson, P.D. (2010) Prevalence of a host-adapted group B Salmonella enterica in harbour porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) from the south-west coast of England. Veterinary Record 167, 173-176
Dawson C.E., Perrett L.L., Young E.J., Davison N.J., Monies R.J. (2006) Isolation of Brucella from a bottlenose dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus) Veterinary Record 158:831-832
Dawson, C.E., Perrett, L.L., Stubberfield, E.J., Stack, J.A., Farrelly, S.S.J., Cooley, W.A., Davison, N.J. and Quinney, S.
(2008) Isolation and characterisation of Brucella from the lungworms of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal
of Wildlife Disease 44(2): 237-246
Dawson, C.E., Stubberfield, E.J., Perrett, L.L., King, A.C., Whatmore, A.M., Bashiruddin, J.B., Stack, J.A., and MacMillan,
A.P. (2008) Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of Brucella isolates from marine mammals. BMC Microbiology 2008,
8:224
Dolman, Sarah J., Eunice Pinn, Robert J. Reid, Jason P. Barley, Rob Deaville, Paul D. Jepson, Mick O’Connell, Simon
Berrow, Rod S. Penrose, Peter T. Stevick, Susannah Calderan, Kevin P. Robinson, Robert L. Brownell, Jr and Mark P.
Simmonds (2010) A note on the unprecedented strandings of 56 deep-diving whales along the UK and Irish coast. Marine
Biodiversity Records, 3: 1-8. doi:10.1017/S175526720999114X; Vol. 3; e16.
Foote, A.D., Newton, J., Piertny, S.B., Willerslev, E. and Gilbert, M.T.P. (2009) Ecological, morphological and genetic
divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology 18(24):5207-5217.
Foote, A.D., Vilstrup, J.T., de Stepahnis, R., Verborgh, P., Abel Nielsen, S.C., Deaville, R., Kleivane, L., Martín, V., Miller,
P.J.O., Øien, N., Perez-Gil, M., Rasmussen, M., Reid, R.J., Robertson, K.M., Rogan, E., Similä, T., Tejedor, M.L., Vester,
H., Víkingsson, G.A., Willerslev, E., Gilbert, M.T.P. and Piertney, S.B. (2010) Genetic differentiation among North Atlantic
killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04957.x
Foster, G., Osterman, B.S., Godfroid, J., Jacques, I. & Cloeckaert, A. (2007) Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella
pinnipedialis sp. nov. for Brucella strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts. International Journal of
Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57:2688-2693.
Hall, A.J., Hugunin, K., Deaville, R., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., Jepson, P.D. (2006) The risk of infection from polychlorinated
biphenyl exposure in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) – A case-control approach. Environmental Health
Perspectives 114, 704-711
Härkönen, T., Dietz, R., Reijnders, P., Teilmann, J., Thompson, P., Harding, K., Hall, A., Brasseur, S., Siebert, U.,
Goodman, S., Jepson, P.D. and Dau Rasmussen , T. (2006) Review of the seal epizootics in Europe. Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms 68: 115-130
ICES. 2010. Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME), 12-15 April 2010, Horta, The
Azores. ICES CM 2010/ACOM:24. 212 pp. (www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2010/WGMME/wgmme_final_2010)
Jepson, P.D., Bennett, P.M., Deaville, R., Allchin, C.R., Baker J.R. & Law, R.J. (2005) Relationships between PCBs and
health status in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 238–
248
Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.R., Pocknell, Ross, H.M., Baker, J.R., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J., Colloff, A. and
Cunningham, A.A. (2005) Acute and chronic gas bubble lesions in cetaceans stranded in the United Kingdom. Veterinary
Pathology 42: 291-305
Jepson, P.D., Tregenza, N. and Simmonds, M.P. (2008) Disappearing bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) – is there a
link to chemical pollution? (submitted to the 2008 Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission)
Kuiken, T., Kennedy, S., Barrett, T., van de Bildt, M.W.G., Borgsteede, F.H., Brew, S.D., Codd, G.A., Duck, C., Deaville, R.,
Eybatov, T., Forsyth, M.A., Foster, G., Jepson, P.D., Kydyrmanov, A., Mitrofanov, I., Ward, C.J., Wilson, S., and Osterhaus,
A.D.M.E. (2006) The 2000 canine distemper epidemic in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica): Pathology and analysis of
contributory factors. Veterinary Pathology 43: 321–338
Lahaye, V., Bustamante, P., Law, R.J., Learmonth, J.A., Santos, M.B., Boon, J.P., Rogan, E., Dabin, W., Addink, M.J.,
López, A., Zuur, A.F., Pierce, G.J. & Caurant, F., (2007). Biological and ecological factors related to trace element levels in
harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from European waters. Marine Environmental Research 64, 247-266.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R. and Mead, L.K. (2005). Brominated diphenyl ethers in twelve species of marine mammals stranded
in the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 356-359.
Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Wilford, B.H., Allchin, C.R. and Jepson, P.D. (2008) A significant downturn in levels of
hexabromocyclododecane in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK: an
update to 2006. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 9105-9109
Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Mead, L.K. and Jepson, P.D. (2008) PFOS and PFOA in the livers of harbour porpoises (Phocoena
phocoena) stranded or bycaught around the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56: 770-797
Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J., Jepson, P.D. (2010a) Chlorobiphenyls in the blubber of harbour
porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the UK: levels and trends 1991-2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 470-473.
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Law, R.J., Barry, J., Bersuder, P., Barber, J., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J. and Jepson, P.D. (2010b) Levels and trends of BDEs
in blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the UK, 1992 – 2008 Environmental Science & Technology 44,
4447-4451
Lawson, P. A., Foster, G., Falsen, E. and Collins, M. D. (2005) Streptococcus marimammalium sp. nov., isolated from
seals. International Journal of Systematic and Applied Microbiology 55:271-274.
Lawson, P. A., Collins, M. D., Falsen and Foster, G. (2006) Catellicoccus marimammalium gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel
Gram-positive, catalase-negative coccus-shaped bacterium from porpoise and grey seal. International Journal of
Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56:429-432.
Luque, P.L., Pierce, G.J., Learmonth, J.A., Santos, M.B., Ieno, E., Lopez, A., Reid, R.J., Rogan, E., Gonzalez, A.F., Boon,
J., Law, R.J. and Lockyer, C.H. (2009) Dentinal anomalies in teeth of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from
Scottish waters: Are they linked to sexual maturation and environmental events? Journal of the Marine Biological
Association of the UK 89(5):893-902. 2009
Luque, P.L., Learmonth, J.A., Santos, M.B., Ieno, E. & Pierce, G.J., (2009). Comparison of two histological techniques for
age determination in small cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 25, 902-919.
MacLeod, C.D., Bannon, S.M., Pierce, G.J., Schweder, C., Learmonth, J.A., Herman, J.S. and Reid, R.J. (2005) Climate
Change and the Cetacean Community of North-West Scotland. Biological Conservation 124: 477-483
MacLeod, C.D., Santos, M.B., López, A. & Pierce, G.J., (2006). Relative prey size consumption in toothed whales:
implications for prey selection and level of specialisation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 326, 295-307.
MacLeod, R., MacLeod, C.D., Learmonth, J.A., Jepson, P.D., Reid, R.J., Deaville, R., Pierce, G.J. (2007) Is too much fat
fatal? Mass-dependent predation risk and lethal dolphin-porpoise interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B
doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0786
MacLeod, C.D., Pierce, G.J. & Santos, M.B., (2007). Starvation and sandeel consumption in harbour porpoises in the
Scottish North Sea. Biology Letters 3, 535-536.
MacLeod, C.D., Reidenberg, J.S., Weller, M., Santos, M.B., Herman, J., Goold, J. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). Breaking
symmetry: the marine environment, prey size and the evolution of asymmetry in cetacean skulls. Anatomical Record 290,
539-545.
MacLeod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Reid, R.J., Scott, B. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). Linking sandeel consumption and the likelihood
of starvation in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea: could climate change mean more starving porpoises? Biology
Letters 3, 185-188.
Maquart, M., Le Fleche, P., Foster, G., Tryland, M., Ramisse, F., Djonne, B., Al Dahouk, S., Jacques, I., Neubauer, H.,
Walravens, K., Godfroid, J., Cloeckaert, A. and Vergnaud, G. (2009) MLVA-16 typing of 295 marine mammal Brucella
isolates from different animal and geographic origins identifies 7 major groups within Brucella ceti and Brucella
pinnipedialis. BMC Microbiology 9:145
Mendes, S., Newton, J., Reid, R.J., Frantzis, A. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). Stable isotope profiles in sperm whale teeth:
variations between areas and sexes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, 621-627.
Mendes, S., Newton, J., Reid, R.J., Zuur, A.F. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). δ13C and δ15N profiling of sperm whale teeth reveals
ontogenetic movements and trophic ecology. Oecologia 151, 605-615.
Murphy, S., Herman, J., Pierce, G.J., Rogan, E. & Kitchener, A., (2006). Taxonomic status and geographical cranial
variation of common dolphins (Delphinus) in the eastern north Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science 22, 573-599.
Murphy, S., Winship, A., Dabin, W., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Reid, B., Spurrier, C., Rogan, E., López, A., González, A.,
Read, F., Addink, M., Silva, M., Ridoux, V., Learmonth, J.A., Pierce, G.J. and Northridge, S. (2009) Importance of biological
parameters in assessing the current status the short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in the eastern North
Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:273-291.
Murphy, S., G.J. Pierce, R.J. Law, P. Bersuder, P.D. Jepson, J.A. Learmonth, M. Addink, W. Dabin, M.B. Santos, R.
Deaville, A.F. Zuur, B.N. Zegers, A. Mets, E. Rogan, V. Ridoux, R.J. Reid, C. Smeenk, T. Jauniaux, A. López, J.M. Alonso
Farré, A.F. González, A. Guerra, M. García-Hartmann, S.P. Northridge, C. Lockyer & J.P. Boon (2010) Assessing the
effect of persistent organic pollutants on reproductive parameters in small cetaceans in the eastern North Atlantic. J.
Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 42: 153–173
Murphy, S., Deaville, R., Monies, R.J., Davison, N. and Jepson, P.D. (2010) True hermaphroditism: First evidence of an
ovotestis in a cetacean species. Journal of Comparative Pathology doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.06.001
Pierce, G.J., Santos, M.B. & Cerviño, S., (2007). Assessing sources of variation underlying estimates of cetacean diet
composition: a simulation study on analysis of harbour porpoise diet in Scottish (UK) waters. Journal of the Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom 87, 213-221.
Pierce. G.J., Santos, M.B., Smeenk, C., Saveliev, A. & Zuur, A.F., (2007). Historical trends in the incidence of strandings of
sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) on North Sea coasts: an association with positive temperature anomalies.
Fisheries Research 87, 219-228.
Pierce, G.J., Santos, M.B., Murphy, S., Learmonth, J.A., Zuur, A.F., Rogan, E., Bustamante, P., Caurant, F., Lahaye, V.,
Ridoux, V., Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., Addink, M., Smeenk, C., Jauniaux, T., Law, R.J., Dabin, W., López, A., Alonso Farré,
J.M., González, A.F., Guerra, A., García-Hartmann, M., Reid, R.J., Moffat, C.F., Lockyer, C. & Boon, J.P., (2008).
Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in female common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and harbour porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) from western European seas: geographical trends, causal factors and effects on reproduction and
mortality. Environmental Pollution 153, 401-415.
Prahl, S., Jepson, P.D., Sanchez-Hanke, M., Deaville, R. and Siebert, U. (2010) Aspergillosis in the middle ear of a harbour
porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): report of a case. Mycoses doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01863.x
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Rommel, S.A., Costidis, A.M., Fernandez, A., Jepson, P.D., Pabst, A., McLellan, W., Houser, D.S., Cranford, T., van
Helden, A., Allen, D. and Barrows, N. (2006) Elements of Beaked Whale Anatomy and Diving Physiology, and Some
Hypothetical Causes of Sonar-related Stranding. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 7: 189-209
Santos, M.B. & Pierce, G.J., (2005). A note on niche overlap in teuthophagous whales in the Northeast Atlantic. Phuket
Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 66, 291-298.
Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., López, A., Reid, R.J., Ridoux, V. & Mente, E., (2006). Pygmy sperm whales Kogia breviceps in
the NE Atlantic: new information on stomach contents and strandings. Marine Mammal Science 22, 600-616.
Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Learmonth, J.A., Reid, R.J., Patterson, I.A.P. & Ross, H.M., (2008). Strandings of striped
dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba in Scottish waters (1992–2003) with notes on the diet of this species. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, 1175-1183.
Schnitzler, J.G.G., Siebert, U., Jepson, P.D., Beineke, A., Jauniaux, T., Bouquegneau, J-M., Das, K. (2008) Harbour
porpoise thyroids: Histological investigations and potential interactions with environmental factors. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 44, 888-901.
Valderrama, C.A., Macgregor, S.K., Rowcliffe, M and Jepson, P.D. (2008) Review of monophasic strain of Salmonella
group B isolated from cetaceans in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002. Environmental Microbiology 10(9), 24622468.
Van Bressem, M.-F., Raga, J.A., di Guardo, G., Jepson, P.D., Duignan, P., Siebert, U., Barrett, T., Oliveira Santos, M.C. de,
Moreno, I., Siciliano, S., Aguilar A. and Van Waerebeek, K. (2009) Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide
and the possible role of environmental stressors. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 86:143-157.
Van Bressem, M.-F., Van Waerebeek, K., Aznar, F.J., Raga, J.A. Jepson, P,D. Duignan, P., Deaville, R., Flach, L., Viddi,
F., Baker, J.R., Di Beneditto, A.P., Echegaray, M., Genov, T., Reyes, J., Felix, F., Gaspar, R., Ramos, R., Peddemors, V.,
Sanino, G.P.,and Siebert, U. (2009) Epidemiology pattern of tattoo skin disease: a potential general health indicator for
cetaceans? Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 85:225-237.
Wang, Z., Yuan, L., Rossiter, S.J., Zuo, X., Ru, B., Zhong, H., Han, N., Jones, G., Jepson, P.D. and Zhang, S. (2009)
Adaptive evolution of 5’ HoxD genes in the origin and diversification of the cetacean flipper. Molecular Biology and
Evolution. 26(3): 613-622
Winship, A.J., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D. Learmonth, J.A., Northridge S.P. and Hammond, P.S. (2007) Framework for
estimating the growth rate of harbour porpoise populations in the North Sea and European Atlantic using a population
model and data on abundance, life history and bycatch (submitted to the IWC Scientific Committee: Small Cetaceans Subcommittee)
Winship, A.., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D., Murphy, S., Rogan, E. and Hammond, P. (2009) Preliminary assessment and
bycatch limits for northeast Atlantic common dolphins. (submitted to the 2009 Scientific Committee of the International
Whaling Commission)
Yang, Wei-Cheng, Chou, Lien-Siang, Jepson, P.D., Brownell, R.L. Jr., Cowan, D., Chang, Pen-Heng, Chiou, Huey-Ing, Yao,
Chiuo-Ju, Yamada, Tadasu K., Chiu, Jung-To, Chin, Shih-Chien, Wang, Pao-Jung and Fernández. A. (2008) Unusual
cetacean mortality event in Taiwan: caused by naval activities? Veterinary Record 162, 184-186.
Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., Van Bommel, R., Minkenberg, C., Hamers, T., Kamstra, J.H., Pierce, G.J. & Boon, J.P., (2005).
Levels of hexabromocyclododecane in harbor porpoises and common dolphins from Western European seas, with
evidence for stereoisomer-specific biotransformation by cytochrome P450. Environmental Science and Technology 39,
2095-2100.
9.2 Reports to government and other national reports (2005-2010)
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Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2010) UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2009
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_9167_ANN.pdf)
Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2009) UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2008
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_8030_ANN.pdf)
Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2008). UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2007
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_7291_ANN.pdf)
Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2007). UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2006
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04022_5279_GEN.pdf)
Jepson, P.D. and Deaville, R. (compilers) (2009). Investigation of the common dolphin mass stranding event in Cornwall,
9th June 2008
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_8031_TRP.pdf)
Jepson, P.D. et al (2006) Cetaceans strandings investigation and coordination in the UK: Final Report to Defra for the
period 1st January 2000-31st December 2004
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WP01011_8244_FRP.pdf)
Jepson, P.D. Prahl, S., Deaville, R. and Siebert, U. (2006) Postmortem Research Feasibility Study on Cetacean Ears. Final
Report
to
the
Department
for
Environment,
Food
and
Rural
Affairs.
16pp.
(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04008_4190_FRP.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. (2010). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2009
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2009%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings%20Annual%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. & Gander, L.R. (2010). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2009
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2009%20Turtle%20Annual%20Strandings%20Report.pdf)
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Penrose, R.S. (2009). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2008
(www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2008%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings%20Annual%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. & Gander, L.R. (2009). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2008
(www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2008%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. (2008). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2007
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2007%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings%20Annual%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R. S. & Gander, L. R. (2008). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2007
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2007%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. (2007). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2006
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2006%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R. S. & Gander, L. R. (2007). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2006
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2006%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. (2006). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2005
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2005%20Mammal%20Strandings.pdf)
Penrose, R. S. & Gander, L. R. (2006). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2005
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2005%20Turtle%20Strandings.pdf)
Penrose, R.S. (2005). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2004
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2004%20Annual%20Report.pdf)
Penrose, R. S. (2005). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2004
(http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2004%20Turtle%20Stranding.pdf)
Pinn, E. (2007) Formal Review of Research and Development of Contract CRO 364 – Cetacean Strandings around the UK
Coast (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_7415_GEN.pdf)
Sabin, R.C. et al (2006). Trends in Cetacean Strandings around the UK coastline, cetacean and marine turtle post-mortem
investigations, 2005 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WP01011_3986_ANN.pdf)
Sabin, R.C. et al (2005). Trends in cetacean strandings around the UK coastline and cetacean and marine turtle postmortem investigations, 2004 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WP01011_3389_ANN.pdf)
Watts & Crane Associates (2006) A Review of the Requirements and Funding Arrangements for Research into Cetacean
Strandings.(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04017_4106_FRP.pdf)
9.3 Conference abstracts (2005-2010)
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Deaville, R., Baker, J.R., Penrose, R.S., Jepson, P.D. (2005) Increasing incidence of stranded harbour porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) killed by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in England and Wales - a bio-indicator of habitat
degradation? Proceedings of the 19th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, La Rochelle, France, 2-7 April
2005.
Jepson, P.D., Houser, D.S., Crum, L.A., Tyack, P.L. & Fernández, A. Beaked whales, sonar and the “bubble hypothesis”.
(2005) Proceedings of the nineteenth Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, La Rochelle, France, 4-7 April
2005
Jepson, P.D., Houser, D.S., Crum, L.A., Tyack, P.L. & Fernández, A. Beaked whales, sonar and the “bubble hypothesis”.
(2005) Proceedings of the sixteenth Biennial Conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, San Diego, USA, 12-16
December 2005
Deaville, R.C. et al (2006). Trends in causes of mortality in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in UK waters
(1990-2004). Proceedings of the 20th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Gdynia, Poland, 2-6 April
2006.
Barley, J., Dalgleish, M.P., Reid, R. and Foster, G. (2007) Brucella associated pathology in the testicle of a harbour
porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San
Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007.
Dalgleish, M.P., Barley, J., Howie, F., Reid, R., Herman, J. and Foster, G. (2007) Isolation of Brucella species from a
diseased atlanto-occipital joint of an Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus). Proceedings of the 21st annual
conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007.
Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Baker, J.R., Ross, H.R, Simpson, V.R., Monies, R, Reid, R., Penrose, R., Sabin, R.C., Muir,
A., Perkins, M., Turk, S., Cunningham, A.A. and Jepson, P.D. (2007). Trends in infectious disease in UK stranded cetacea
(1990-2005). Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26
April 2007.
Godhino, A., Jaber, J.R., Castro, P., Mendez, M., Jepson, P. and Fernández, A. (2007) Ultrastructural findings of
intracytoplasmic eosinophilic globules in hepatocytes of stranded cetaceans. Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of
the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007.
Prahl, Susanne, Jepson, Paul D., Beineke, Andreas, Deaville, Rob and Siebert, Ursula (2007) Mycotic otitis media in a
harbour porpoise off British waters: a case study. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the European Cetacean
Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 22-25 April 2007
Reid, R., Barley, J., Dalgleish, M., Foster, G., Howie, F. and Patterson, T. (2007) Causes of death in harbour porpoises,
stranded on the coast of Scotland, 2000 to 2005. Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean
Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007.
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Brown, D. J., Haase, J., Foster, G., Wain, J., Coia, J. E., Mather, H. Characterisation of a monophasic group B salmonella
isolated from harbour porpoises. Proceedings of 8th International Meeting on Microbial epidemiological Markers, Zakopane,
Poland, 14-17 May 2008.
Bull, J.C., Fontaine, M.C., Fenton, A., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D., Goodman, S.J. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
population structure from UK stranding toxicological records. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European
Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008.
Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, C.E., Stubberfield, E.J. and Jarvis, D.
Chronic non-suppurative meningoencephalitis associated with Brucella sp. Infection in a live-stranded striped dolphin
(Stenella coeruleoalba) in Cornwall UK. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society,
Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008.
Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. Post-mortem investigations in UK stranded cetaceans (1990-2006): criteria for establishing
nd
causes of death. Necropsy workshop: protocols and interpretation of necropsy data. Proceedings of the 22 annual
th
conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10 -12th March 2008.
Eckhart, L., Fischer, H., Ghannadan, M., Buchberger, M., Wallis, M., Deaville, R., Okwee-Acai, J., Okello, J.B. and
Tschachler, E. (2008) Caspase-14: Natural gene knockout during the land to water transition of the evolutionary ancestor of
dolphins and whales. Proceedings
Foster, G. Oceans of Brucella - an overview of marine mammal brucellosis. Proceedings of Brucellosis 2008, London 10-13
September, 2008.
Foster, G. Seal finger. Scottish Microbiology Association Autumn Meeting, Falkirk, 15 November 2008.
Godfroid, J., Lefleche, P., Foster, G., Cloeckaert, A., Tryland, M., Neubauer, H., Jacques, I., Walravens, K., Vergnaud, G.
Molecular characterisation by MLVA of Brucella ceti isolated from marine mammals. Proceedings of Brucellosis 2008,
London 10-13 September, 2008.
Godinho, A., Espinosa de los Monteros, A., Esperon, F., Jepson, P.D., Belliere, N., Fernandez, A. Immunohistochemistry
study of cytochrome p450 in livers of stranded cetaceans. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European
Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008.
Jepson, P.D. , Deaville, R., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., Baker, J.R., Patterson, I.A.P., Reid, R.J., Northridge, S., Learmonth,
J.A., Davison, N., Penrose, R., Perkins, M. W., Bennett, P.M. PCB levels are associated with thymic involution and
infectious disease mortality in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (1989-2006). Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of
the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008.
Perkins, M.W., Deaville, R., Ferandez, A., Lawson, B., Rabelo, M., Penrose, R., Kerr, M.G., Macgregor, S.K., John, S.K.,
Jepson, P.D.. The postmortem findings of the ‘Thames whale‘ January 2006. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of
the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008.
Barnett, J., Davison, N.J., Deaville, R., Monies, R., Loveridge, J. and Jepson, P. (2009) Post-mortem evidence for
bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interactions with other dolphin species in SW England. Proceedings of the 23rd
annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Istanbul, 2nd-4th March 2009.
Brownlow, A.C., Reid, R.J., Lewis, F., Penrose, R., Chimonides, J., Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (2009) Analysis of UK
cetacean strandings data 1989-2008: Bayesian inference methods for disease prevalence estimations. (2009) Proceedings
of the 18th biennial conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, Quebec, 12th-16th October 2009.
Dalgleish, M.P., Foster, G., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J. and Barley, J.P. (2009) Fatal mycotic encephalitis in a northern
bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference of
the European Cetacean Society, Istanbul, 2nd-4th March 2009.
Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Deaville, R., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, C.E., Stubberfield, E.J., Jarvis, D. and Jepson, P. (2009)
Chronic non-suppurative meningoencephalitis assocoaited with Brucella sp. infection in a live stranded striped dolphin
rd
(Stenella coeruleoalba) in Cornwall, UK. Proceedings of the 23 annual conference of the European Cetacean Society,
nd th
Istanbul, 2 -4 March 2009.
Murphy, S., Law, R.J., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Bersuder, P., and Pierce, G.J. (2009) Assessing the effect of
contaminants on reproductive activity in small cetaceans, and the occurrence of reproductive abnormalities Proceedings of
the 18th biennial conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, Quebec, 12th-16th October 2009.
Deaville, R., Baker, J., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A., Chimonides, J., Davison, N., Loveridge, J. Patterson, T., Penrose, R.,
Perkins, M., Reid, R., Ross, H., Simpson. V. and Jepson, P. (2010) A review of live stranded cetaceans in the UK between
1990 and 2008. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd24th March 2010.
Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Acevedo-Whitehouse, A., Barnett, J., Brownell, R.L., Clare, F.C., Davison, N., Law, R.J.,
Loveridge, J., Macgregor, S.K., Morris, S., Penrose, R., Perkins, M., Pinn, E., Simpson, V., Tasker, M., Tregenza, N.,
Cunningham, A.A. and Fernandez, A. (2010) What caused the UK’s largest common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) mass
th
nd
stranding event? Proceedings of the 24 annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22 th
24 March 2010.
Monteiro, S., Ferreira, M., Vingada, J.V., Lopez, A., Llavona, A., Martinez-Cedeira, J.A., Reid, R., Santos, M.B. and Pierce,
G.J. (2010) Stomach content analysis from pilot whales () stranded on the Portuguese, Galician and Scottish coasts.
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd-24th March 2010.
Perkins, M., Deaville, R., Baker, J., Barley, J., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A., Chimonides, J., Fernandez, A., Lawson, B.,
Macleod, C. D., Penrose, R., Reid, R., Weeks, T. and Jepson, P. (2010) A review of northern bottlenose whale
(Hyperoodon ampullatus) strandings in the UK between 1990 and 2008. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the
European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd-24th March 2010.
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9.4 CSIP 20th Anniversary Symposium
During 2010, the CSIP marked the 20th anniversary of the inception of the project in 1990 by
holding a one day conference in the ZSL meeting rooms in London on Thursday 25th November.
Over 140 people attended the symposium, including representatives from Defra, the Scottish
and Welsh Devolved Administrations, Natural England, Scottish National Heritage, Countryside
Council for Wales, the Environment Agency, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Royal
Navy (Fleet HQ), several NGO’s including the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, British
Divers Marine Life Rescue and the Wildlife Trusts, as well as numerous collaborating
organisations from around the world and a number of stranding volunteers from throughout the
UK. Presentations were given by CSIP staff and colleagues (both past and present) and
covered some of the major outcomes of the last 20 years, including research on by-catch,
aggressive inter-specific cetacean interactions, marine contaminants and toxic effects in
cetaceans and the recent discovery of a condition in cetaceans which is analogous to
decompression sickness in humans. A more detailed overview of the meeting will be made
available on the CSIP website during 2011/12.
Plate 13 Attendees at the 20th anniversary CSIP symposium at ZSL, London, 25th November 2010 (credit Matt
Perkins, CSIP/ZSL)
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10
Discussion
Cetaceans have been recorded stranded around the UK coastline for hundreds of years, but the
reasons for their stranding were often poorly understood. Following an epizootic of phocine
distemper in European seal populations in 1988, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation
Programme was set up in 1990 by the then UK Department of Environment to quantify mortality
in UK stranded marine mammals and determine what relationship anthropogenic factors may
have to this mortality.
Between the six year period 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010 (covering contract
numbers CR0346 and CR0364), the CSIP received reports of 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine
turtles and 27 basking sharks. As in previous years, the most commonly reported stranded
species was the harbour porpoise (n=1922), followed by the short-beaked common dolphin
(n=519). The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with
smaller numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man
(n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=nine). The total number of cetacean strandings reported to
the CSIP during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year
period (2001-2005). This decline was largely driven by a reduction in reported strandings of
harbour porpoises in most regions of the UK and also of reported strandings of short-beaked
common dolphins in south-west UK. Comparison of 2005-2010 UK strandings data with data
collected by stranding networks in adjacent European countries indicated some comparable
trends in certain species, but further integration and analysis of additional data would be needed
to determine the presence and extent of any trans-boundary trends. To that end, it is hoped that
a feasibility study into the creation of a centralised point of access for selected data collected by
stranding networks within the ASCOBANS region, recently funded by the ASCOBANS
Secretariat, will be a first step towards the creation of a central database on strandings and
necropsies.
During the 2005-2010 period, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly
harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478
UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were
infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and
fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates), attack from
bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch)
(n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during
the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass
stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine
turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also
conducted by the CSIP in 2005-2010. An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted
between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded
harbour porpoises and short beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion
of infectious disease and starvation in harbour porpoises.
On 9th June 2008 the UK’s largest ever common dolphin mass stranding event (MSE) occurred
in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. Twenty-six dolphins died and a similar or greater number were
refloated back to sea. A detailed investigation was conducted under a variation to the existing
contract with Defra and a range of potential causes were considered, including disease, trauma,
feeding lose to shore, predation risk and acoustic activity. The investigation findings were most
consistent with one or more flight/panic responses in an otherwise healthy group of dolphins
seen close to shore in or near Falmouth Bay for several days prior to the MSE. The onset of
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the MSE most probably occurred between 06.30am and 08.21am on 9th June. The close
proximity of a naval exercise was considered a probable causal factor, in the absence of
disease, toxin exposure or any other known major source of disturbance. Gas embolism cases
are rare in the UK strandings dataset but remain potentially linked mechanistically to highintensity acoustic sources such as naval sonars.
In close collaboration with the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
(CEFAS), the CSIP has helped generate one of the worlds largest time-series datasets on
chemical pollutants in a marine mammal species (the harbour porpoise). This dataset shows
that some organochlorine pesticide and trace metal contaminants have gradually declined over
time since 1990. However, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels have been stable since 1997
in UK-stranded harbour porpoises and still occur at much higher concentrations that any other
marine contaminants tested. Levels of PCBs are significantly lower in Scottish stranded
porpoises, compared to those found stranded in England and Wales. Despite being banned for
two-three decades, PCB levels in many individuals still exceed proposed toxicity thresholds for
marine mammals (e.g. Kannan et al 2000; Jepson et al 2005) and are strongly linked
statistically to susceptibility to fatal infectious diseases using relatively large sample sizes. PCB
levels in UK-stranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales are high or extremely high. Given
their high exposure levels in marine mammals, resistance to environmental degradation and
relative toxicity, PCBs undoubtedly continue to pose the greatest toxicological and conservation
threat to some marine mammal species within European waters (ICES 2010).
Implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the UK has led to much recent
attention on the issue of litter in the marine environment (indicator 10). Appendix 2 summarises
data obtained from post-mortem reports on stranded animals examined at post-mortem during
the period of this report and indicates that there has been a very low prevalence of ingestion of
marine litter and also of entanglement. None of the cases of litter ingestion resulted in any
significant pathological impact on the animal and all were considered to be incidental findings.
Ingestion appeared to be more prevalent in deep diving species like members of the Ziphiidae
family, along with UK-stranded marine turtles, perhaps reflecting the relative risk of litter
ingestion as a result of specific feeding strategies.
A web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008 (http://data.ukstrandings.org/), following a
variation to contract CR0364. This fully integrated for the first time both strandings data and
data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. Periodic export of relevant data from
this database to the NBN gateway (www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes place, enabling access to
strandings and post-mortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past.
A project website was also set up in 2008, following consultation and discussion with the project
steering group and CSIP consortium (www.ukstrandings.org). Both the website and the webaccessed database should continue to be developed further over the course of any future
contract/s, to enable more efficient capture and dissemination of strandings data in the UK.
Since 1990, over 10200 dead cetaceans have been recorded stranded on UK shores or in
territorial waters. Nearly 3000 cetaceans have been investigated at post-mortem by the CSIP in
this time, helping to produce one of the largest datasets on cetacean pathology in Europe, if not
the world. Between 2005 and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers covering a range of
research themes (including toxicology, pathology, theoretical biology, anatomy and dietary
studies as well as the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans) were published
using data generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive. Since the
inception of the CSIP in 1990, over 150 peer reviewed publications have been produced. The
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data and samples collected as a result of this Defra funded research programme have helped to
address numerous scientific research questions, improved our knowledge of cetaceans and
informed the public about cetaceans and the reasons for their stranding. Finally, the research
conducted by the collaborative Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme helps to inform
and shape policy decisions at a national and international level, which should ultimately help to
improve the overall conservation status of cetaceans.
11 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
Rapid onset
The cause of the disease
British Divers Marine Life Rescue
Incidental catch of non-target species during fishing activity
Refers to a persistent or lasting disease, or one that has
developed slowly.
CCW
Countryside Council for Wales
Cold stunned
When marine turtles (hard shell species only) become lethargic or
comatose as a result of being exposed to a drop in water
temperature
CSIP
UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme
CWTMSN
Cornish Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network
Defra
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Devolved Administrations The devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales (Scottish
Government and Welsh Government)
Dystocia
Difficulty encountered during the act or process of giving birth
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain. Often viral in origin
Enteropathy
Disease or abnormality of the intestinal tract
Epizootic
A rapidly spreading disease which affects a large number of
animals in a particular region at the same time
Gastropathy
Disease or abnormality of the stomach/s
Histology
The study of tissue sectioned as a thin slice
Histopathology
The microscopic study of diseased tissue.
IoZ
Institute of Zoology
JNCC
Joint Nature Conservation Committee
Mass stranding
When two or more cetaceans (excluding mother-calf pairs) of the
same species strand at the same time and location
MEM
Marine Environmental Monitoring
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges, the three membranes covering the
brain and spinal cord
Meningoencephalitis
Infection/inflammation of the meninges and/or brain
Morphometric
The measurement of shapes or forms
MSE
Mass stranding event
Neoplasia
The formation of a tumour
NHM
Natural History Museum
OCs
Organochlorine pesticides (e.g. DDT’s, dieldrin etc)
Pathology
The science or study of the origin, nature and course of disease
Acute
Aetiology
BDMLR
By-catch
Chronic
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PBDEs
PCBs
PMEs
SAC
SG
SMRU
Sympatric
Toxicology
UME
VLA
WG
Zoonosis
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a class of compounds used
predominantly as flame retardants
Polychlorinated biphenyls (organochlorine pollutants)
Post-mortem examinations
Scottish Agricultural College (Inverness)
Scottish Government
Sea Mammal Research Unit
Occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas without
interbreeding
The science or study of poisons
Unusual Mortality Event. Defined within the US Marine Mammal
Protection Act as “A stranding that is unexpected; involves a
significant die-off of any marine mammal population; and demands
immediate response”.
Veterinary Laboratories Agency (following recent merger, this has
become the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)
Welsh Government
An infectious disease of animals that can be transmitted to
humans
12 Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the continued support and funding of the CSIP by Defra, Welsh
Government, Scottish Government and Countryside Council for Wales. We would also like to
thank the members of the CSIP Steering Group, particularly the contract managers within Joint
Nature Conservation Committee (Eunice Pinn and Mark Tasker) and Defra (Carole Kelly and Jo
Myers) for their comments, advice and support during the period of this report.
The success of the CSIP relies heavily upon the efforts of a countless number of individuals and
organisations. We would like to acknowledge and thank the Receiver of Wreck Alison Kentuck
and her deputy Rebecca Tye, along with staff of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency for their
continued help and assistance with strandings over the period of the last contract. Within
England, Jan and Jeff Loveridge and other members of the Cornwall Wildlife Trust have given
endless and unstinting help with the coordination and reporting of cetacean strandings in
Cornwall for many years, along with support from Dr. Nick Tregenza. Given the high density of
cetacean strandings in SW England, their individual and collective contributions have been of
paramount importance. In Devon, the staff of Devon Wildlife Trust and Lindy Hingley, have been
equally helpful in the reporting of a large number of strandings and the collection of carcasses
for post-mortem examination. We would also like to acknowledge the ongoing efforts of the
Durlston Marine Project and Hampshire Wildlife Trust for assistance with strandings in Dorset
and Hampshire. In Wales, Dr. Mandy McMath (CCW) and Robin Pratt have given enormous
support to strandings research along with Jemma and Ray Lerwill, Paul Newman, Lin Gander,
Nia Jones, Sal Shipley, Gerry Jones and Dr. Havard Prosser (WG). We would also like to thank
and acknowledge; Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the Irish Whale and Dolphin
Group for providing information on strandings in Northern Ireland; Laura Hanley and Fiona Gell
from the Department of the Environment, Food and Agriculture (Isle of Man Government) for
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providing information on strandings in the Isle of Man; the Environment Department (States of
Jersey) for strandings in the Channel Islands; and Martin Garside and the other staff at the Port
of London Authority for their invaluable assistance with strandings in the Thames over the
years, including that of the ‘Thames whale’ in 2006.
Pathologists contributing significantly to the research in the UK include James Barnett and
Adrian Colloff (AHVLA Truro) and Dr. John Baker and Dr. Julian Chantrey (University of
Liverpool). Nick Davison (AHVLA Truro) has also been a great asset to cetacean research in
Cornwall and together with James Barnett, has been responsible for a large amount of research
output in recent years. Within IoZ, Dr Andrew Cunningham, Shaheed Macgregor, Shinto John
and Professors Tim Blackburn, Georgina Mace and Bill Holt have given considerable support to
the development of research on UK strandings. Robin Law and colleagues at the CEFAS
Lowestoft Laboratory have conducted extensive toxicological analyses of UK strandings,
leading to the production of one of the world’s largest datasets on marine contaminants in
cetaceans. In Scotland, Geoff Foster has given invaluable support to the CSIP at SAC
Inverness and Dr. Mark Dagleish at the Moredun Research Institute has conducted
neurohistopathological studies on cetacean tissues from Scottish cetaceans for many years.
Professor Graham Pierce at Aberdeen University continues to support research on Scottish
stranded cetaceans by conducting examination of stomach contents, teeth (for ageing) and
gonads. Staff at the National Museums of Scotland also provide assistance, with identification of
species using voucher material. We would also like to acknowledge the following colleagues for
their ongoing collaboration on research into cetacean gas embolism: Antonio Fernandez
(ULPGC), Dorian Houser (Biomimetica), Sam Ridgway (SPAWAR), Michael Moore and Peter
Tyack (WHOI).
Finally, many individuals and organisations have assisted with the reporting and collection of
stranded carcasses for post-mortem examination including staff of coastal local government
authorities as well as members of the public. A number of non Governmental organisations
including the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, British Diver’s Marine Life Rescue,
RSPCA, Seawatch Foundation, WWF-UK and Marine Connection are also acknowledged and
thanked for their continued support of the research conducted by the CSIP.
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Watts & Crane Associates (2006) A Review of the Requirements and Funding Arrangements for Research into Cetacean
Strandings.(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04017_4106_FRP.pdf)
Wells, R.S., Tornero, V., Borrell, A., Aguilar, A., Rowles, T.K., Rhinehart, H.L., Hofmann, S., Jarman, W.M., Hohn, A.A., and
Sweeney, J.C. 2005. Integrating life-history and reproductive success data to examine potential relationships with organochlorine
compounds for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Science of the Total Environment 349(1-3): 106119.
Wolkers, H., Corkeron, P.J., Van Parijs, S.M., Similä, T., and Van Bavel, B. 2007. Accumulation and transfer of contaminants in killer
whales (Orcinus orca) from Norway: Indications for contaminant metabolism. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26 (8): 15821590
Work, T.M. (2000) Sea turtle necropsy manual for biologist in remote refuges. USGS national Wildlife Health Centre Necropsy
manuals.
(www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/necropsy_manuals/Sea_Turtle_Necropsy_Manual-English.pdf)
Wyneken, J. (2001) The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470
(http://courses.science.fau.edu/~jwyneken/sta/SeaTurtleAnatomy.pdf)
Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., van Bommel, R., Minkenberg, C., Hamers, T., Kamstra, J.H., Pierce, G.J., and Boon, J.P. 2005. Levels of
Hexabromocyclododecane in harbor porpoises and common dolphins from western European Seas, with evidence for stereoisomerspecific biotransformation by cytochrome P450. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (7): 2095-2100.
76
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14
Appendix 1
Selected species found stranded in the UK
Image from forthcoming leaflet campaign in the UK. Additional information on the CSIP,
including details on how to report strandings, can be found at www.ukstrandings.org
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15
Appendix 2 Marine litter ingestion and/or entanglement
Table 13 summarises evidence of marine litter ingestion or entanglement in cetaceans, marine
turtles and basking sharks which were examined at post-mortem in the UK between 2005 and
2010.
Table 13 Marine litter ingestion or entanglement in cetacean, marine turtle and basking shark
strandings examined at post-mortem in the UK 2005-2010
Species
PMEs
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)
White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)
Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)
Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
Total
459
128
11
6
22
18
22
11
25
5
3
2
7
Marine litter
Marine litter
ingestion
entanglement
10
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
18
3
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
719
20
1
NB
PMEs- post-mortem examinations
Some PME reports not available for inclusion in this table at the time of report authoring
Stomach contents not examined in; three harbour porpoises; two minke whales; two white beaked dolphins; two
bottlenose dolphins; two sperm whales; one long-finned pilot whale
Implementation
of
the
Marine
Strategy
Framework
Directive
in
the
UK
(http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/marine/msfd/) has led to much recent attention on the
issue of litter in the marine environment (indicator 10). Consequently, the project steering group
requested that the CSIP summarise findings of marine litter ingestion and/or entanglement in
UK stranded animals which were subjected to post-mortem examination, to determine whether
this may be an issue of concern. Table 13 summarises data obtained from post-mortem reports
on stranded animals examined at post-mortem during the period of this report and indicates that
there has been a very low prevalence of ingestion of marine litter and also of entanglement.
None of the 20 cases where evidence of plastic/litter ingestion was found resulted in any
significant pathological impact on the animal and had no relationship to the cause of death (i.e.
was an incidental finding). In addition, it was thought that in many cases the ingestion of marine
litter may have happened in the tide line as the animal live stranded- at least 7/16 cetaceans
with evidence of litter ingestion were known or diagnosed to have live stranded.
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
From the data displayed in Table 13, there is a suggestion that ingestion of marine litter may be
more prevalent in deep diving species like members of the Ziphiidae family (2/18 examined
cases or 11%), perhaps reflecting the relative risk of litter ingestion as a result of specific
feeding strategies for target prey species. However, both the numbers of PME’s and recorded
cases of litter ingestion in Ziphiidae are relatively low and this may be a confounding factor.
So it appears that at least in UK stranded cetaceans examined in this period, ingestion and/or
entanglement in marine litter does not appear to be a significant issue. However, higher
recorded incidences of litter ingestion were found in UK-stranded marine turtles (100% of
leatherback turtles examined in this period) and previous evidence of direct mortality through
ingestion of marine litter has also been recorded (a stranded green turtle (Chelonia mydas)
examined in 2001, CSIP database). Again, the relatively small sample sizes may be a
confounding factor and as always, there is the usual caveat that strandings do not necessarily
reflect what is occurring at the population level. Monitoring for evidence of litter ingestion in UK
stranded cetaceans should continue during future contracts, to establish whether any increase
in incidence is recorded and also to feed into any future EU/worldwide analyses/comparisons of
litter ingestion data that may take place.
Plate 14 Plastic fragments found in harbour
porpoise cardiac stomach (SW2006/48A)
Plate 15 Plastic fragments found in common
dolphin fundic stomach (SW2005/5)
Plate 16 Plastic and netting found in northern
Bottlenose whale stomach (SW2006/236.2)
Plate 17 Plastic string found in leatherback
turtle stomach (T2005/9)
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16 Appendix 3 Causes of death of UK-stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks examined at post-mortem 2005-2010
National Ref.
SW2005/1d
SW2005/1
SW2005/2
SW2005/4
SW2005/5
SW2005/6
SW2005/11
SW2005/15
SW2005/17
SW2005/17a
SW2005/19b
SW2005/19d
PM No.
M001/05
XT043/05
XT040/05
M49/1/05
XT067/05
XT061/05
S2119
XT075/05
XT091/05
M010/05
M013/05
M015/05
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
Length
118
207
195
223
125
189
138
143
148
140
165
155
Date
02/01/05
07/01/05
09/01/05
09/01/05
12/01/05
12/01/05
16/01/05
20/01/05
20/01/05
20/01/05
23/01/05
23/01/05
Location
nr Portavadie
Langdon Beach
Crownhill Beach
Nanjizal
Chesil Cove
Chesil Cove
Rhoscolyn
Gorlestone
Crownhill Beach
Ardersier
Huna pier
Rigg Bay
Local Authority
Argyll and Bute
Devon
Devon
Cornwall
Dorset
Dorset
Anglesey
Norfolk
Devon
Highland
Highland
Dumfries and Galloway
Region
Scotland
South-west
South-west
South-west
Channel
Channel
West coast
East coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
SW2005/21a
SW2005/22
SW2005/23
SW2005/24a
SW2005/25
SW2005/26
SW2005/26b
SW2005/28
M145/01/05
XT108/05
XT117/05
M019/05
S2120
S2121
M022/05
XT159/05
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
120
150
149
229
171
119
94
119
26/01/05
27/01/05
28/01/05
30/01/05
31/01/05
31/01/05
02/02/05
06/02/05
Harlyn Bay
Whitburn
Sandwich Bay
Duntulm
Dinas Dinlle
Formby Point
Burnfoot
Climping Beach
Cornwall
South Tyneside
Kent
Highland
Gwynedd
Sefton
Dumfries and Galloway
West Sussex
South-west
East coast
East coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Channel
SW2005/28b
SW2005/28c
SW2005/32
SW2005/32a
SW2005/32b
M028/05
M029/05
M116/2/05
M036/05
M035/05
Globicephala melas
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
M
F
F
264
165
181
100
117
07/02/05
08/02/05
14/02/05
15/02/05
15/02/05
Laggan Point
Philorth
Polzeath
Millport
Queensferry
Argyll and Bute
Aberdeenshire
Cornwall
North Ayrshire
City of Edinburgh
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
SW2005/32c
SW2005/34
SW2005/34b
SW2005/35
SW2005/35a
SW2005/35b
SW2005/36
SW2005/38
SW2005/42
SW2005/42a
SW2005/45b
SW2005/47b
SW2005/49a
SW2005/54
SW2005/56f
SW2005/56g
SW2005/59
SW2005/59a
SW2005/59c
M039/05
S2122
M040/05
XT243/05
M042/05
M043/05
XT732/05
XT242/05
XT252/05
M047/05
M048/05
M050/05
XT1301/05
M86/3/05
XT324/05
XT323/05
M96/3/05
M055/05
M057/05
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
126
113
106
201
204
158
191
153
94
127
97
93
215
156
104
160
161
170
113
17/02/05
18/02/05
19/02/05
21/02/05
21/02/05
21/02/05
22/02/05
23/02/05
23/02/05
25/02/05
27/02/05
28/02/05
08/03/05
10/03/05
11/03/05
11/03/05
12/03/05
12/03/05
12/03/05
West Loch Tarbert
Criccieth
Dunoon
Bantham
Camas Mor
Boyndie Bay
English Channel
Llanelli
Whitley Bay
Cramond
Little Clett
off Oronsay
English Channel
Gwithian
Spurn Head
Spurn Head
Porthmeor Beach
Dunrobin
Fort William
Western Isles
Gwynedd
Argyll and Bute
Devon
Highland
Aberdeenshire
At sea
Carmarthenshire
North Tyneside
City of Edinburgh
Highland
Highland
At sea
Cornwall
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Riding of Yorkshire
Cornwall
Highland
Highland
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
West coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
South-west
East coast
East coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Cause of Death
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding (old age)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic
starvation (aged)
physical trauma, by-catch
not established
(meningo) encephalitis (Brucella )
generalised bacterial and fungal infection
(Salmonella sp. and Aspergillus sp.)
physical trauma
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
starvation
(meningo) encephalitis
live stranding
haemorrhage, pulmonary (parasitic and acute)
physical trauma, by-catch (known)
generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella
tarda and Shewanella putrefaciens)
live stranding
pneumonia, parasitic
haemorrhage, pulmonary or gastric (parasitic)
live stranding
generalised bacterial infection (Actinobacillus
delphinicola) & parasitism, generalised (heavy)
(meningo) encephalitis
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
(meningo) encephalitis
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
starvation
pneumonia, parasitic
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation
starvation
National Ref.
SW2005/59d
SW2005/59e
SW2005/59g
SW2005/61
SW2005/61b
SW2005/61c
SW2005/62
PM No.
M058/05
M061/05
M063/05
XT344/05
XT519/05
XT495/05
XT341/05
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
Length
110
240
111
111
186
191
134
Date
12/03/05
12/03/05
13/03/05
15/03/05
15/03/05
15/03/05
16/03/05
Location
Erbisaig
Sand Voe
Loch Clash
Fisherman's Walk
English Channel
English Channel
Brighton Beach
Local Authority
Highland
Shetland
Highland
Bournemouth
At sea
At sea
Brighton and Hove
Region
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Channel
South-west
South-west
Channel
SW2005/62a
SW2005/62c
SW2005/62d
SW2005/65
SW2005/66
SW2005/66b
SW2005/67
SW2005/71
XT492/05
M069/05
M070/05
XT334/05
XT357/05
M072/05
M162/03/05
S2125
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
211
104
160
196
121
132
142
118
17/03/05
17/03/05
17/03/05
21/03/05
21/03/05
21/03/05
22/03/05
24/03/05
English Channel
Seamill
Kilcreggan
Shoreham Beach
Winterton Beach
Rosyth Naval Base
Par Beach
Penrhyn
At sea
North Ayrshire
Argyll and Bute
West Sussex
Norfolk
Fife
Cornwall
Conwy
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Channel
East coast
Scotland
South-west
West coast
SW2005/72a
SW2005/72b
SW2005/72c
SW2005/72d
SW2005/74
SW2005/76f
SW2005/78
SW2005/79
SW2005/79d
SW2005/80
SW2005/85
SW2005/87e
SW2005/90a
SW2005/90b
SW2005/92a
SW2005/99
SW2005/100a
SW2005/101
SW2005/101a
SW2005/107
SW2005/108
SW2005/114
SW2005/114b
SW2005/114c
SW2005/115c
SW2005/115d
SW2005/115e
SW2005/117
M077/05
M073/05
M074/05
M075/05
S2123
M078/05
XT362/05
M178/03/05
M080/05
XT413/05
S2124
M085/05
M48/4/05
M49/4/05
M087/05
XT433/05
M089/05A
XT434/05
M088/05
S2127
S2126
XT481/05
M102/05
M104/05
M106/05
M108/05
M107/05
S2128
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
M
F
104
99
98
152
106
161
98
128
104
121
203
151
150
171
140
146
110
129
95
109
107
97
146
111
116
118
111
118
24/03/05
24/03/05
24/03/05
24/03/05
27/03/05
28/03/05
29/03/05
29/03/05
29/03/05
30/03/05
03/04/05
04/04/05
07/04/05
07/04/05
09/04/05
12/04/05
12/04/05
13/04/05
13/04/05
19/04/05
19/04/05
27/04/05
27/04/05
27/04/05
01/05/05
01/05/05
02/05/05
06/05/05
Craignure
Ardpeaton
Roseisle
Ardbeg
River Dee
Petten Links
Stone Point
Lower Porthpean
Bunchrew
Marine Parade
Boggle Hole
Aberdeen Beach
Gwithian
Gunwalloe
Chanonry Ness
Beadnell
Loch Melfort
Dymchurch
Limekilns
Tal-y-bont
Ynyslas
Greenhithe
Kilchattan Bay
Rae Wick
Shandwick Bay
Lunan Bay
Rosemarkie
Birkdale Beach
Argyll and Bute
Argyll and Bute
Moray
Argyll and Bute
Flintshire
Aberdeenshire
Essex
Cornwall
Highland
Kent
North Yorkshire
City of Aberdeen
Cornwall
Cornwall
Highland
Northumberland
Argyll and Bute
Kent
Fife
Gwynedd
Ceredigion
Kent
Argyll and Bute
Shetland
Highland
Angus
Highland
Sefton
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
East coast
South-west
Scotland
East coast
East coast
Scotland
South-west
South-west
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
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Cause of Death
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
physical trauma
parasitism, pulmonary (heavy)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
generalised bacterial infection (Streptococcus
group F)
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis
pneumonia, parasitic
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
generalised bacterial infection (Salmonella
typhimurium)
starvation
not established
starvation
pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
starvation (spinal deformity)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
live stranding
starvation
emaciation/starvation (intestinal parasitism)
pneumonia, parasitic
not established
starvation
physical trauma, probable by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic
National Ref.
SW2005/117a
SW2005/117b
SW2005/118
SW2005/120
SW2005/123
SW2005/125a
SW2005/126
SW2005/127e
SW2005/132
SW2005/133a
SW2005/133b
SW2005/133e
SW2005/137
SW2005/137a
SW2005/138a
SW2005/140
SW2005/142a
SW2005/145a
SW2005/148
SW2005/150
SW2005/151d
SW2005/154
SW2005/155
SW2005/159d
SW2005/159f
SW2005/162
SW2005/163a
SW2005/172
SW2005/175
SW2005/181
SW2005/182
SW2005/184
SW2005/184b
SW2005/193
SW2005/195
SW2005/197b
SW2005/198c
SW2005/199
SW2005/201b
SW2005/202b
SW2005/202c
SW2005/203
SW2005/204
SW2005/204e
SW2005/205
PM No.
M113/05
M115/05
XT504/05
S2129
S2130
M120/05
S2132
M122/05
S2133
M123/05
M124/05
M127/05
S2134
XT638/05
M25/6/05
XT641/05
M130/05
M128/05
S2135
S2136
M137/05
XT683/05
XT686/05
M145/05
M147/05
S2137
M150/05
XT913/05
XT783/05
EXTERNAL
XT784/05
S2138
M167/05
RP2005/1
XT935/05
M183/05
M188/05
XT900/05
M193/05
M197/05
M198/05
XT924/05
05L-3355
M203/05
M66/8/05
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Stenella coeruleoalba
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Globicephala melas
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
Length
115
107
104
105
153
113
105
219
101
249
108
104
71
186
203
214
144
75
118
143
152
79
132
160
241
156
135
109
83
462
86
163
150
310
84
125
84
78
101
117
135
86
146
258
116
Date
06/05/05
06/05/05
08/05/05
10/05/05
12/05/05
17/05/05
19/05/05
23/05/05
27/05/05
28/05/05
28/05/05
30/05/05
02/06/05
02/06/05
03/06/05
04/06/05
04/06/05
05/06/05
06/06/05
09/06/05
10/06/05
13/06/05
13/06/05
15/06/05
18/06/05
22/06/05
23/06/05
01/07/05
03/07/05
06/07/05
07/07/05
09/07/05
09/07/05
20/07/05
23/07/05
23/07/05
26/07/05
27/07/05
28/07/05
31/07/05
31/07/05
03/08/05
06/08/05
07/08/05
10/08/05
Location
St Andrews Bay
Freester
Castell Bach
Formby Point
Aberdaron
Roseisle
Pendine
Rattray Bay
Ynyslas
West Sands
Rosemarkie
Lunan Bay
Porth Lleuog
White Cliff Bay
Gwithian
Llangennith
off Peterhead
Lossiemouth
West Kirby Beach
Pembrey
Blackdog
Mwnt
Cei-bach
Lossiemouth
Newton Ferry
Barmouth
Stevenson
Pwll
Westward Ho!
Porthlisky
Port Talbot
Nefyn
Findochty
Ynyslas
Borth
Thurso Beach
Arbroath
Eastbourne
NW of Shuna
Yellowcraigs
Farr Bay
nr Bulldog Sand
Porthcawl
Traigh Chuil
St Ives Bay
Local Authority
Fife
Shetland
Ceredigion
Sefton
Gwynedd
Moray
Carmarthenshire
Aberdeenshire
Ceredigion
Fife
Highland
Angus
Pembrokeshire
Isle of Wight
Cornwall
Swansea
At sea
Moray
Wirral
Carmarthenshire
Aberdeenshire
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Moray
Western Isles
Gwynedd
North Ayrshire
Carmarthenshire
Devon
Pembrokeshire
Neath Port Talbot
Gwynedd
Moray
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Highland
Angus
East Sussex
Argyll and Bute
East Lothian
Highland
Norfolk
Bridgend
Western Isles
Cornwall
82
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Region
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
Channel
South-west
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
West coast
South-west
West coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Channel
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
West coast
Scotland
South-west
Cause of Death
physical trauma, by-catch (known)
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma
generalised bacterial infection
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
not established
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation
hydrocephalus
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
neonatal death
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding
generalised bacterial infection
live stranding
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic
live stranding
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding
physical trauma
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
old age
not established
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
not established
not established
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation
live stranding
pyothorax
National Ref.
SW2005/212
SW2005/224
SW2005/225b
SW2005/226b
SW2005/226e
SW2005/226f
SW2005/233a
SW2005/235
SW2005/236
SW2005/240
SW2005/241
SW2005/242
SW2005/243
SW2005/243d
SW2005/245
SW2005/247a
SW2005/251
SW2005/253a
SW2005/253b
SW2005/260
SW2005/262a
SW2005/265
SW2005/266
SW2005/267
SW2005/271
PM No.
XT946/05
M126/8/05
M234/05
M235/05
M236/05
M237/05
M245/05
M95/9/05
05L-3354
05L-3083
05L-3084
05L-3085
XT1272/05
M252/05
XT1074/05
M41/10/05
XT1283/05
M267/05
M268/05
XT1269/05
M181/10/05
XT1206/05
XT1215/05
M27/11/05
M39/11/05
Species
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Sex
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
F
M
Length
225
181
143
155
308
146
153
118
159
158
114
86
140
141
129
193
138
250
156
153
135
125
107
189
320
Date
15/08/05
25/08/05
29/08/05
01/09/05
02/09/05
02/09/05
16/09/05
18/09/05
20/09/05
27/09/05
28/09/05
28/09/05
29/09/05
29/09/05
03/10/05
07/10/05
11/10/05
13/10/05
14/10/05
25/10/05
28/10/05
31/10/05
31/10/05
03/11/05
08/11/05
Location
Stubborn Sand
Perranporth
Westport
Arrochar
Lossiemouth
Stevenston Beach
Bunessan
Porthleven
off New Quay
Borth
New Quay
Borth
Tresaith
Otterswick
Morecambe
Porth Mear
Rhossili
Burghead
Kirkcolm
Barmouth
Longrock
Camber Sands
Camber Sands
Looe
Penzance
Local Authority
Norfolk
Cornwall
Argyll and Bute
Argyll and Bute
Moray
North Ayrshire
Argyll and Bute
Cornwall
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Shetland
Lancashire
Cornwall
Swansea
Moray
Dumfries and Galloway
Gwynedd
Cornwall
East Sussex
East Sussex
Cornwall
Cornwall
Region
East coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
West coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
South-west
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
South-west
Channel
Channel
South-west
South-west
SW2005/271b
SW2005/275
SW2005/279b
SW2005/280
SW2005/281
SW2005/282c
SW2005/283a
SW2005/284
SW2005/285
SW2005/285a
SW2005/286
M295/05
M81/11/05
M300/05
M140/11/05
S2139
M303/05
M305/05
XT055/06
S2140
M20/12/05
XT1411/05
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
149
177
143
185
134
132
239
218
131
130
101
11/11/05
13/11/05
21/11/05
22/11/05
27/11/05
29/11/05
02/12/05
03/12/05
04/12/05
05/12/05
06/12/05
The Scar
Black Rock
Prestwick Beach
Porthminster Point
Little Eye
Sandend Beach
Bay of Tuquoy
Wembury Beach
Fishguard
Crinnis Beach
Sandwich Flats
Dumfries and Galloway
Cornwall
South Ayrshire
Cornwall
Wirral
Aberdeenshire
Orkney
Devon
Pembrokeshire
Cornwall
Kent
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
South-west
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
West coast
South-west
East coast
SW2005/286a
SW2005/287c
SW2005/287d
SW2005/288
SW2005/289
SW2005/290e
SW2005/295
M306/05
M310/05
M311/05
M62/12/05
M61/12/05
06L-2881
M151/12/05
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
144
191
553
171
191
166
200
06/12/05
10/12/05
11/12/05
12/12/05
12/12/05
21/12/05
30/12/05
Gullane Bay
Alness Bay
South of Flotta
Praa Sands
Porthleven
Castletown Beach
Kennack Sands
East Lothian
Highland
Orkney
Cornwall
Cornwall
Isle of Man
Cornwall
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
South-west
Isle of Man
South-west
83
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
starvation
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
not established
live stranding
live stranding
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
not established
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma (possible by-catch)
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella )
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
physical trauma
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, multiple sites (heavy), aged and
Brucella infection
pneumonia, parasitic and fungal
parasitism, gastric (heavy) and pneumonia
generalised bacterial infection (Escherichia coli)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Escherichia coli)
live stranding
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, by-catch (known)
physical trauma, by-catch and pulmonary
haemorrhage (parasitic)
live stranding
live stranding
physical trauma, entanglement (known)
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation (possible sequel to live bycatch)
pneumonia, parasitic (heavy)
physical trauma, by-catch
National Ref.
SW2006/3
SW2006/3a
SW2006/5
SW2006/5e
SW2006/8
SW2006/9
SW2006/10
SW2006/10a
SW2006/11
SW2006/18
SW2006/30a
SW2006/30b
SW2006/32
SW2006/33
SW2006/34
PM No.
S2141
XT042/06
XT037/06
M007/06
M72/1/06
XT120/06
M81/1/06
M012/06
M90/1/06
XT131/06
M110/1/06
M109/1/06
M205/01/06
M204/01/06
XT126/06
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
Length
84
88
164
121
212
131
148
105
214
141
170
151
217
220
108
Date
03/01/06
04/01/06
06/01/06
08/01/06
12/01/06
13/01/06
13/01/06
13/01/06
14/01/06
14/01/06
15/01/06
15/01/06
16/01/06
16/01/06
17/01/06
Location
Borth
Grenham Bay
Pegwell Bay
Johnshaven
Downderry
Charmouth
Carne Beach
Balmedie
Ready Money cove
St Leonards
Talland Bay
Talland Bay
Mount Wise
Devonport
Pegwell Bay
Local Authority
Ceredigion
Kent
Kent
Aberdeenshire
Cornwall
Dorset
Cornwall
Aberdeenshire
Cornwall
East Sussex
Cornwall
Cornwall
City of Plymouth
City of Plymouth
Kent
Region
West coast
East coast
East coast
Scotland
South-west
Channel
South-west
Scotland
South-west
Channel
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
East coast
SW2006/34c
SW2006/39
SW2006/40
SW2006/41
SW2006/41d
SW2006/41g
SW2006/48a
SW2006/51d
SW2006/53a
SW2006/54
SW2006/54b
SW2006/55
SW2006/56
SW2006/57
SW2006/58c
SW2006/59
SW2006/66a
SW2006/67
SW2006/68
SW2006/68d
SW2006/68e
SW2006/68b
SW2006/68f
SW2006/70a
SW2006/70b
SW2006/71a
SW2006/75a
SW2006/76
SW2006/77
M017/06
M277/01/06
EXTERNAL
XT112/06
M023/06
06L-2880
XT164/06
M24/2/06
M68/2/06
XT224/06
M033/06
XT222/06
XT200/06
XT217/06
M99/2/06
EXTERNAL
XT219/06
XT215/06
XT202/06
M128/2/06
M036/06
XT221/06
M037/06
M136/2/06
M038/06
M039/06
M043/06
XT364/06
M171/2/06
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Physeter catodon
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
131
219
585
100
112
136
110
163
163
107
151
107
139
80
191
1390
156
125
153
173
110
113
128
143
108
119
122
139
188
17/01/06
20/01/06
20/01/06
21/01/06
24/01/06
26/01/06
30/01/06
02/02/06
08/02/06
09/02/06
10/02/06
11/02/06
12/02/06
12/02/06
14/02/06
15/02/06
17/02/06
18/02/06
18/02/06
18/02/06
18/02/06
19/02/06
19/02/06
20/02/06
20/02/06
22/02/06
25/02/06
25/02/06
26/02/06
Garlieston
Leas Foot Sand
River Thames
River Thames
Ardentinny
Derbyhaven
Broadstairs
Porthcurno Beach
Hayle Beach
Cemaes Bay
North Sands
New Quay
Kessingland Beach
Aberystwyth
Kynance Cove
Skegness
Ingoldmells
Swansea
Swansea
Pentreath Beach
Newburgh
Winterton-on-Sea
Portmahomack
Carbis Bay
Stonehaven
Strathlene
Scotstown
Pakefield Beach
Carbis Bay
Dumfries and Galloway
Devon
Greater London
Greater London
Argyll and Bute
Isle of Man
Kent
Cornwall
Cornwall
Anglesey
South Ayrshire
Ceredigion
Suffolk
Ceredigion
Cornwall
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire
Swansea
Swansea
Cornwall
Aberdeenshire
Norfolk
Highland
Cornwall
Aberdeenshire
Moray
Aberdeenshire
Suffolk
Cornwall
Scotland
South-west
East coast
East coast
Scotland
Isle of Man
East coast
South-west
South-west
West coast
Scotland
West coast
East coast
West coast
South-west
East coast
East coast
West coast
West coast
South-west
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
South-west
84
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
starvation/hypothermia
acute interstitial pneumonia (aspiration?)
parasitism, cardiac stomach (heavy)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch (known)
starvation
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, (multiple sites, heavy) (possible
sequel to live bycatch)
generalised bacterial infection
not established
live stranding, died during rescue
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
pneumonia, parasitic
live stranding
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma (possible boat strike)
pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism (multiple sites, heavy)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
National Ref.
SW2006/78
SW2006/82
SW2006/83b
SW2006/85
SW2006/87
SW2006/87a
SW2006/88b
SW2006/89c
SW2006/91d
SW2006/94g
SW2006/96
SW2006/97
SW2006/97e
SW2006/97f
SW2006/98
SW2006/101
SW2006/102
SW2006/104f
SW2006/104g
SW2006/105
SW2006/108e
SW2006/110
SW2006/110b
SW2006/110d
SW2006/112
SW2006/114b
SW2006/117
SW2006/118
SW2006/120c
SW2006/120d
SW2006/122
SW2006/122a
SW2006/125
SW2006/126
SW2006/126c
SW2006/126d
SW2006/128
SW2006/130
SW2006/132
SW2006/135
SW2006/138
SW2006/140a
SW2006/143a
SW2006/147
SW2006/158
PM No.
XT333/06
S2142
M049/06
XT375/06
S2143
XT395/06
M73/3/06
M83/3/06
M053/06
M066/06
XT422/06
XT421/06
M074/06
M075/06
06L-1341
XT589/06
M474/03/06
M077/06
M078/06
XT678/06
M085/06
XT751/06
M088/06
M090/06
XT463/06
M094/06
XT495/06
XT496/06
M097/06
M099/06
XT500/06
M98/4/06
XT507/06
XT511/06
M97/4/06
M105/06
S2144
M128/4/06
XT523/06
XT1243/06
XT759/06
M117/06
M124/06
M126/06
M100/5/06
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
Length
142
164
109
206
114
110
N/A
262
104
225
112
147
106
117
251
127
196
104
114
115
126
118
103
106
149
138
139
153
117
114
118
227
159
150
134
212
112
341
106
122
111
119
126
157
89
Date
28/02/06
05/03/06
07/03/06
10/03/06
12/03/06
12/03/06
13/03/06
14/03/06
15/03/06
21/03/06
22/03/06
22/03/06
25/03/06
27/03/06
28/03/06
29/03/06
29/03/06
29/03/06
29/03/06
31/03/06
03/04/06
05/04/06
06/04/06
06/04/06
09/04/06
11/04/06
13/04/06
13/04/06
13/04/06
13/04/06
14/04/06
14/04/06
16/04/06
16/04/06
16/04/06
16/04/06
18/04/06
21/04/06
21/04/06
24/04/06
30/04/06
01/05/06
06/05/06
07/05/06
15/05/06
Location
South Swale
Ainsdale Beach
Whitehills
Bournemouth
Borth
Goxhill Bank
Gyllyngvase Beach
Gyllyngvase Beach
Gourdon
Crovie
Blyth
Whitley Bay
Rosemarkie
Cambo Sands
Black Rock Sands
River Thames
Bigbury
Aberdeen Beach
Aberdeen Beach
Kessingland Beach
Fairlie
Llandanwg
Aberdeen Beach
Whitelinks Bay
Aberporth
Thorntonloch
River Thames
River Thames
Cambus
Cromarty
Allhallows-on-Sea
Marazion East
Whitley Bay
Cresswell
Towans
Urafirth
Porth Cwyfan
Watermill Cove
Greenwich
Borth
Tywyn
Montrose Bay
Montrose Bay
St Andrews
Towan Head
Local Authority
Kent
Sefton
Aberdeenshire
Bournemouth
Ceredigion
North Lincolnshire
Cornwall
Cornwall
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeenshire
Northumberland
North Tyneside
Highland
Fife
Gwynedd
Greater London
Devon
City of Aberdeen
City of Aberdeen
Suffolk
North Ayrshire
Gwynedd
City of Aberdeen
Aberdeenshire
Ceredigion
East Lothian
Greater London
Greater London
Clackmannan
Highland
Medway
Cornwall
North Tyneside
Northumberland
Cornwall
Shetland
Anglesey
Isles of Scilly
Greater London
Ceredigion
Gwynedd
Angus
Angus
Fife
Cornwall
85
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Region
East coast
West coast
Scotland
Channel
West coast
East coast
South-west
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
East coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
East coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
South-west
East coast
East coast
South-west
Scotland
West coast
South-west
East coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Cause of Death
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation
starvation/hypothermia
emaciation/starvation (intestinal parasitism)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
parasitism, cardiac and pulmonary (heavy)
parasitism (multiple sites, heavy)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
not established
not established
not established
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma (possible boat strike)
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/old age
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
not established
physical trauma (possible boat strike)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
National Ref.
SW2006/160b
SW2006/163
SW2006/163b
SW2006/165
SW2006/166d
SW2006/170c
SW2006/172
PM No.
M139/06
XT1073/06
M141/06
S2146
M144/06
M12/6/06
XT702/06
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
F
F
M
M
M
F
Length
141
173
152
201
114
120
156
Date
17/05/06
20/05/06
20/05/06
22/05/06
25/05/06
01/06/06
09/06/06
Location
Rosemarkie Beach
Amroth
Sound of Rhum
Freshwater East
Alturlie
Widemouth Bay
Aberporth
Local Authority
Highland
Pembrokeshire
Highland
Pembrokeshire
Highland
Cornwall
Ceredigion
Region
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
South-west
West coast
SW2006/172a
SW2006/173
SW2006/177a
SW2006/180f
SW2006/187c
SW2006/188
SW2006/189
SW2006/190
SW2006/200
SW2006/204
SW2006/205a
SW2006/222
SW2006/223
SW2006/223a
SW2006/228
SW2006/230
SW2006/231
SW2006/235
M152/06
XT709/06
M151/06
M158/06
M163/06
XT743/06
S2148
XT785/06
XT845/06
XT1299/06
M139/7/06
M177/08/06
XT1019/06
M218/06
XT1196/06
06L-4208
XT042/07
XT1133/06
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Stenella coeruleoalba
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
78
98
150
220
152
178
76
135
81
156
108
98
133
138
130
122
73
109
11/06/06
12/06/06
16/06/06
20/06/06
24/06/06
26/06/06
29/06/06
05/07/06
21/07/06
26/07/06
29/07/06
14/08/06
18/08/06
19/08/06
24/08/06
24/08/06
24/08/06
30/08/06
Tayport
Wiseman's Bridge
Balmedie
Dury
Corgrain Point
Berwick-on-Tweed
Tenby
Amble
Hunstanton
Porthcawl
Summerleaze
Combe Martin
Dartmouth Harbour
Pittenweem
Folkestone
Castell Bach
Tresaith
Southend-on-Sea
Fife
Pembrokeshire
Aberdeenshire
Shetland
Highland
Northumberland
Pembrokeshire
Northumberland
Norfolk
Bridgend
Cornwall
Devon
Devon
Fife
Kent
Ceredigion
Ceredigion
Southend-on-Sea
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
West coast
East coast
East coast
West coast
South-west
South-west
South-west
Scotland
East coast
West coast
West coast
East coast
SW2006/236.1
SW2006/236.2
SW2006/237
SW2006/240
SW2006/242b
SW2006/245a
SW2006/248
SW2006/252
SW2006/257
SW2006/257a
SW2006/258b
SW2006/260
SW2006/262
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
06L-4209
M231/06
XT1271/06
XT073/07
XT1172/06
XT059/07
M9/10/06
M254/06
XT1241/06
XT1244/06
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
648
680
340
88
157
103
81
150
115
232
133
118
158
31/08/06
31/08/06
31/08/06
02/09/06
06/09/06
10/09/06
14/09/06
18/09/06
30/09/06
30/09/06
04/10/06
06/10/06
09/10/06
Gibraltar Point
Gibraltar Point
Gravesend
off Cardigan Island
Turnberry Beach
Abersoch
RAF Pembrey
River Thames
Lydstep
Marazion
Airport Beach
Bantham
Poole
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire
Kent
Ceredigion
South Ayrshire
Gwynedd
Carmarthenshire
Greater London
Pembrokeshire
Cornwall
Western Isles
Devon
Poole
East coast
East coast
East coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
East coast
West coast
South-west
Scotland
South-west
Channel
SW2006/267d
SW2006/273a
SW2006/277
SW2006/278a
M261/06
M267/06
XT1360/06
M281/06
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
M
F
483
230
240
156
16/10/06
26/10/06
08/11/06
13/11/06
Craigton
John O'Groats
Brancaster Beach
Seamill
Highland
Highland
Norfolk
North Ayrshire
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
86
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy)
enteritis (necro-haemorrhagic), bacterial
(Clostridium spp.)
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia
not established
live stranding
live stranding
disseminate fungal ear infection
physical trauma
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation
haemorrhage, pulmonary (parasitic and acute)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma (possible by-catch)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
possible polymicrobial generalised bacterial
infection
live stranding
live stranding
not established
physical trauma
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
physical trauma
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma (possible boat strike)
not established
not established
pneumonia, parasitic and fungal
pneumonia, parasitic
generalised mycotic infection (Aspergillus
fumigatus)
encephalitis, fungal
live stranding
live stranding
pneumonia, parasitic
National Ref.
SW2006/284a
SW2006/285b
SW2006/286
SW2006/288
PM No.
M286/06
M296/06
XT1426/06
XT1469/06
Species
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
F
F
M
M
Length
138
145
200
98
Date
22/11/06
25/11/06
28/11/06
01/12/06
Location
West Voe
Glenelg Bay
Bembridge
Criccieth Beach
Local Authority
Shetland
Highland
Isle of Wight
Gwynedd
Region
Scotland
Scotland
Channel
West coast
SW2006/291
SW2006/294b
SW2006/297
SW2006/296
SW2006/298a
SW2006/300
M16/12/06
M304/06
XT1487/06
M305/06
M64/12/06
XT1459/06
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Physeter catodon
Delphinus delphis
Tursiops truncatus
M
M
M
M
F
F
193
215
117
1320
191
260
03/12/06
07/12/06
08/12/06
10/12/06
11/12/06
12/12/06
Praa Sands
Longniddry
Manorbier
Roseisle
Porthleven
Skinburness
Cornwall
East Lothian
Pembrokeshire
Moray
Cornwall
Cumbria
South-west
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
South-west
West coast
SW2006/305
SW2006/307
SW2006/308a
SW2006/310
SW2006/310a
SW2007/2
SW2007/5
SW2007/9
SW2007/9a
SW2007/10
SW2007/10c
SW2007/13
SW2007/25b
SW2007/26a
SW2007/27b
SW2007/28
SW2007/28c
SW2007/30
SW2007/30a
SW2007/30e
M93/12/06
M100/12/06
XT280/07
M0309/12/06
M309/06
M17/1/07
XT023/07
XT081/07
M010/07
XT100/07
M012/07
XT079/07
M015/07
M019/07
M018/07
M149/1/07
M021/07
M164/01/07
M025/07
M031/07
Delphinus delphis
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Globicephala melas
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
M
183
288
116
237
115
206
147
197
183
197
94
134
116
105
492
155
118
122
99
498
15/12/06
18/12/06
23/12/06
24/12/06
26/12/06
02/01/07
07/01/07
13/01/07
14/01/07
16/01/07
16/01/07
18/01/07
23/01/07
25/01/07
26/01/07
28/01/07
29/01/07
29/01/07
04/02/07
06/02/07
Peter's Point
Porthtowan
Trearddur Bay
Shoalstone
Balmacara Bay
Salcombe harbour
Minnis Bay
Porthgain
Ettrick Bay
Harlech
Aberlady Sands
Fairbourne
St Combs
off Kinneff
Inverasdale
Trevone
Connel
Towan Beach
Forth Bridge
Morvich Beach
Cornwall
Cornwall
Anglesey
Torbay
Highland
Devon
Kent
Pembrokeshire
Argyll and Bute
Gwynedd
East Lothian
Gwynedd
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeenshire
Highland
Cornwall
Argyll and Bute
Cornwall
Fife
Highland
South-west
South-west
West coast
South-west
Scotland
South-west
East coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
SW2007/31
SW2007/33
SW2007/38
SW2007/42
SW2007/43a
SW2007/50
M45/2/07
M49/2/07
M0237/02/07
M67/2/07
M042/07
XT207/07
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Delphinus delphis
M
M
M
M
F
F
186
216
207
210
233
180
07/02/07
08/02/07
11/02/07
13/02/07
14/02/07
22/02/07
Prisk Cove
Rosevine
Challaborough
Plaidy Beach
nr Silverknowes
Sidmouth Beach
Cornwall
Cornwall
Devon
Cornwall
City of Edinburgh
Devon
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
Scotland
South-west
SW2007/53g
SW2007/59a
M050/07
M052/07
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
F
M
116
225
23/02/07
25/02/07
Millden Links
Weisdale Voe
Aberdeenshire
Shetland
Scotland
Scotland
SW2007/59b
SW2007/60a
M053/07
M054/07
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
115
154
26/02/07
27/02/07
West Sands
Belhaven Bay
Fife
East Lothian
Scotland
Scotland
87
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
liver infection (Streptococcus equi)
not established
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma (possible bottlenose dolphin
attack)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
live stranding
live stranding
not established
generalised bacterial infection (Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae)
not established
not established (possible bycatch)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
not established
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma
physical trauma, by-catch
generalised fungal infection (Yersinia sp.)
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella
tarda)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
not established
live stranding
generalised bacterial infection (polymicrobial),
sequel to physical trauma
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella
cetacea)
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
National Ref.
SW2007/67
SW2007/69a
SW2007/70c
SW2007/81d
SW2007/82c
SW2007/82d
SW2007/82f
SW2007/83
PM No.
S2149
M056/07
M057/07
M064/07
M068/07
M069/07
M067/07
XT332/07
Species
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Sex
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
Length
365
113
222
99
100
103
107
250
Date
06/03/07
07/03/07
08/03/07
22/03/07
25/03/07
25/03/07
25/03/07
28/03/07
Location
Afon Wen
Stonehaven Bay
West Wemyss
Scourie Bay
Allan Water
Embo
Findhorn
Leysdown
Local Authority
Gwynedd
Aberdeenshire
Fife
Highland
Stirling
Highland
Moray
Kent
Region
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
SW2007/84
M14/4/07
Tursiops truncatus
M
297
31/03/07
Duporth
Cornwall
South-west
SW2007/85.1
SW2007/85.2
SW2007/93b
SW2007/94b
SW2007/100c
SW2007/100f
SW2007/102
SW2007/108c
SW2007/109
XT346/07
XT635/07
M83/07
M081/07
M087/07
M091/07
M7/5/07
M099/07
XT555/07
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
142
101
221
161
164
130
123
116
160
02/04/07
02/04/07
16/04/07
21/04/07
26/04/07
28/04/07
30/04/07
15/05/07
18/05/07
Spurn Head
Spurn Head
Stilligarry
Wemyss Bay
Fort George
Uyeasound
Mousehole
Ardnish
Black Rock Sands
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Riding of Yorkshire
Western Isles
Inverclyde
Highland
Shetland
Cornwall
Highland
Gwynedd
East coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
West coast
SW2007/111
SW2007/111b
SW2007/114
SW2007/116
SW2007/122c
SW2007/124
SW2007/127
SW2007/128
SW2007/129
SW2007/135a
SW2007/135b
SW2007/138
SW2007/145
SW2007/146a.1
SW2007/148a
SW2007/157
SW2007/159f
SW2007/164
SW2007/166
SW2007/169
XT526/07
M100/07
XT550/07
S2150
M115/07
XT620/07
M426/06/07
XT1402/07
M17/7/07
M59/7/07
M126/07
XT061/08
XT1359/07
M133/07A
XT851/07
07L-2680
XT011/08
XT1396/07
XT1143/07
XT927/07
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
260
245
116
84
72
133
94
153
187
169
79
80
100
255
138
110
139
75
134
290
19/05/07
20/05/07
26/05/07
28/05/07
15/06/07
21/06/07
29/06/07
30/06/07
02/07/07
09/07/07
09/07/07
10/07/07
19/07/07
21/07/07
26/07/07
06/08/07
12/08/07
14/08/07
16/08/07
19/08/07
Maryport
Knock
Aberdovey
Rhyl
Stonehaven
Warkworth Beach
Combesgate
Borth
Eastern Green
Trebarwith Strand
Speybay
Borth
Broad Haven
Weisdale Voe
off Bridlington
Lytham St Anne's
Borth
Criccieth
Aberdovey
Borth
Cumbria
Argyll and Bute
Gwynedd
Denbighshire
Aberdeenshire
Northumberland
Devon
Ceredigion
Cornwall
Cornwall
Moray
Ceredigion
Pembrokeshire
Shetland
East Riding of Yorkshire
Lancashire
Ceredigion
Gwynedd
Gwynedd
Ceredigion
West coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
East coast
South-west
West coast
South-west
South-west
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
East coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
SW2007/170c
M171/07
Lagenorhynchus acutus
M
237
26/08/07
Gillean Bay
Highland
Scotland
SW2007/172
XT954/07
Phocoena phocoena
F
149
28/08/07
Herne Bay
Kent
East coast
88
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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.)
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
non-suppurative meningitis (spinal cord,
cerebrum and cerebellum)
parasitism (multiple sites, heavy) and
brucellosis
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.)
physical trauma
live stranding
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia (Brucella sp. infection)
starvation/hypothermia and physical trauma
(possible boat strike)
live stranding
encephalitis, bacterial or viral
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
neonatal death/maternal separation
generalised bacterial infection (Vibrio vulnificus)
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, dystocia
not established
pneumonia, parasitic
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch (known)
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding, euthanased
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae)
generalised bacterial infection (possible
brucellosis)
physical trauma, by-catch
National Ref.
SW2007/176a
PM No.
M175/07
Species
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Sex
M
Length
222
Date
31/08/07
Location
nr Leffnoll Point
Local Authority
Dumfries and Galloway
Region
Scotland
SW2007/180a
SW2007/181a
SW2007/181b
SW2007/182
SW2007/184a
SW2007/188d
SW2007/193
M181/07
XT069/08
XT1360/07
M32/09/2007
XT1066/07
M186/07
07L-3556
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
155
143
88
197
142
123
214
06/09/07
09/09/07
09/09/07
09/09/07
12/09/07
17/09/07
25/09/07
Burghead Bay
Martins Haven
New Quay
Longrock
off Ynys Lochtyn
Portessie
Newport
Moray
Pembrokeshire
Ceredigion
Cornwall
Ceredigion
Moray
Pembrokeshire
Scotland
West coast
West coast
South-west
West coast
Scotland
West coast
SW2007/193a
SW2007/195
M190/07
XT1230/07
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
794
157
25/09/07
28/09/07
Garynahine
Criccieth
Western Isles
Gwynedd
Scotland
West coast
SW2007/196
SW2007/197
SW2007/201
SW2007/202
SW2007/211
SW2007/211b
SW2007/214a
SW2007/218
XT1084/07
XT1184/07
M40/10/07
XT1220/07
XT1345/07
M207/07
M209/07
XT1339/07
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Balaenoptera physalus
Phocoena phocoena
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
93
104
N/A
108
105
113
1995
101
29/09/07
02/10/07
10/10/07
13/10/07
23/10/07
26/10/07
30/10/07
06/11/07
Cromer
Caswell Bay
St Ives harbour
off Cwmtydu
Mumbles
Cruden Bay
Raffin
Traeth Gwyn
Norfolk
Swansea
Cornwall
Ceredigion
Swansea
Aberdeenshire
Highland
Ceredigion
East coast
West coast
South-west
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
SW2007/219
SW2007/225
SW2007/224
SW2007/226
SW2007/226a
SW2007/228b
SW2007/228d
SW2007/229
SW2007/232e
SW2007/232a
SW2007/235
SW2007/239
SW2008/1
XT1364/07
XT1338/07
XT1346/07
M86/11/07
M220/07
M222/07
M115/11/07
XT1329/07
M231/07
XT1377/07
M30/12/07
EXTERNAL
XT016/08
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Megaptera novaeangliae
Delphinus delphis
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
M
149
104
114
206
103
257
218
101
340
83
313
820
206
06/11/07
08/11/07
15/11/07
15/11/07
17/11/07
19/11/07
19/11/07
20/11/07
26/11/07
02/12/07
06/12/07
15/12/07
03/01/08
Cwmtydu
Pembrey
Pembrey
Peter's Point
Lossiemouth
Clachnaharry
Sydney Cove
Brighton
Sandhaven
Llantwit Major
Gunwalloe
Port Talbot
Lannacombe
Ceredigion
Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire
Cornwall
Moray
Highland
Cornwall
Brighton and Hove
Aberdeenshire
Vale of Glamorgan
Cornwall
Neath Port Talbot
Devon
West coast
West coast
West coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Channel
Scotland
West coast
South-west
West coast
South-west
SW2008/3
SW2008/4
SW2008/5f
SW2008/6
SW2008/6a
SW2008/7
SW2008/8a
SW2008/8b
SW2008/8c
M59/1/08
XT060/08
M012/08
XT076/08
XT082/08
XT079/08
M013/08
M014/08
M015/08
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
103
209
505
165
204
221
176
307
134
10/01/08
10/01/08
16/01/08
20/01/08
20/01/08
21/01/08
22/01/08
22/01/08
23/01/08
Boscastle
Milton Sands
Grobust
Black Rock
Lincombe
Bournemouth
Collieston
Chanonry
Scapa Beach
Cornwall
Devon
Orkney
Brighton and Hove
Devon
Bournemouth
Aberdeenshire
Highland
Orkney
South-west
South-west
Scotland
Channel
South-west
Channel
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
89
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
non-suppurative meningitis (possible Brucella
sp.)
aged/possible enteritis/peritonitis, acute
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella
tarda)
live stranding
physical trauma, acute (possible boat-strike or
bottlenose dolphin attack)
live stranding (euthanized)
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, entanglement (probable)
physical trauma (possible bottlenose dolphin
attack)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
not established
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella ceti)
not established
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/old age
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
parasitism (multiple sites, heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
starvation (sequel to gastric impaction) and
physical trauma (acute)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, acute (boat propeller)
physical trauma, entanglement
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia (euthanased)
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
National Ref.
SW2008/9
SW2008/10
SW2008/13
SW2008/16c
SW2008/17b
SW2008/17c
SW2008/17a
SW2008/19
SW2008/23
PM No.
M113/1/08
XT157/08
XT120/08
M024/08
M025/08
M026/08
EXTERNAL
XT170/08
XT151/08
Species
Stenella coeruleoalba
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Globicephala melas
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
M
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
Length
225
218
195
129
99
159
415
129
164
Date
25/01/08
25/01/08
29/01/08
03/02/08
04/02/08
04/02/08
06/02/08
07/02/08
11/02/08
Location
Church Cove
Black Rock
Putsborough Sand
Girvan
Menie Links
Burghead Bay
Saundersfoot
Whiteford Sands
Red Water'
Local Authority
Cornwall
Brighton and Hove
Devon
South Ayrshire
Aberdeenshire
Moray
Pembrokeshire
Swansea
Pembrokeshire
Region
South-west
Channel
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
West coast
West coast
SW2008/25
SW2008/25a
SW2008/26
SW2008/29
SW2008/30
SW2008/31a
SW2008/33a
SW2008/34
EXTERNAL
M035/08
M77/2/2008
XT142/08
M86/2/08
M039/08
M042/08
M155/2/08
Delphinus delphis
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
222
358
118
118
193
109
165
129
11/02/08
11/02/08
12/02/08
14/02/08
14/02/08
15/02/08
24/02/08
26/02/08
Llangennith
Borve
Mousehole
Dungeness
Coverack
Burghead
Irvine Beach
Upton Towans
Swansea
Western Isles
Cornwall
Kent
Cornwall
Moray
North Ayrshire
Cornwall
West coast
Scotland
South-west
East coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
SW2008/37
XT191/08
Phocoena phocoena
F
116
28/02/08
Dulas Bay
Anglesey
West coast
SW2008/38d
SW2008/38a
SW2008/38e
SW2008/39a
SW2008/40b
SW2008/47b
SW2008/48d
M048/08
XT324/08
M046/08
M25/3/08
M049/08
M055/08
M069/08
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Ziphius cavirostris
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
160
181
202
160
112
550
106
01/03/08
02/03/08
02/03/08
04/03/08
05/03/08
14/03/08
23/03/08
Ayr
Barmouth
Droman
Fistral Beach
Portobello
Kintra
Thurso Beach
South Ayrshire
Gwynedd
Highland
Cornwall
City of Edinburgh
Argyll and Bute
Highland
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
SW2008/48e
SW2008/48g
SW2008/49
SW2008/49b
SW2008/50
SW2008/52
SW2008/53
SW2008/55b
SW2008/56
SW2008/58
SW2008/59
SW2008/59a
SW2008/59b
SW2008/60
M068/08
M071/08
XT263/08
M077/08
S2151
XT249/08
M193/3/08
M080/08
XT495/08
XT262/08
M082/08
M085/08
M088/08
XT323/08
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
F
F
107
94
117
115
108
164
168
123
117
109
112
115
483
158
24/03/08
26/03/08
26/03/08
29/03/08
30/03/08
30/03/08
30/03/08
04/04/08
05/04/08
05/04/08
07/04/08
07/04/08
09/04/08
10/04/08
West Sands
Portknockie
Bridlington
Tighnabruiach
Aberffraw
Fraisthorpe
Longrock
Arrochar
Aberaeron
Bridlington
Boyndie Bay
Don Mouth
Loch Geshader
Cleveleys
Fife
Moray
East Riding of Yorkshire
Argyll and Bute
Anglesey
East Riding of Yorkshire
Cornwall
Argyll and Bute
Ceredigion
East Riding of Yorkshire
Aberdeenshire
City of Aberdeen
Western Isles
Lancashire
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
West coast
East coast
South-west
Scotland
West coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
90
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
live stranding
physical trauma
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch (possible)
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, gastric (heavy); pneumonia
(bacterial and fungal); and Brucella sp.
infection
not established
(meningo)encephalitis, non-suppurative
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranded, euthanized
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
pneumonia, parasitic
osteomyelitis (mandible) and poor nutritive
status and physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin
attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
(known)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
laryngeal displacement (fish ingestion)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
not established
oesophageal impaction and parasitism, gastric
(heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, multiple sites (heavy)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
live stranding
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
haemorrhage, pulmonary (parasitic)
National Ref.
SW2008/61
SW2008/63
SW2008/64
SW2008/65a
SW2008/68
SW2008/73
PM No.
XT676/08
XT281/08
XT097/09
M094/08
XT085/10
XT449/08
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
F
Length
103
145
122
95
118
114
Date
10/04/08
14/04/08
15/04/08
20/04/08
22/04/08
27/04/08
Location
Llanrhystud
Seaton Carew
off Brixham
River Don mouth
Slapton Beach
Tywyn
Local Authority
Ceredigion
Hartlepool
Devon
City of Aberdeen
Devon
Gwynedd
Region
West coast
East coast
South-west
Scotland
South-west
West coast
SW2008/75c
SW2008/75a
SW2008/79
SW2008/80
SW2008/81
SW2008/82b
SW2008/84
SW2008/84c
SW2008/85
SW2008/93a
SW2008/94.1
SW2008/94.2
SW2008/94.3
SW2008/94.4
SW2008/94.5
SW2008/94.6
SW2008/94.7
SW2008/94.8
SW2008/94.9
SW2008/94.10
SW2008/94.11
SW2008/94.12
SW2008/94.13
SW2008/94.14
SW2008/94.15
SW2008/94.16
SW2008/94.17
SW2008/94.18
SW2008/94.19
SW2008/94.20
SW2008/94.21
SW2008/94.22
SW2008/94.23
SW2008/94.24
SW2008/94.25
SW2008/95
M106/08
XT457/08
XT1068/08
XT691/08
M70/5/08
M113/08
XT424/08
M119/08
S2152
M126/08
M50/6/08
M57/6/08
M51/6/08
M52/6/08
M56/6/08
M55/6/08
M53/6/08
M54/6/08
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
XT528/08
XT537/08
XT549/08
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
XT533/08
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
XT542/08
XT538/08
M58/6/08
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
M
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
111
96
128
104
85
115
125
162
121
316
158
159
163
183
202
194
212
210
158
185
206
200
207
184
169
165
168
163
166
174
177
179
181
168
186
165
01/05/08
02/05/08
09/05/08
09/05/08
14/05/08
15/05/08
19/05/08
25/05/08
26/05/08
07/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
09/06/08
Stranraer
Westward Ho!
Pembrey
Tywyn
Coverack Beach
Kirkcaldy
Tankerton
Newton Bay
Rhyl
Shandwick Bay
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Porth Creek
Trelissick
Dumfries and Galloway
Devon
Carmarthenshire
Gwynedd
Cornwall
Fife
Kent
Argyll and Bute
Denbighshire
Highland
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Scotland
South-west
West coast
West coast
South-west
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
91
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
emaciation/starvation (intestinal parasitism)
physical trauma, acute (suspected bottlenose
dolphin attack) leading to subcutaneous
abscessation
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, pulmonary (heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
not established
generalised bacterial infection (Gemella morbillorum)
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
starvation/hypothermia
not established
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding (mass)
live stranding
National Ref.
SW2008/98a
SW2008/98b
PM No.
M128/08
M129/08
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
F
Length
145
155
Date
12/06/08
13/06/08
Location
Hopeman
Balnakeil Beach
Local Authority
Moray
Highland
Region
Scotland
Scotland
SW2008/99
SW2008/99c
SW2008/102a
SW2008/104f
XT1043/08
M130/08
M136/08
M137/08
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
M
M
108
80
76
101
14/06/08
14/06/08
19/06/08
24/06/08
Barmouth
Lossiemouth
Irvine Beach
off Arbroath
Gwynedd
Moray
North Ayrshire
Angus
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
SW2008/104g
SW2008/113c
SW2008/115a
SW2008/117b
SW2008/118
SW2008/120
SW2008/120c
SW2008/123
SW2008/123b
SW2008/123d
SW2008/134
SW2008/137
SW2008/138
SW2008/143
SW2008/143c
SW2008/144
M138/08
M140/08
M142/08
M147/08
XT606/08
XT045/09
M151/08
M98/7/08
XT952/08
M155/08
XT1124/08
EXTERNAL
M21/8/08
XT714/08
M165/08
XT726/08
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Physeter catodon
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
F
122
152
128
167
82
140
87
255
119
195
137
570
176
178
1393
170
25/06/08
28/06/08
05/07/08
08/07/08
10/07/08
11/07/08
13/07/08
17/07/08
18/07/08
19/07/08
30/07/08
01/08/08
03/08/08
05/08/08
05/08/08
06/08/08
Elliot
Seamill
Traigh Eais
Cullen harbour
Threddlethorpe
Aberystwyth
nr Cullen harbour
Upton Towans
Aberavon
North Kessock
Abererch
Hayling Island
Marazion
Saunton Sands
Alturlie Point
Saunton Sands
Angus
North Ayrshire
Western Isles
Moray
Lincolnshire
Ceredigion
Moray
Cornwall
Neath Port Talbot
Highland
Gwynedd
Hampshire
Cornwall
Devon
Highland
Devon
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
West coast
Scotland
South-west
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Channel
South-west
South-west
Scotland
South-west
SW2008/145
SW2008/149a
SW2008/151
SW2008/152c
SW2008/155
SW2008/158a
SW2008/159
SW2008/161
SW2008/170
SW2008/176
SW2008/179a
SW2008/183a
SW2008/188
SW2008/189
M42/8/08
M170/08
XT863/08
M175/08
XT975/08
M177/08
M121/8/08
XT027/09
EXTERNAL
XT996/08
M202/08
M205/08
M47/10/08
M52/10/08
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
193
147
93
225
86
168
207
132
374
107
146
217
166
163
06/08/08
09/08/08
11/08/08
14/08/08
17/08/08
19/08/08
20/08/08
22/08/08
04/09/08
10/09/08
24/09/08
03/10/08
10/10/08
11/10/08
Daymer Bay
Shandwick Bay
New Quay
Lerwick marina
Black Rock Sands
Carradale
Troytown Maze
Heacham harbour
Silverdale
Freshwater West
Whiting Bay
Bay of Weyland
Portreath
Rinsey Cove
Cornwall
Highland
Ceredigion
Shetland
Gwynedd
Argyll and Bute
Isles of Scilly
Norfolk
Lancashire
Pembrokeshire
North Ayrshire
Orkney
Cornwall
Cornwall
South-west
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
South-west
East coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
South-west
SW2008/190a
SW2008/198
SW2008/199
SW2008/200
SW2008/201b
M212/08
M141/10/08
XT031/09
08L-3362
M221/08
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
M
F
F
605
125
133
116
96
18/10/08
29/10/08
29/10/08
31/10/08
02/11/08
off Loch Eil
Polzeath
Whitesands
Moelfre
Lossiemouth
Highland
Cornwall
Pembrokeshire
Anglesey
Moray
Scotland
South-west
West coast
West coast
Scotland
92
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella
tarda) sequel to foetal death
physical trauma
neonatal death
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
(known)
aborted foetus
pneumonia, parasitic
neonatal death
not established
live stranding
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
not established
physical trauma
live stranding
physical trauma, boat strike; pericarditis and
pleuritis (heavy) and parasitism, cardiac
meningitis, non-suppurative
not established
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
physical trauma
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
starvation (bottlenose dolphin like rakemarks)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
physical trauma, possible by-catch
pneumonia, bacterial
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.)
starvation/hypothermia
starvation and physical trauma (bottlenose
dolphin attack)
not established
pneumonia, parasitic (heavy)
physical trauma (boat propeller)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
National Ref.
SW2008/202
SW2008/202a
SW2008/203
SW2008/204b
SW2008/213
SW2008/214
SW2009/1
SW2009/2
SW2009/3
SW2009/10
SW2009/19
PM No.
XT1021/08
M225/08
XT1004/08
M228/08
XT1139/08
XT057/10
M001/09
XT022/09
M002/09
M87/01/2009
XT029/09
Species
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
M
Length
277
143
145
394
159
100
118
145
135
126
151
Date
05/11/08
05/11/08
05/11/08
10/11/08
10/12/08
15/12/08
05/01/09
07/01/09
07/01/09
13/01/09
20/01/09
Location
Long Sands
Ullapool
Margate
The Gut
Old Hunstanton
Worthing
River Don mouth
Brixham
Aberdeen Beach
Summerleaze
Chetney Marshes
Local Authority
North Tyneside
Highland
Kent
Moray
Norfolk
West Sussex
Grampian
Devon
Grampian
Cornwall
Kent
Region
East coast
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
East coast
Channel
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
South-west
East coast
SW2009/28
SW2009/37
M004/09
M007/09
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
110
106
24/01/09
02/02/09
Ruby Bay
West Sands
Fife
Fife
Scotland
Scotland
SW2009/44
SW2009/46
SW2009/50
SW2009/59
SW2009/61
SW2009/65
SW2009/69
SW2009/74
SW2009/79
SW2009/83
SW2009/82
SW2009/84
SW2009/93
SW2009/94
SW2009/97
M63/02/09
S2153
XT098/09
M181/02/09
M013/09
M017/09
M021/09
M85/3/09
M025/09
M027/09
M026/09
M028/09
M035/09
M182/03/09
XT676/09
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
164
135
143
130
188
127
155
193
115
103
125
115
107
200
138
07/02/09
09/02/09
11/02/09
24/02/09
24/02/09
27/02/09
04/03/09
10/03/09
10/03/09
14/03/09
16/03/09
17/03/09
21/03/09
25/03/09
25/03/09
Trevaunance Cove
Cemaes Beach
Hayling Island
Crackington Haven
Chapel Point
Dundee
Menie Links
Wanson Mouth
Cuthill Rocks
Sanday Sound
Menie Links
Broad sands
South Queensferry
Black Rock
Tywyn
Cornwall
Anglesey
Hampshire
Cornwall
East Lothian
City of Dundee
Aberdeenshire
Cornwall
East Lothian
Orkney
Aberdeenshire
East Lothian
City of Edinburgh
Cornwall
Gwynedd
South-west
West coast
Channel
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
West coast
SW2009/107
SW2009/110
SW2009/124
SW2009/165
M037/09
XT445/09
M126/04/09
M044/09
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
F
M
104
162
163
111
30/03/09
13/04/09
23/04/09
27/04/09
Foveran Links
Oxwich
Porthleven Beach
Broughty Ferry
Aberdeenshire
Swansea
Cornwall
City of Dundee
Scotland
West coast
South-west
Scotland
SW2009/135
SW2009/172
SW2009/144
SW2009/145
SW2009/149
SW2009/150
SW2009/170
SW2009/159.1
SW2009/159.2
XT514/09
M054/09
M36/5/09
M49/05/09
XT418/09
M97/5/09
M051/09
XT487/09
XT478/09
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Stenella coeruleoalba
Stenella coeruleoalba
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
112
101
156
83
210
81
720
158
159
29/04/09
30/04/09
06/05/09
06/05/09
09/05/09
14/05/09
20/05/09
28/05/09
28/05/09
Arthog
off Methil
Perran Sands
Little Porth Askin
Tenby
off Porthpean
Sanham Insir
Boston
Boston
Gwynedd
Fife
Cornwall
Cornwall
Pembrokeshire
Cornwall
Highland
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire
West coast
Scotland
South-west
South-west
West coast
South-west
Scotland
East coast
East coast
93
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
starvation/hypothermia
live stranding
pneumonia, mycotic
live stranding
parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy)
starvation/hypothermia
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac
(heavy)
not established
physical trauma (probable bottlenose dolphin
attack)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
not established
pneumona, parasitic
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
meningoencephalitis, fungal
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
physical trauma, by-catch
generalised bacterial infection (Enterococcus
faecalis)
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, dystocia
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose
dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, dystocia
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, boat strike
live stranding
live stranding
National Ref.
SW2009/173
SW2009/174
SW2009/198
PM No.
M055/09
M056/09
M060/09
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
M
F
Length
120
120
154
Date
04/06/09
04/06/09
09/06/09
Location
Spey Bay
East Beach
East Beach
Local Authority
Moray
Moray
Highland
Region
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
SW2009/180
SW2009/199
SW2009/179
SW2009/184
XT523/09
M062/09
M78/6/09
XT1053/09
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
M
M
M
F
199
82
243
77
10/06/09
10/06/09
12/06/09
15/06/09
Crimdon Dene
Isle of May
Boat Cove
Fishguard Harbour
Durham
Fife
Cornwall
Pembrokeshire
East coast
Scotland
South-west
West coast
SW2009/187
SW2009/209
SW2009/216
SW2009/217
SW2009/226
SW2009/239
SW2009/235
SW2009/237
SW2009/251
SW2009/255
SW2009/256
SW2009/257.1
SW2009/247
SW2009/249
SW2009/261
SW2009/268
SW2009/272
SW2009/286
SW2009/293
SW2009/296
SW2009/297
SW2009/301
SW2009/317
SW2009/305
SW2009/322
SW2009/324
SW2009/346
SW2009/330
SW2009/331
SW2009/356
SW2009/345
SW2009/353
SW2009/359
XT809/09
M074/09
XT606/09
XT644/09
XT1058/09
M086/09
M0111/07/09
XT724/09
M094/09
M099/09
M100/09
M103/09A
XT810/09
M22/8/09
XT839/09
S2154
XT041/10
M127/09
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
XT907/09
EXTERNAL
M137/09
EXTERNAL
M8/10/09
XT1032/09
M145/09
S2155
M74/10/09
M151/09
XT1057/09
XT1152/09
XT1101/09
Phocoena phocoena
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Delphinus delphis
Stenella coeruleoalba
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Globicephala melas
Megaptera novaeangliae
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
F
F
M
128
400
83
73
69
83
220
93
230
N/A
160
615
217
169.5
94
154
112
599
420
950
150.5
290
134
625
139
147
584
621
168
124
151
205
137
17/06/09
25/06/09
05/07/09
05/07/09
13/07/09
15/07/09
20/07/09
22/07/09
27/07/09
30/07/09
31/07/09
02/08/09
04/08/09
05/08/09
10/08/09
17/08/09
20/08/09
24/08/09
07/09/09
12/09/09
14/09/09
17/09/09
18/09/09
21/09/09
01/10/09
04/10/09
08/10/09
10/10/09
12/10/09
19/10/09
25/10/09
01/11/09
03/11/09
Pembrey
Hushinish Beach
Dovercourt
Mablethorpe
Black Rock Sands
Weisdale Voe
Carne Beach
Westgate on Sea
West Garty
Sandyhills Bay
Dunnet Bay
Near Cromarty
south Beach Tenby
Off Perran Sands
Newgale
National Trust
Solva
Grange of Cree
Rustington
River Thames
Brixham
Cemlyn
Strathlene Beach
Alum Chine
Upton Towans
Borth
Corry Churrachan
Prestatyn
Carbis Bay Beach
Findhorn Bay
North Denes
Freshwater West
Black Rock Sands
Carmarthenshire
Western Isles
Essex
Lincolnshire
Gwynedd
Shetland
Cornwall
Kent
Highland
Dumfries and Galloway
Highland
Highland
Pembrokeshire
Cornwall
Pembrokeshire
Merseyside
Pembrokeshire
Dumfries and Galloway
West Sussex
Greater London
Devon
Anglesey
Moray
Bournemouth
Cornwall
Ceredigion
Highland
Denbighshire
Cornwall
Moray
Norfolk
Pembrokeshire
Gwynedd
West coast
Scotland
East coast
East coast
West coast
Scotland
South-west
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
South-west
West coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
Channel
East coast
South-west
West coast
Scotland
Channel
South-west
West coast
Scotland
West coast
South-west
Scotland
East coast
West coast
West coast
SW2009/360.1
SW2009/360.2
M162/09a
M162/09b
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Lagenorhynchus acutus
M
M
229
231
03/11/09
03/11/09
Uyeasound
Uyeasound
Shetland
Shetland
Scotland
Scotland
94
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
coliform septicaemia sequential to physical
trauma, dystocia
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
not established
starvation/hypothermia (neonate),
contraspecific rakemarks
physical trauma, by-catch
not established
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
maternal separation/starvation
starvation (aged)
starvation/hypothermia
not established
maternal separation/starvation
physical trauma, bycatch
live stranding
not established
(meningo)encephalitis (Brucella )
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, acute (probable boat strike)
live stranding
not established
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
gas embolism
not established
not established
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch (possible)
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
septic arthritis (Brucella sp.)
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
starvation/hypothermia
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, acute (possible bottlenose
dolphin attack)
live stranding
live stranding
National Ref.
SW2009/361
SW2009/362
SW2009/376
SW2009/368
SW2009/372
SW2009/377
SW2009/380
SW2009/397
SW2009/383
SW2009/384
SW2009/391
SW2009/392
SW2009/432
SW2009/422
SW2009/424
PM No.
XT1071/09
XT1073/09
M167/09
M75/11/09
M76/11/09
XT1098/09
XT1104/09
M173/09
XT095/10
M175/11/09
XT1129/09
M11/12/09
Unknown
M187/09
M189/09
Species
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Stenella coeruleoalba
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Sex
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
Length
N/A
157
249
212
170
114
170
209
164
256
149
185
N/A
165
188
Date
05/11/09
06/11/09
07/11/09
14/11/09
15/11/09
23/11/09
25/11/09
26/11/09
27/11/09
28/11/09
30/11/09
01/12/09
03/12/09
16/12/09
20/12/09
Location
Hele Bay
Dinas Dinlle
West Sands
Newlyn
Downderry Beach
Broad Haven
South Milton Sands
Dornoch
Ynyslas
Perranporth
nr South Bents
Carbis Bay
White Rocks
Whiting Bay
Ashaig
Local Authority
Devon
Gwynedd
Fife
Cornwall
Cornwall
Pembrokeshire
Devon
Highland
Ceredigion
Cornwall
Sunderland
Cornwall
Antrim
North Ayrshire
Highland
Region
South-west
West coast
Scotland
South-west
South-west
West coast
South-west
Scotland
West coast
South-west
East coast
South-west
N. Ireland
Scotland
Scotland
SW2009/421
SW2009/427
SW2010/1
SW2010/5
SW2010/24
SW2010/26
SW2010/27
SW2010/29
SW2010/31
SW2010/10
SW2010/11
SW2010/12
SW2010/121
SW2010/15
SW2010/17
SW2010/18
SW2010/49
SW2010/39
SW2010/51
SW2010/52
SW2010/53
SW2010/54
SW2010/42
SW2010/62
SW2010/67
SW2010/68
SW2010/63
XT020/10
M192/09
XT002/10
M003/10
M006/10
M009/10
M010/10
M012/10
M014/10
M74/1/10
M73/1/10
M72/01/10
2010-00806
M120/1/10
XT065/10
EXTERNAL
M021/10
XT083/10
M024/10
M025/10
M026/10
M27/10
XT094/10
XT116/10
M036/10
M038/10
M1/3/10
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Physeter catodon
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
142
254
157
152
142
157
202
163
113
124
165
243
146
159
121
1280
103
133
122
153
115
140
162
137
144
103
121
29/12/09
31/12/09
02/01/10
08/01/10
11/01/10
12/01/10
13/01/10
13/01/10
15/01/10
16/01/10
16/01/10
16/01/10
16/01/10
19/01/10
20/01/10
25/01/10
26/01/10
03/02/10
03/02/10
04/02/10
09/02/10
09/02/10
11/02/10
20/02/10
20/02/10
25/02/10
26/02/10
Botany Bay
Dornoch Burn
Bridlington
East Beach
Portabello Beach
Crail Beach
Boddam
Lunan Bay
Littleeferry
Kennack Sands
Longrock Beach
St Mawes
Port Davey
Bigbury-on-Sea
Brixham
Collith Hole
Aberdeen Beach
Kingsdown
West Sands
Laide
Nairn
Dunbar
Cart Gap Beach
Hemsby Gap
Whitelinks Bay
Old Shandwick
Porth Beach
Kent
Highland
East Riding of Yorkshire
Moray
City of Edinburgh
Fife
Shetland
Angus
Highland
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Antrim
Devon
Torbay
Northumberland
City of Aberdeen
Kent
Fife
Highland
Highland
East Lothian
Norfolk
Norfolk
Aberdeenshire
Highland
Cornwall
East coast
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
South-west
South-west
N. Ireland
South-west
South-west
East coast
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
SW2010/64
XT213/10
Phocoena phocoena
F
120
27/02/10
Blyth Beach
Northumberland
East coast
95
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch (possible)
physical trauma, acute
possible (meningo)encephalitis (Brucella )
starvation/hypothermia
possible coliform endometritis
generalised bacterial infection (Photobacterium
damselae)
parasitism, gastric stomach (heavy)
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia
generalised bacterial infection
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
live stranding
pneumonia, parasitic
non-suppurative encephalitis
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
physical trauma, by-catch
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
pneumonia, parasitic
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation
physical trauma, by-catch
parasitism, generalised (heavy)
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
physical trauma, possible by-catch
dystokia/vaginal prolapse
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
acute physical trauma (suspected bottlenose
dolphin attack)
parasitism, gastric and pulmonary
National Ref.
SW2010/66
SW2010/79
SW2010/80
SW2010/93
SW2010/98
SW2010/113
SW2010/114
SW2010/116
SW2010/120
SW2010/130
SW2010/131
SW2010/136
PM No.
XT130/10
M044/10
M045/10
M205/3/10
XT195/10
M056/10
M057/10
M059/10
M066/10
M077/10
XT257/10
M078/10
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Globicephala melas
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
F
Length
130
122
157
125
122
555
432
472
120
112
102
160
Date
03/03/10
05/03/10
07/03/10
25/03/10
26/03/10
28/03/10
28/03/10
31/03/10
03/04/10
16/04/10
20/04/10
20/04/10
Location
Brightlingsea
Helensburgh
Drummore
Gyllyngvase Beach
Worthing
Barvas
Sandwick
Montrose Bay
Creetown
Nairn Beach
Waxham
Ettrick Bay
Local Authority
Essex
West Dunbartonshire
Dumfries and Galloway
Cornwall
West Sussex
Western Isles
Western Isles
Tayside
Dumfries and Galloway
Highland
Norfolk
Argyll and Bute
Region
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
Channel
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
SW2010/133
SW2010/157
SW2010/152
SW2010/159
SW2010/165
SW2010/167
SW2010/170
SW2010/175
SW2010/176
SW2010/410
SW2010/178
SW2010/174
SW2010/189
SW2010/181
SW2010/192
SW2010/201
SW2010/220
SW2010/213
SW2010/212
SW2010/218
SW2010/225
SW2010/227
SW2010/228
SW2010/251
SW2010/233
SW2010/232
SW2010/257
SW2010/260
SW2010/244
SW2010/262
SW2010/289
SW2010/272
XT289/10
M089/10
XT459/10
M095/10
M96/10
M098/10
M105/10
M106/10
M107/10
M112/10
M114/10
XT634/10
M118/10
M159/6/10
M127/10
M52/7/10
M137/10
XT654/10
XT1014/10
EXTERNAL
M153/10
XT860/10
XT745/10
M157/10
XT731/10
M17/08/10
M162/10
M169/10
XT894/10
EXTERNAL
M194/10
XT1038/10
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Mesoplodon bidens
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
M
F
102
218
160
163
165
156
77
436
142
84
217
122
146
145.5
143
81
88
131
83
446
154
106
153
461
82
232
241
98
93
770
151
145
24/04/10
06/05/10
15/05/10
18/05/10
26/05/10
27/05/10
05/06/10
10/06/10
11/06/10
17/06/10
19/06/10
20/06/10
21/06/10
26/06/10
29/06/10
07/07/10
13/07/10
17/07/10
18/07/10
22/07/10
24/07/10
29/07/10
29/07/10
30/07/10
01/08/10
03/08/10
03/08/10
09/08/10
12/08/10
22/08/10
29/08/10
30/08/10
Abergele
Glenbarr
Rhyl
Balgownie Links
Salen
Scarfskerry
off East Haven
West Glen
Dalchalm
Whiting Bay
Gullane Bay
Blackhall Rocks
Scotstown
Praa Sands
Rosehearty
Salthouse
Sandbank
Chesil Cove
Caswell Bay
The Oaze
Loch Goil
Fairbourne
Ynyslas
Horse Isles Bay
Morecambe Beach
Perran Sands
Sumburgh
Scalloway
Tresaith
Pwllheli
West Beach
New Quay
Conwy
Argyll and Bute
Denbighshire
City of Aberdeen
Argyll and Bute
Highland
Angus
Argyll and Bute
Highland
Strathclyde
East Lothian
County Durham
Aberdeenshire
Cornwall
Aberdeenshire
Cornwall
Argyll and Bute
Dorset
Swansea
Kent
Argyll and Bute
Gwynedd
Ceredigion
Dumfries and Galloway
Lancashire
Cornwall
Shetland
Shetland
Ceredigion
Gwynedd
Highland
Ceredigion
West coast
Scotland
West coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Channel
West coast
East coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
West coast
West coast
Scotland
West coast
96
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
live stranding
pneumonia, parasitic
live stranding, maternal separation
peri-oesophageal abscess
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
live stranding, maternal separation
live stranding, maternal separation
physical trauma, by-catch
pneumonia, parasitic
starvation (intestinal parasitism)
pneumonia (parasitic, bacterial and fungal) and
pulmonary haemorrhage
physical trauma, by-catch
meningoencephalitis
physical trauma, dystocia
spinal abnormality
meningoencephalitis
generalised bacterial infection (Brucella )
maternal separation
entanglement
dystocia, bacterial infection
maternal separation
meningoencephalitis
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
physical trauma, by-catch (possible)
physical trauma, bycatch
generalised bacterial infection
starvation (common/striped dolphin rakemarks)
maternal separation
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
live stranding
peritonitis
starvation/hypothermia
not established
live stranding
starvation/hypothermia (neonate)
starvation
meningoencephalitis
maternal separation
starvation/hypothermia
starvation/hypothermia
pneumonia, bacterial
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
National Ref.
SW2010/274
SW2010/281
SW2010/292
SW2010/283
SW2010/290
SW2010/287
SW2010/293
SW2010/295
SW2010/308
SW2010/318
SW2010/336
SW2010/306
SW2010/315
SW2010/322
SW2010/323
SW2010/338
SW2010/340
PM No.
XT067/11
1022/10
M207/10
M30/9/10
M202/10
XT867/20
M206/10
M210/10
M213/10
M216/10
2010-18488
XT917/10
XT936/10
M226/10
XT1028/10
XT994/10
XT109/11
Species
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
Tursiops truncatus
Delphinus delphis
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Stenella coeruleoalba
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Sex
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
U
F
M
F
Length
87
127
150
116
333
162
276
122
175
155
179
165
145
268
N/A
95
111.5
Date
31/08/10
02/09/10
05/09/10
06/09/10
06/09/10
08/09/10
08/09/10
12/09/10
15/09/10
21/09/10
25/09/10
26/09/10
28/09/10
29/09/10
30/09/10
15/10/10
19/10/10
Location
Ynys Lochtyn
off Pwllheli
Port Uisken
Top Tieb Beach
Balintore
Zeta berth
Traigh Mhor
Hillswick
Thurso Beach
Gairloch Beach
Portstewart
Newport
Skinningrove
Coll Beach
Aberavon
Anthorn
Mwnt
Local Authority
Ceredigion
Gwynedd
Argyll and Bute
Cornwall
Highland
Devon
Western Isles
Shetland
Highland
Highland
Derry
Pembrokeshire
Redcar and Cleveland
Western Isles
Neath Port Talbot
Cumbria
Ceredigion
Region
West coast
West coast
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
N. Ireland
West coast
East coast
Scotland
West coast
West coast
West coast
SW2010/342
SW2010/352
SW2010/346
SW2010/354
SW2010/355
SW2010/365
SW2010/369
SW2010/372
SW2010/373
SW2010/376
SW2010/384
SW2010/397
SW2010/387
M135/10/10
M247/10
XT173/11
M3/11/10
M2/11/10
M255/10
M82/11/10
M272/10
XT1083/10
M276/10
M286/10
M295/10
M48/12/10
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Grampus griseus
Delphinus delphis
Delphinus delphis
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Grampus griseus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoena phocoena
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
F
147
301
155
204
177
156
129
146
108
232
108
126
155
19/10/10
21/10/10
24/10/10
29/10/10
31/10/10
05/11/10
12/11/10
13/11/10
16/11/10
18/11/10
21/11/10
02/12/10
06/12/10
Sennen Cove
Norby Beach
Gwbert
Lamorna Cove
Church Cove
Barassie Beach
Fistral Beach
Barassie Beach
North Sands Beach
Hushinish
Belhaven
East Beach
Porthminster
Cornwall
Shetland
Ceredigion
Cornwall
Cornwall
North Ayrshire
Cornwall
North Ayrshire
Hartlepool
Western Isles
East Lothian
East Lothian
Cornwall
South-west
Scotland
West coast
South-west
South-west
Scotland
South-west
Scotland
East coast
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
South-west
SW2010/398
M301/10
Phocoena phocoena
M
148
09/12/10
Findhorn
Moray
Scotland
SW2010/399
SW2010/395
M308/10
M126/12/10
Phocoena phocoena
Delphinus delphis
F
F
155
195
15/12/10
16/12/10
Coulport
Perranporth
Argyll and Bute
Cornwall
Scotland
South-west
SW2010/396
XT090/11
Delphinus delphis
M
219
17/12/10
Dale
Pembrokeshire
West coast
97
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
acute haemorrhagic enteritis (possible)
not established
physical trauma, by-catch
not established
parasitism, cardiac stomach
live stranding
starvation
pneumonia, bacterial (Mycoplasma phocida)
acute physical trauma (atypical/anthropogenic)
live stranding
starvation and physical trauma, acute
physical trauma, acute
live stranding
physical trauma, by-catch
starvation/hypothermia
parasitism, pulmonary (heavy) and possible
haemorrhage, pulmonary
physical trauma, by-catch
dystocia
physical trauma, acute (possible by-catch)
physical trauma, by-catch
live stranding
pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic
physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack
not established, awaiting histopathology
starvation
live stranding
parasitism, gastric (heavy)
live stranding
physical trauma, acute (suspected bottlenose
dolphin attack)
generalised bacterial infection sequential to
trauma
pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial
peritonitis and metritis (sequel to
dystocia/uterine rupture)
parasitism, cardiac stomach (heavy)
National Ref.
T2005/1
T2005/9
T2005/61
T2006/39
PM No.
M007/05
M20/8/05
M29/12/05
07-0316
Species
Dermochelys coriacea
Dermochelys coriacea
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Sex
F
F
M
F
Length
190
171
26
65
Date
10/01/05
01/08/05
27/11/05
01/12/06
Location
Port William
Botallack
Harlyn Beach
Pembrey
Local Authority
Dumfries and Galloway
Cornwall
Cornwall
Carmarthenshire
Region
Scotland
South-west
South-west
West coast
T2006/44
T2007/2
T2007/3
T2007/6
T2008/2
T2008/10
T2008/13
T2008/14
T2008/16
T2008/18
T2008/19
T2008/22
T2008/23
T2008/24
T2008/26
T2008/27
T2008/30
T2008/46
XT018/07
M011/07
M79/01/07
XT757/07
XT043/08
XT144/08
XT161/08
XT153/08
M033/08
M84/02/08
N79/08
XT168/11
M75/3/08
M145/03/08
XT440/08
XT678/08
XT169/11
M257/08
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Lepidochelys kempii
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Dermochelys coriacea
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
Caretta caretta
U
F
U
U
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
U
F
U
F
M
U
U
27
29
21
27
25
33
59
24
65
37
N/A
N/A
65
76
57
35
17
101
23/12/06
14/01/07
03/01/07
21/03/07
03/01/08
22/02/08
06/02/08
06/02/08
29/01/08
13/02/08
15/02/08
08/03/08
12/03/08
22/03/08
14/03/08
02/04/08
14/04/08
18/12/08
Southerndown
Achmelvich Beach
Crackington Haven
Tywyn
Porth Ceiriad
Cae Du
Black Rock Sands
Manorbier
Killichronan
St Marys
Strangford Lough
Borth
Wanson Mouth
Chapel Porth
Garrison
Holywell
Fairbourne
Scapa Beach
Vale of Glamorgan
Highland
Cornwall
Gwynedd
Gwynedd
Gwynedd
Gwynedd
Pembrokeshire
Strathclyde
Cornwall
County Down
Ceredigion
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Cornwall
Gwynedd
Orkney
West coast
Scotland
South-west
West coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
West coast
Scotland
South-west
N. Ireland
West coast
South-west
South-west
South-west
South-west
West coast
Scotland
SBS2007/5
SBS2009/3
M197/07
M50/08/09
Cetorhinus maximus
Cetorhinus maximus
M
M
326
421
05/10/07
11/08/09
Musselburgh
Sennen Cove
East Lothian
Cornwall
Scotland
South-west
SBS2009/7
M154/09
Cetorhinus maximus
M
373
25/10/09
East Beach
Moray
Scotland
98
www.ukstrandings.org
CSIP Final Report 2005-2010
Cause of Death
not established
not established
not established
bilateral chronic pneumonia and
tracheobronchitis
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
not established
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
physical trauma and meningoencephalitis
possible generalized bacterial infection (Pasteurella sp.)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
not established
starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)
pyogranulomatous meningitis
generalised bacterial infection (Photobacterium
damselae)
live stranding